Concept Map!

Vocab:

Sexual Propagation of Plants

Sexual Reproduction Overview

Warm Up

• How do plants sexual reproduce without being able to move?

Essential Question

• What would happen is plants were not able to reproduce?

Why are plants so important?

• Plants are essential to life on Earth.– Ecological Producers• Food, Shelter, Oxygen

• Humans relied on plants throughout history – Food, Fiber

• Present day– Better understanding of plant reproduction =

better larger crops!

Where are the Plants?

Corn Production Projections 2009 and beyond

Sexual Reproduction

• Definition: male sperm carried in the pollen unites with the female egg within a flower.– Male + Female = Seed– Male Gamete + Female Gamete = Seed – Seed = plant embryo!

• Both Male and Female parts provide genetic information to give to the seed.

Remember Mendel!

• Gregor Mendel THE FATHER OF GENETICS

• 1822-1884• Priest • Study the inheritance traits in pea

plants • Not recognized until the 20th

century

What did Mendel Study?

Hybrids

• Hybrid: offspring that result from a new combination of genes – Allowed for people to greatly improve agriculture

crops.

Where is this information stored?

• ON GENES!– Located on chromosomes

• Diploid– Normal plant cells, pair of chromosomes

• Haploid– Reproductive cells , Sperm and Egg have single

chromosome in each

• Please take 15 minutes to copy this diagram into your notes. It will be stamped! AKA VERY IMPORTANT

• Label which is a normal plant cell and which makes a sex cell

Fertilization

• Definition: unites the single chromosome in the sperm nucleus with the single chromosome in the egg nucleus.

• Fertilized egg joined with sperm makes a diploid cell called a zygote

• 2nd sperm unites with nuclei of embryo sac to form the endosperm

Seed DiagramEndosperm provides FOOD!

Pollination Review

• Pollination: Male sperm (pollen) contact the female part of the flower (stigma)

• Self Pollination: pollen on a plant pollinates flower on the same plant

• Cross Pollination: the pollen of a• plant pollinates the flower on another plant of

the same species

Activity

• Pollination Crossword

• Pollination Library Activity . – Please answer questions 1, 2 and 3

Concept Map!

Vocab:

Sexual Propagation of Plants

Seed Anatomy and Purpose

Warm Up

• Can you name any of the seeds we eat?

Essential Question

• Why are seeds important to plant propagation?

Why are seeds important?

• Help plants survive bad weather– Cold Winters

• Helps plants “travel”– Carried by abiotic and biotic vectors

Monocot Seed

Please Copy

into your notes.

Dicot Seed Please copy into your notes.

Seeds

• Develop in the pistil of the plant – Develops from the ovule

• Living thing!• Once fertilized zygote grows forming the

embryo of the seed

Seed Embryo (please draw in notes)

• Has parts of a complete plant– Leaves• Epicotyl , plumule

– Stems• Hypocotyl

– Roots• Radicle

– FOOD• Endosperm, or cotyledon

Seed Embryo Anatomy

• Radicle : the lower end of the hypocotyl that forms the first root of the plant.– Emerges 1st at the start of germination

• Hypocotyl: develops into true stem

• Epicotyl/Plumule: first leaves!

Seed Embryo Anatomy

• Endosperm: provides food for growing seed embryo

• Cotyledons: store food absorbed from the endosperm when the seed was formed

• Seed Coat: surrounds the seed and protects it from injury and dehydration

Activity

• Plant Life Cycle Crossword • Review Quiz 1 : Understanding Sexual

Reproduction

Propagation of Plants

Propagation Plants Sexually Overview

Warm Up

• Can you tell which plants are made by humans?

Essential Question

• How does the ability to sexually produce seeds benefit a plant?

Remember?

• Sexual Reproduction: involves the union of the male pollen with the female egg and results in the formation of a seed.

• How is it beneficial? – Allows the plant to make new combinations of

genetic information – Adds VIGOR • Increased health

How does this happen?

• Many plants reproduce naturally

• How?– Special accommodations to

attract vectors – Remember what a Vector is?

• Abiotic: Wind , Gravity, Rain• Biotic: Birds, Bats, Bees

• How has this plant attracted the humming bird? Is there anything special you notice about the plant?

Embryo Plant

• Forms into adult mature plant– Embryo plant + stored food source = SEED

• Seed holds everything the embryo plant needs for the start to life and growth

• Remember what the seed contains?– Embryo plant, endosperm (the stored food) and is

surrounded by a protective shell, the seed coat.

Remember the Vocabulary?

• The embryo plant within a seed is the result of a fertilized egg or zygote.

• The embryo plant that results from this new combination of genetic information is known as a hybrid.

NEW TO KNOW

• NEW TO KNOW!

• Seeds are designed to wait until the conditions are favorable to begin growth. Therefore, the embryo plant is in a dormant or resting phase while inside the seed.

Stages of Seed Growth: Copy for your Notes

Seed Stage Mix Up!

• You are presented with a photo, group of words, or both.

• Please put yourself in the correct order to follow the proper stages of seed germination and growth

Activities

• Please START your Review Quiz # 2 . Will finish it completely after tomorrow's lecture

Lib Activity • Research a Vector: Picture with 1

paragraph double spaced –Insect, Bird, Mammal• Tell me: What is the vector? Where does

it live? How does it pollinate plants? Do any plants have adaptations to attract the vector? ( Color, Size, Shape?) Why is your vector attracted to the plant(s)?

