Comparative study of the main Comparative study of the main features of Copyright Law in India features of Copyright Law in India

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SANJEEV KUMAR CHASWALSANJEEV KUMAR CHASWALAdvocate & IPR AttorneyAdvocate & IPR Attorney

PAPERPAPER--II Law of Copyright and Related II Law of Copyright and Related Rights, Indian Law Institute ©SKCRights, Indian Law Institute ©SKC

WhatWhat IsIs Copyright?Copyright?l Copyright is a form of intellectual property

protection granted under Indian law to thecreators of original works of authorship suchas literary works (including computerprograms, tables and compilations includingprograms, tables and compilations includingcomputer databases which may be expressedin words, codes, schemes or in any other form,including a machine readable medium),dramatic, musical and artistic works,cinematographic films and sound recordings.

ll CopyrightCopyright lawlaw protectsprotects expressionsexpressions ofof ideasideas ratherrather thanthan thetheideasideas themselvesthemselves.. UnderUnder sectionsection 1313 ofof thethe CopyrightCopyright ActAct 19571957,,copyrightcopyright protectionprotection isis conferredconferred onon literaryliterary works,works, dramaticdramaticworks,works, musicalmusical works,works, artisticartistic works,works, cinematographcinematograph filmsfilmsandand soundsound recordingrecording.. ForFor example,example, books,books, computercomputer programsprogramsareare protectedprotected underunder thethe ActAct asas literaryliterary worksworks..

l Copyright refers to a bundle of exclusive rights vested in thel Copyright refers to a bundle of exclusive rights vested in theowner of copyright by virtue of Section 14 of the Act. Theserights can be exercised only by the owner of copyright or byany other person who is duly licensed in this regard by theowner of copyright. These rights include the right ofadaptation, right of reproduction, right of publication, right tomake translations, communication to public etc.

Comparative history of CopyrightComparative history of Copyright

INDIAINDIA Copyright law entered India in 1847 through an enactment during the East IndiaCompany's regime. According to the 1847 enactment, the term of copyright wasfor the lifetime of the author plus seven years post-mortem. But in no case couldthe total term of copyright exceed a period of forty-two yearsIn 1914, the then Indian legislature enacted a new Copyright Act which merelyextended most portions of the United Kingdom Copyright Act of 1911 to India .

U. K.U. K. In England the printers, known as stationers, formed a collective organisation,known as the Stationers' Company. In the 16th century the Stationers' Companywas given the power to require all lawfully printed books to be entered into itswas given the power to require all lawfully printed books to be entered into itsregister.In 1707 the parliaments of England and Scotland were united and change thelaws in both countries early piece of legislation was the Copyright Act of 1709,also known as the Statute of Anne, came into force in April 1710 marked ahistoric moment in the development of copyright law. As the world's firstcopyright statute it granted publishers of a book legal protection of 14 years withthe commencement of the statute and Statute of Anne began to expire in 1731

U.S.A.U.S.A. The British Statute of Anne did not apply to the American colonies, althoughsome scholars have asserted otherwise. The colonies' economy waslargely agrarian, hence copyright law was not a priority, resulting in only threeprivate copyright acts being passed in America prior to 1783.At the Constitutional Convention 1787 both James Madison of Virginia

Comparative history of Copyright Comparative history of Copyright contdcontd….….

INDIAINDIA The 1914 Act was continued with minor adaptations and modifications tillthe 1957 Act was brought into force on 24 January 1958 – very shortly afterthe attainment of independence.The Copyright Act, 1957 came into effect from January 1958. This Act hasbeen amended five times since then, i.e., in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994 and1999, with the amendment of 1994 being the most substantial.

U. K.U. K. In a case known as Midwinter v. Hamilton (1743–1748), the Londonbooksellers turned to common law and starting a 30-year period known asthe battle of the booksellersthe battle of the booksellersIn 1875 a Royal Commission suggested that the present Acts should beimproved and codified. Copyright Act 1911 This act brought provisions oncopyright into one Act for the first time by revising and repealing mostearlier Acts.

