confined rescue – a timeline to rescue and rescue systems by michael lafreniere ohio...
TRANSCRIPT
Confined Rescue – A Timeline to Rescue
and
Rescue Systems
By Michael Lafreniere
Ohio University-Chillicothe
Environmental Training and Research Center (ETRC)
www.ohiou.edu/chillicothe/etrc/
Defining Response Time
Reaction Time Contact Time Response Time Assessment Time Preparation Time Rescue Time
Reaction Time
Time between the entrant having a problem requiring rescue and the safety attendant’s recognition that the entrant has problem
Contact Time
The time taken by the attendant to contact the rescue team.
Response Time
The time taken by the rescuers to arrive at the scene of the rescue after contact.
Assessment Time
The time taken by a rescue team to size up the problem and determine the strategy to perform a safe, efficient rescue
Preparation Time
The time take by a rescue team to set up for the rescue.
Rescue Time
The time taken for the team to reach, treat, package, and evacuate the victim from the confined space.
Untimely Rescue Response
CPR Emergency – Goal: 4 minutes– OSHA Preamble
Golden Hour– Patient delivery within an hour of the injury– Example
Falls off a ladder Broken Bones
Rescue Response Time Goals
On-Site Team– Almost impossible to respond to a rescue summons
and reach a victim within OSHA’s goal of 4 minutes– Unless using Rescue-Standby (team is already set
up)
Appropriate Goal– Initiate patient transport to the hospital within 30-40
minutes of the incident
Rescue Response Time Goal
0 – 3 minutes– Permit-Required Confined Space incident occurs and rescue
team is called 3 – 13 minutes (10 min. duration)
– Rescue Team Arrives at the Scene 13 – 23 minutes (10 min. duration)
– Rescue Team Sizes up and Prepares to initiate rescue 23 – 38 minutes (15 min. duration)
– Rescue team reaches and rescues patient. 38 – 53 minutes (15 min. duration)
– Patient is transported and arrives at emergency room
Rescue Response Decision-Making Criteria
Rescue Standby (RS)– Requires team to be present and able to enter the space
immediately and reach the patient in 2 to 4 minutes
Rescue Available (RA)– Requires the team to be able to respond to the entry site in
about 10 minutes and reach the patient approximately 5 minutes later.
Can Catergorize PRCS – PrePlan– Best to assign on an entry by entry basis
Rescue Response Categories
Rescue Available– Do not require entrants to wear fresh air breathing
equipment– Do not expose the entrant to any obvious IDLH or
potential IDLH hazard– Do not warrant rescue personnel standing by during
the entry, and– Do not require the entrant to have assistance to exit
the space, under normal circumstances
Rescue Response Categories
Space in which entrants are required to use fresh air breathing equipment
Spaces in which an obvious IDLH hazard exists or potentially exists, and/or
Spaces from which an entrant would be expected to have difficulty exiting without help
Determining Rescue Response
Entry Supervisor must decide for each entry Three questions should be asked
– Is the hazard or potential hazard immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)?
– Is breathing air required for entry?– Would the entrant have difficulty exiting the space
unassisted?
Any “yes” – then Rescue Standby (RS)
References
Confined Space and Structural Rope Rescue, Michael Roop, Thomas Vines, and Richard Wright, Published by Mosby, Inc., 1998.
Confined Space: Entry and Rescue – A Training Manual, Published by CMC Rescue, Inc., 1996.
Rescue Systems and Equipment
Standards and Regulations
NFPA– Consensus standards – voluntary compliance
ANSI– U.S. & international standards– Consensus standards – voluntary compliance.– Mandatory when referenced by OSHA in regulations
ASTM– Currently writing standards on Search and Rescue– Consensus Standards – voluntary compliance
OSHA– None on rope rescue
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Ropes
Used for– Primary tool in technical
rescue Vary in construction,
material and size Most common in C.S.
– ½ inch, strength 9,000 lbs.– Static kernmantle (low
stretch)– Dynamic kernmantle (high
stretch)
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Webbing
Used for – Tying anchors– Lashing victims into a litter– Tying personal harness
Vary in construction, material and size
Most common in C.S.– 1 inch, spiral weave,
tubular, nylon– Strength 4,500 lbs.