Propagation of Plants

Review Germination

Warm Up

• Make a Concept Map or Word Web connecting words that are related. On the line you made connecting 2 words, write their relationship.

• EXAMPLE: ZYGOTE-----is a--------_________?• Zygote, Hybrid, Dormant, Embryo Plant, Seed

Coat, Germination, Hypocotyl , Radicle, Haploid, Dipolid, Gregor Mendel, Sexual Reproduction

Essential Question

• What is germination and what conditions are necessary for germination to occur in a seed?

Germination Quick Review

• Starts at the end of the period of dormancy for the embryo plant that occurs when favorable conditions are present for growth

• Seedling Plant grows– has a root system, stem, and leaves to produce

the food necessary for the growing plant.

Seedling Plant

Germination

• Definition: process by which an embryo plant inside the seed changes into a developing seedling

– Crops grown from seeds: soybean, corn, cotton and other vegetables !

Germination: Steps

• Step 1: Absorption of Water! – By Diffusion – Pressure Builds• Pressure in seed (and adult

plant) is called TURGOR

– Seed ruptures

• Step 2: Radicle Emerges – First root/tap root

What’s Required?• WATER!• Optimum temperature– 55 and 70 degrees F

• Oxygen– Too much water can suffocate the plant

• Some require Stratification– A period of cold temperature

• Broken seed coat– Digestive Bacteria, eaten by an animal, Frozen then thawed

Important Vocabulary

• Viability– ability of seeds to germinate under optimum

conditions

• Vigor– ability of seeds to germinate under different

conditions and still produce healthy seedlings

Types of Medium

• Medium– material which is a

source of nutrients and holds the roots in place for the growing plant.

– Examples:• Sand, Gravel, Potting

Mix, Organic Mix

Types of Planting

• Direct Seeding: planting seeds directly where plants will grow – Example: grass seeds, outdoor flowers in spring

• Indirect seeding: seeds planted (indoors) then transplanted

• Planting Date: date when plants are planted– Determined by how long they take to germinate

Which is which?

Activity

• Complete Review Quiz 2 • Complete Germination Word Find– Complete word search – Write comprehension paragraph

• Please turn in all work to your bin

Propagation of Plants

Propagation MethodsCuttings

Warm Up

• How would you propagate these plants?

Essential Question

• Why would we propagate plants asexually?

Asexual Propagation• Definition: involves the reproduction of new

plants using only the vegetative parts (stem, leaf and root) of the parent plant.

• What does this do for us?– Propagate plants that do not produce usable seeds– Lets us breed plants true : have the same results

each time ( color, size, number of blooms) – Sometimes fast then propagation by seed

Asexual Reproduction Methods

• Entire leaves or parts of leaves can be used for propagation

• Leaf Cutting: a piece of a leaf blade, or a leaf blade with the petiole attached.– Can produce new stems and roots from the edge

of the leaf

• Leaf Bud Cutting: consists of a leaf blade, the petiole, and a short piece of stem with an attached– Small bud will develop into a new plant, with a

new root system

What to know about Leaf Cutting Propagation!

• Healthy leaves that have just reached maturity should be used for leaf cuttings.

• Leaf-bud cuttings are important to the propagator when there is limited plant material and many new plants are needed.

What other propagations are out there?

• Herbaceous Cutting: made from plants with stems that do not become woody.– Can be taken at any time of the year!

Types of Propagation Contin.. • Softwood Cutting: taken from the soft, new

growth in the spring or early summer.– Cut and placed in moist medium – Lower leaves are removed to prevent moisture

loss – Rooting hormones are used stimulate root growth

Types of Propagations

• Semi Hard Wood: made from woody broadleaf plants in the summer.– 3 to 6inch cutting taker

after rapid summer growth

– Added to moist medium (dirt)

– Rooting hormone added

Type of Propagation

• Hard Wood Cutting: used to propagate evergreens and deciduous plants with woody stems.– Cuttings made during winter when plant is

dormant– 6 – 8” in length and dipped in rooting hormone – Roots will develop in the spring

The needs of the Roots

• Plants prefer different levels of– Moisture, Temperature, Types of medium

• Most Plants– Need loose medium– Growing Medium: provide the moisture, aeration,

nutrients and other conditions favorable for root formation, sterile and disease free !

Moisture!

• Very important!• Cuttings cannot absorb water quickly !– Keep them moist!– Too much can rot roots!

• Misting plants works well

Activities

• Review Quiz 3 • Book Work• Unit 6, Unit 7, Unit 8– Self Evaluations• Write the question with the correct answer. • Example :

– 1. Producing plants from seed is a type of SEXUAL propagation.

Test Review • Define: Sexual Reproduction, Hybrid, Self-Pollination,

Medium, Planting Date, Viability, Vigor, Asexual Propagation, Zygote, Fertilization , Cross Pollination, germination

• 1. What are the parts of the Monocot and Dicot Seeds?• 2. What are the parts of the seed (pea seed) What are each of

these parts? What do they form in the seedling?• 3. What are the three types of cuttings? How are they

performed?• 4. What is the purpose of Medium?• 5. What are some of the requirements roots need to grow

properly? • 6. What are the steps in Germination?• 7. Why is cross pollination important? What results from

pollination?• 8. Who was the Father of Genetics? What did he study?