USAUSA The first federal the Copyright Act of 1790 granted copyright for a term of"fourteen years from the time of recording of the title, with a right ofrenewal for another fourteen years, if the author survived to the end of thefirst term. The act covered not only books, but also maps and charts. TheCopyright Act of 1790 is copied almost verbatim from the Statute of Anne.In 1834 the Supreme Court ruled in Wheaton v. Peters, that although theauthor of an unpublished work had a common law right to control the firstpublication of that work, but did not have right to control reproduction.In1976 Congress, abolished most state copyrights laws. The federal

Eligibility of works for copyright protectionEligibility of works for copyright protectionINDIAINDIA Indian Copyright law protects expressions of ideas rather than the ideas

themselves. Under section 13 of the Copyright Act 1957, copyright protection isconferred on original literary works, dramatic works, musical works, artisticworks, cinematograph films and sound recording having form of Originality” – itshould originate from the author – product of independent creation. Fixation” –should be expressed in a material form. For example, books, computer programsare protected under the Act, as literary works.

U. K.U. K. Copyright subsists in “(a) original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, (b)sound recordings, films or broadcasts, and (c) the typographical arrangement ofpublished editions.” United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (aspublished editions.” United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (asamended) s.1(1).“Copyright does not subsist in a literary, dramatic or musical work unless and untilit is recorded, in writing or otherwise; and references in this Part to the time atwhich such a work is made are to the time at which it is so recorded.”United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as

U.S.A.U.S.A.Works must be “original works of authorship” and be “fixed in any tangible medium of expression.” U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 102(a).

Formalities of copyrightFormalities of copyrightINDIA Acquisition of copyright is automatic and it does not require any formality.

Copyright comes into existence as soon as a work is created and no formality is required to be completed for acquiring copyright. However, certificate of registration of copyright and the entries made therein serve as prima facie evidence in a court of law with reference to dispute relating to ownership of copyright.

U.K.There are no formal requirements for copyright protection. However, UK law There are no formal requirements for copyright protection. However, UK law imposes a formal requirement to assert the moral right of attribution. United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 78.

U.S.A Formalities of copyright notice and registration are not required for protectionwith respect to U.S. domestic works published after March 1, 1989. U.S.Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Secs. 401(a), 408(a). Notice was required on workspublished before March 1, 1989. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 405(a).Registering the work with the U.S. Copyright Office can give additional benefitsin the event of litigation. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 412.

Scope of Rights Scope of Rights INDIAINDIA To reproduce the work

- To prepare derivative works based upon the work- To distribute copies of the work to the public- To perform the work publicly- To display the copyrighted work publicly, and- In the case of sound recordings, to perform the work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission

U.KU.K Fundamental economic rights for most works include:(1) Right to copy the work.(1) Right to copy the work.(2) Right to issue copies of the work to the public.(3) Right to rent or lend the work to the public.(4) Right to perform, show, or play the work in public.(5) Right to communicate the work to the public.(6) Right to make an adaptation of the work or do any of the above in relation to anadaptation. United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (asamended) s.16(1),17,18,18A,19,20,21.

U.S.AU.S.A Fundamental economic rights for most works: (1) Right to reproduce the work in copies. (2) Right to prepare derivative works. (3) Right to distribute the work in copies to the public. (4) Right to perform most types of works publicly.

Moral RightsMoral RightsINDIAINDIA The author of a work has the right to claim authorship of the work and to restrain or claim

damages in respect of any distortion, mutilation, modification or other acts in relation tothe said work which is done before the expiration of the term of copyright if suchdistortion, mutilation, modification or other act would be prejudicial to his honour orreputation.Moral rights are available to the authors even after the economic rights are assigned.Do the author’s moral rights remain after assignment of copyright?Yes. The moral rights are independent of the author’s copyright and remains with himeven after assignment of the copyright.Failure to display a work or to display it to the satisfaction of the author shall not bedeemed to be an infringement of the moral rights of the author.

U.KU.K Moral rights for most works include (subject to some exceptions):(1) “The author of a copyright literary, dramatic musical or artistic work, and the directorof a copyright film, has the right to be identified as the author or director … .” UnitedKingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 77.(2) Right to the integrity of the work including the right to object to derogatory treatment.United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 80.(3) Right to privacy of certain photographs and films commissioned for private ordomestic purposes. United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (asamended) s. 85. The scope of moral rights is limited to their statutory definitions andspecific exceptions.

USAUSA Certain works of visual arts are eligible for the following moral rights: (1) Right to attribution to the work. (2) Right to integrity of the work, including right to prevent intentional destruction. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 106A(a).

Initial OwnershipInitial OwnershipINDIAINDIA The provisions of acquiring copyright first owner ship of copyright is defined under

Section 17 of the Copyrights Act, 1957. The owner of the copyright means personwho possess and enjoys the legal right. The definition given to the author in thecontext of copyright protection depends on the nature of the work S. 2(z) of theCopyright Act defines work of joint authorship[4]. Such an issue came before thecourt in Najma Heptulla v. Orient longman Ltd.[5] the question before the Court waswhether a person, who gives form to the narration will become the joint author ofthe book India Wins freedom’.