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Prusik Loop
Used for– Tie friction knots around
rescue rope– Ratchets– Point of attachments
Most common in C.S.– 8 mm, nylon
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Anchor Straps
Used for– Quick, strong anchors for
attaching ropes and systems
Most common in C.S.– 1 ¾ inch, flat nylon
webbing– Strength 8,000 lbs.
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Harness
Used for– Fall protection– Confined space rescue
Most common in C.S.– Flat nylon webbing– Full body– Point of attachment in the
center of the back at shoulder level
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Carabiners
Used for– Attach equipment together
in rescue systems
Vary in construction, shape, material and size
Most common in C.S.– Large – Locking
Used for– Rappelling– Lowering– Belay systems
Equipment Description – Figure Eight Descender
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Brake Bar Rack
Used for– Control a rescue load– Add or subtract friction
(Minimum Strength)(Maximum Strength)
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Edge Protection
Used for– Protects rope and anchors– Increases efficiency on
rope hauling systems
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Pulleys
Used for– Change the direction of
moving ropes– Build mechanical
advantage into rope hauling systems
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Pulleys
First Class Lever– R (resistance)– F (fulcrum)– E (effort)– Fixed Pulley
Second Class Lever– F (fulcrum)– R (resistance)– E (effort)– Moving Pulley
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Tripod
Used for– Access to vertical entry
Most common in C.S.– 9-foot height or greater
Equipment Description and Capabilities – Winch
Used for– Assist with tripods
Most common in C.S.– Retractable designated for
non-entry rescue– Certified as a primary
lowering device
Equipment Description –Full Body Splint / Sked Stretcher
Used for– Confined Space Rescue– Protection for victim
Most common in C.S.– Together supply most
support
Static System Safety Factor (SSSF)
Safety factor– Ratio between minimum breaking strength of a piece of
equipment and the greatest force it is expected to experience during a rescue.
Standard– No standard mandating what the SSSF should be.– Mountain rescue teams use 4:1– Rescue organizations use 10:1– Fire service teams use 15:1
(NFPA Standard 1983 specified the strength of a life support line to be 15 times the load.)
Knots
Knot efficiency– Knots rated for strength by the percentage of rope
strength that remain when a knot is tied in the rope.– Knots should always be tied off.
Knot – Figure Eight
Used to tie other knots Used as a stopper knot
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)
Knot - Figure Eight on a Bight
Used to make a loop in a rope
Knot efficiency = 80%
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)
Knots – Water Knot
Used to tie webbing together
Knot efficiency = 64%
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)
Knots – Double Fisherman
(a.k.a.) double overhand bend
Used to tie prusik loops Knot efficiency = 79%
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)
Front
Back
Knot – Prusik Loop
Friction Knot
(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)
Anchors
Foundations that all rope systems are built on
Experience and Judgment
Backed Up Anchor
Anchor with another anchor of equal strength
Load increases as the interior angle increases
Load Distributing Anchors (Self Equalizing)
Allows the load to be distributed to each anchor point by permitting the point of attachment to shift within the anchor
Solves the problem caused by a load shift
Problem:– One anchor point fails, the shift
to the remaining anchor points will cause a drop in the system
Solution:– Keep the anchor legs as short
as possible
Rescue Systems
Starts with an anchor Next, hardware and rope to complete the
system Be prepared to modify the system during the
rescue
Rescue Systems – Simple Pulley Systems
All moving pulleys moving at the same speed as the load
Rescue Systems – Compound Pulley Systems
Pulley systems pulling on other pulley systems
Rescue Systems – Complex Pulley Systems
Moving Pulleys that move at different speeds
Rescue Systems – Belay Systems
Backup systems for primary rope systems.
OSHA mandates fall protection.
For assistance/more information:
Contact:
Michael LafreniereOhio University-ChillicotheEnvironmental Training and Research Center101 University DriveChillicothe, OH 45601
Phone: (740) 774-7278
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.ohiou.edu/chillicothe/etrc/