Concept map

To what extent were the causes of the 2012 Manila flood physical/natural?

Why is Manila likely to suffer floods quite frequently?

A set of explanations through pictures

The land – change the colour of the phrase that is more likely to cause flooding to red.

Red = likely to cause flooding

Low High

Flat Steep

Land that lets water in Land that doesn’t let water in

Countryside (rural) Urban

Many rivers Few rivers

Many trees Few trees

The climate Red = likely to cause flooding

Temperate Polar Tropical Desert

Rainy season Dry season

The people Red = likely to cause flooding

MEDC (More Economically Developed Country -rich) LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country - poor )

Well prepared Poorly prepared

Is that all?

To really understand why a flood occurs you need to understand the water (hydrological) cycle

Paste a simple diagram of the water cycle showing only evaporation, precipitation and condensation

PRECIPITATION

Precipitation: Precipitation occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore. The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow. High / low precipitation rates lead to floods.

Create a collage of the four types of precipitation.

Evaporation:

Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake or ocean and goes into the air.

Evaporation True or false: Evaporation is greater in cold places.True/false: Evaporation decreases the chance of a flood.

Paste a really good picture that would show an ES child what evaporation is.

Condensation: Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called condensation. Where can you see this at home?

CONDENSATION

Create a collage to show the many different types of cloud that exist.

But there are other important parts to the hydrological cycle:

Transpiration

Do plants sweat? Well, sort of.... people perspire (sweat) and plants transpire. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water out of their leaves. Transpiration gives evaporation a bit of a hand in getting the water vapor back up into the air.

How does transpiration decrease the chance of floods?

Choose a cartoon type picture

Run off

Paste in two photos showing runoff in a rural area and runoff in an urban area

In cities water often runs off into drains that take the water very quickly to rivers. What is the effect on the river level?

What happens to runoff in a city if the drains are clogged?

Infiltration

Draw your own picture here to show infiltration

Name two things in the classroom water could infiltrate. Name two things it could not infiltarte.

Surface storage

Create a collage to show all the places precipitation can be stored on the surface of the Earth – some may be natural, some may be manmade, some may be frozen, some may be moving.

Interception

Definition from wikipedia: Rewrite this in a much simpler form and paste in a picture to show it.

Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves and branches of plants and the forest floor. Because of evaporation, interception of liquid water generally leads to loss of that precipitation for the drainage basin.

Stemflow

Find individual pictures and paste them together with an arrow to show how stem flow works.

Does stemflow speed up or slow down a rain droplet’s journey to the soil?

Is stemflow a good thing for reducing the chance of a flood?

Throughflow

Why can’t the water continue to flow downwards due to gravity in this diagram? Use either the word permeable or impermeable in your answer.

Groundwater

Label groundwater onto the second diagram.

True or false: Groundwater is water that is found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock.

Water tableSurface of a body of underground water below which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water.

Do you think the water table stays at the same level all year round? Why or why not?

What are the implications of this for people building wells?

Hydrological cycle: now paste diagram of the water cycle here which includes all the new words you have learnt.

Water cycle

Watch this animation : (you need to go to slide show – from current slide)

Water cycle animation

Find a better water cycle animation and put in a hyperlink to it here.

Find a picture to show each of these flood solutions.

Solutions

Are trees the answer?Create an annotated diagram to show why trees reduce the chance of a flood.

Permeable concrete – how could this prevent future floods in Manila?

News articleRead the news article and sum up what you have read in one sentence.

Are dams the answer?Why do dams both prevent floods and create them?

Write a detailed explanation as to why Metro Manila experiences

Use as many of the new water cycle words as you can.