U.KU.K First ownership of copyright belongs to the author, except “where a literary,dramatic, musical or artistic work, or a film, is made by an employee in the coursedramatic, musical or artistic work, or a film, is made by an employee in the courseof his employment,” then the “employer is the first owner of any copyright in thework,” unless there is an “agreement to the contrary.” United Kingdom Copyright,Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 11. The law contains several specialownership provisions for anonymous works, entrepreneurial works (soundrecordings, film, broadcasts and typographical arrangements), and computergenerated literary, dramatic, music, or artistic works. United Kingdom Copyright,Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 9Works of joint authorship:The statute merely defines joint authorship. Although the statute is not explicit aboutallocating rights, co-authors do hold title jointly. United Kingdom Copyright,Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 10(1).

U.S.AU.S.A The author who created an original work is the initial copyright owner.Works of joint authorship: Copyright in a work of joint authorship is held by all of

Work Made for Hire or in the Course of Employment Work Made for Hire or in the Course of Employment

INDIAINDIA In the case of a work made in the course of the author’s employment under a contract of serviceor apprenticeship, the employer shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be thefirst owner of the copyright therein.In the case of a literary, dramatic or artistic work made by the author in the course of hisemployment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical under a contractof service or apprenticeship, for the purpose of publication in a newspaper, magazine or similarperiodical, the proprietor shall be the first owner of the copyright in the work, in the absence ofany agreement to the contrary, , but in all other respects the author shall be the first owner of thecopyright in the work.

U.KU.K “[W]here a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is made by an employee in the courseof his employment, his employer is the first owner of any copyright in the work subject toof his employment, his employer is the first owner of any copyright in the work subject toany agreement to the contrary United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (asamended) s. 11

U.S.AU.S.A Works that are produced by “employees” who create the works “within the scope ofemployment” are deemed to be “works made for hire.” U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec.101. The employer is deemed to be the “author” and owner of the copyright to works madefor hire. Employer and employee may agree in writing, signed by both parties, that the rightsto any works made for hire will belong to the employee instead of the employer.U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 201(b). Some works created by independent contractors,as opposed to employees, may be treated as works made for hire, but only specified types ofworks, and only if the parties agree in a signed written instrument. U.S. Copyright Act, 17U.S.C. Sec. 101

Assignment or transfer of copyright Assignment or transfer of copyright INDIINDIAA

The owner of the copyright in an existing work or the prospective owner of the copyright in afuture work may assign to any person the copyright, either wholly or partially and eithergenerally or subject to limitations and either for the whole term of the copyright or any partthereof.However, in the case of the assignment of copyright in any future work, the assignment shalltake effect only when the work comes into existence. Where the assignee of a copyrightbecomes entitled to any right comprised in the copyright, the assignee as respects the rights soassigned, and the assignor as respects the rights not assigned, shall be treated for the purposesof this Act, as the owner of copyright and the provisions of this Act shall have effectaccordingly.The expression "assignee" as respects the assignment of the copyright in any future workincludes the legal representatives of the assignee, if the assignee dies before the work comesincludes the legal representatives of the assignee, if the assignee dies before the work comesinto existence.

U.KU.K “Copyright is transmissible by assignment, by testamentary disposition or by operation of law,as personal or movable property” in whole or in part.United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 90.For a valid assignment it must be in writing and signed by the assignor.United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 90(3).Excusive licenses must be writing and signed by the copyright owner.United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 92.Statutory moral rights are not assignable. United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act1988 (as amended) s. 94.

U.S.AU.S.A Copyright, or any of the owner’s exclusive rights, or any portion thereof, may be transferred toany other party. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 201(d). A valid transfer, other than byoperation of law, must be in a written instrument and be signed by the copyright owner whomakes the transfer. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 204(a). Exclusive licenses must also be

Duration of Copyright Duration of Copyright INDIAINDIA The duration granted for works of copyright varies depending on the type of work.

Literary or musical works or artistic works, other than photographs, have a life span,which extends for the life of the author and 60 years from the end of the year inwhich the author dies. However, if the work has not been published, performed, oroffered for sale or broadcast during the life of the author, the copyright protectionshall continue for a period of 60 years from the end of the year in which any ofthese acts are done relating to the work.

U.KU.K Generally, for literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works copyright lasts for the lifeof the author plus 70 years. However, in the case of computer generated literary,dramatic, musical, or artistic works copyright expires at the end of 50 years from theend of the calendar year in which the work was made. United Kingdom Copyright,Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s.12. Sound Recordings: Copyrightexpires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year inwhich the recording was made. If published, or made available to the public bybeing played in public or communicated to the public during that period, 50 yearsfrom the end of the calendar year in which it is first published.

U.S.AU.S.A For most works created on or after January 1, 1978: Copyrightlasts for the life of the author, plus 70 years. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec.302(a). Works of joint authorship: Jointly held works created after January 1, 1978:Copyright lasts for the life of the last of the joint authors to die, plus 70 years.U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 302(b). In the case of works made for hirecreated on or after January 1, 1978: Copyright lasts for either 95 years frompublication, or 120 years from creation, whichever term expires first. U.S.

Duration of Copyright Duration of Copyright ContdContd…… ……

INDIAINDIA Cinematograph films, photographs and computer programs are protected for 60 years fromthe end of the year in which the work is made available to the public with the consent of theowner of the copyright or published, or, failing such an event, for 60 years from the end ofthe year in which the work is made. Sound recordings are protected for 60 years from theend of the year in which the recording is first published.In the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, the copyright is for 60 years from theend of the year in which the work is made available to the public with the consent of theowner of the copyright or from the end of the year in which it is reasonable to presume thatthe author died, which ever term is shorter.

U.KU.K United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 13(a).Crown Copyright: Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work subsists untilCrown Copyright: Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work subsists until125 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was made, or if publishedcommercially within the first 75 years of the 125 year term then the copyright lasts 50 yearsfrom when it was first published. United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988(as amended) s. 163. Parliamentary Copyright: Parliamentary copyright applies where awork is made by or under the direction or control of the House of Commons or House ofLords and qualifies for copyright protection. The duration of parliamentary copyright in aliterary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work lasts 50 years from the end of thecalendar year in which the work was made. United Kingdom Copyright, Design and PatentAct 1988 (as amended) s. 165

U.S.AU.S.A U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 304(a). Works created before 1978, but not published:Copyright lasts generally for the life of the author, plus 70 years.U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 303(a). Term of protection for early works may beshorter, due to failure to comply with formalities. Special “restoration” rules may apply to

Status of government worksStatus of government works

INDIAINDIA In the case of a government work, government shall, in the absence of anyagreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein.

U.KU.K Crown copyright is given where a work is made by an officer or servant of theCrown in the course of his or her duties. United Kingdom Copyright, Designsand Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 163,164.and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 163,164.

U.S.AU.S.A Works produced by employees of the United States government, in theperformance of their official duties, are not eligible for copyright protection.U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Secs. 101, 105.

Status of works funded by governmentsStatus of works funded by governments

INDIAINDIA In the case of a work made or first published by or under the direction or control ofany public undertaking, such public undertaking shall, in the absence of anyagreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein.

U.KU.K The government will only acquire the copyright by assignment from thecopyright holder. See HMSO Guidance Note No. 5 (31 August 1999 rev 6November 2000) Copyright in Works Commissioned by the CrownNovember 2000) Copyright in Works Commissioned by the Crownhttp://www.hmso.gov.uk/copyright/guidance/gn _05.htm

U.S.AU.S.A Government funding to support creation of a copyrighted work does itself notaffect the copyright status of the work. Some government agencies may definecopyright status or rights as a contractual condition for the receipt of funding.Similar to the issue of government funding. Note that funding for a project doesnot produce an “employment” situation, leading to the creation of “works madefor hire.”

Fair Use or Fair DealingFair Use or Fair Dealing

INDIAINDIA The statutory framework for fair dealing in India follows the common law and, asnoted earlier, does not define fair dealing per se. The legal provision for fairdealing provides that: According to Section 52 of the Copyright Act 1957 Thefollowing acts shall not constitute an infringement of copyright, namely: (a) a fairdealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purposes of —(i)research or private study; (ii) criticism or review, whether of that work or of anyother work; (b) a fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work forthe purpose of reporting current events —(i) in a newspaper, magazine or similarperiodical or (ii) by broadcast or in a cinematograph film or by means ofphotographs.photographs.

U.KU.K “Fair dealing” in a copyrighted work is a major exception to copyright in UKlaw and is a term used to describe acts which are permitted to a certain degree.These uses include (among others):(1) Making of incidental transient or temporary copies. United KingdomCopyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 28A.(2) Private and research study purposes. United Kingdom Copyright, Designsand Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 29.

U.S.AU.S.A The fair use of a copyrighted work is not an infringement. Fair use can involvereproduction or any other uses that might otherwise be infringement.Determination of fair use is based on a balanced application of these four factors:(1) The purpose or character of the use. (2) The nature of the work being used.

Use or Fair Dealing Use or Fair Dealing ContdContd…………

INDIAINDIA The publication of a compilation of addresses or speeches delivered in public isnot a fair dealing of such work within the meaning of this clause. Thus, Indianlaw allows fair dealing as a defense for specific acts that would not be deemedas infringement for the four specified categories of copyrighted works (viz.literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works).

U.KU.K (3) Performance, coping or lending for educational purposes. United KingdomCopyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 29. (4) Criticism andnews reporting. United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (asnews reporting. United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (asamended) s. 30. (5) Incidental inclusion of copyrighted material. UnitedKingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 31

U.S.AU.S.A U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 107. Fair use sometimes sanctions: commonquoting; limited photocopying; creative or “transformative” uses of copyrightedworks; uses that do not interfere with realistic markets for the original work

Other specific exceptions to infringementOther specific exceptions to infringementINDIAINDIA Statutory Exceptions The Act has a long list of actions that are not to be regarded as

infringement of copyright:• a fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for private useincluding research,and for criticism or review; •in the case of a computer programme,making copies or adaptation by the lawful possessions of a copy of the programme forthe original or back up purposes;

U.KU.K The Act includes numerous exceptions to copyright, which are narrowly crafted andapply under specified circumstances and specifically defined activities.Some examples:Some examples:(1) Copies of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works if done in the course ofinstruction or of preparation for instruction if prepared by the one giving theinstruction and accompanied by sufficient acknowledgement. United KingdomCopyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 32(1).

U.S.AU.S.A The U.S. Copyright Act includes numerous additional exceptions, but they areusually narrowly crafted and apply only under specified circumstances, to narrowclasses of works, and for specifically defined activities. Some examples:(1) Copying of some works in libraries for preservation, giving copies to researchers,and sending copies through interlibrary loan. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 108.

Other specific exceptions to infringementOther specific exceptions to infringementINDIAINDIA or for understanding its underlying principles and ideas,

or for non- commercial personal use; •a fair dealing of the work for reporting current events in newspaper or a periodical,or in a broadcast or a film or by means of a photograph.(The publication of a compilation of addresses or speeches delivered in public is nota fair dealing);reproduction for the purpose of a judicial proceeding or a report of judicialproceedings; or

U.KU.K The Act includes numerous exceptions to copyright, which are narrowly craftedand apply under specified circumstances and specifically defined activities.and apply under specified circumstances and specifically defined activities.Some examples:(2) The librarian of a prescribed library may, under the prescribed conditions,make and supply from a published edition a copy of part of a literary, dramatic, ormusical work.

U.S.AU.S.A The U.S. Copyright Act includes numerous additional exceptions, but they areusually narrowly crafted and apply only under specified circumstances, to narrowclasses of works, and for specifically defined activities. Some examples:(2) Selling, lending, renting, or otherwise transferring possession of “lawfullymade” copies. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 109(a).(3) Displaying works publicly at the location where the works are located, such

as paintings in a museum or books in a library

Other specific exceptions to infringement Other specific exceptions to infringement ContdContd…..…..

INDIAINDIA reproduction in a work prepared by the secretariat of a legislatureexclusively for the use of members of the legislature; orreading or reciting in public extracts from a published literary or dramatic work;publication of short passages in a collection for use in educational institutions. Notmore than two such passages from works by the same author can be taken. orreproduction by a teacher or a pupil in the course of instruction,or as a part of questions for examination or in answers to such questions;

U.KU.K (other than an article in a periodical) without infringing copyright in the work, inany illustrations accompanying the work or in the typographical arrangement.United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 39.United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 39.(3) The librarian of a prescribed library may, under the prescribed conditions,make and supply a copy of an article in a periodical if used for research for anon-commercial purpose or private study. United Kingdom Copyright, Designsand Patent Act 1988 (as amended) s. 38.

U.S.AU.S.A .The display may be direct, or may be by projection of not more than one imageat a time. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 109(c).(4) Displaying or performing works in classrooms at nonprofit educationalinstitutions. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 110(1).(5) Displaying or performing works in the context of distance education, butsubject to elaborate requirements and restrictions. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C.Sec. 110(2). (6) Making copies of some works in special formats for personswho are blind or have other disabilities. U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Sec. 121.

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