comparative anatomy higher amniotes note set 4 chapter 3
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Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomy
Higher AmniotesHigher Amniotes
Note Set 4Note Set 4
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Characteristics of BirdsCharacteristics of Birds
Feathers presentFeathers present HomeothermicHomeothermic Single occipital Single occipital
condylecondyle Scales on legs Scales on legs
and feetand feet
Figure 6.1
Flier and Flightless BirdsFlier and Flightless Birds
ArcheopteryxArcheopteryx- - gliderglider
sternumsternum
Figure 6.2: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.
ClassificationClassification
Modern birds- Subclass NeornithesModern birds- Subclass Neornithes Ancient birds- Subclass Ancient birds- Subclass
ArcheornithesArcheornithes Passeriformes- Largest order of Passeriformes- Largest order of
birdsbirds Birds arose in mid-Jurassic Period Birds arose in mid-Jurassic Period
(ca. 175 mya)(ca. 175 mya)
MammalsMammals
Mammals arose in mid-Triassic PeriodMammals arose in mid-Triassic Period Cenozoic- age of mammalsCenozoic- age of mammals
Quaternary and TertiaryQuaternary and Tertiary Synapsid lineage began with Synapsid lineage began with
pelycosaurs, which therapsids pelycosaurs, which therapsids succeededsucceeded
Therapsids gave rise to mammalsTherapsids gave rise to mammals
Figure 6.3.
TherapsidsTherapsids
Synapsid skullsSynapsid skulls Possess hair and mandiblePossess hair and mandible Heterodont dentition Heterodont dentition Fusion of two bonesFusion of two bones Single lower jaw bone (dentary)Single lower jaw bone (dentary)
Evolution of ReptilesEvolution of Reptiles
1. Reduction in 1. Reduction in number of bones number of bones
2. Fusion of bones2. Fusion of bones
In reptiles, articular bone articulates with In reptiles, articular bone articulates with quadratequadrate
In mammals, dentary articulates with In mammals, dentary articulates with squamosalsquamosal
Figure 6.4: Mandible cladogram.
Evolution of Mammalian Evolution of Mammalian JawJaw
Articular of Articular of lower jaw and lower jaw and quadrate of quadrate of upper jaw and upper jaw and skull become skull become middle ear middle ear bones: maleus, bones: maleus, incus and stapesincus and stapes
Figure 6.5: Jaw and middle ear bone evolution.
Middle Ear BonesMiddle Ear Bones
Articular and quadrate evolved from 1Articular and quadrate evolved from 1stst visceral visceral archarch
Stapes evolved from hyomandibular of 2Stapes evolved from hyomandibular of 2ndnd arch arch Eustachian tube from 1Eustachian tube from 1stst pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch
Figure 6.6: Origin of middle ear bones; adult (left) and embryo (right).
Figure 6.7: Skeletal Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arches.
Phylogeny of MammalsPhylogeny of Mammals
Oviparous- egg Oviparous- egg layerslayers Therapsids and all Therapsids and all
birdsbirds Viviparous- give birth Viviparous- give birth
to live youngto live young Most mammalsMost mammals
Ovoviviparous- retain Ovoviviparous- retain eggs in body and eggs in body and give birth to live give birth to live youngyoung Many fish and reptilesMany fish and reptiles
Figure 6.8: major categories of living mammals .
Placental TypePlacental Type
Therians diverged into the Therians diverged into the metatheria (marsupials) and metatheria (marsupials) and eutheria (placental mammals) orderseutheria (placental mammals) orders
Metatheria- yolk sac placentaMetatheria- yolk sac placenta Eutheria- true placenta Eutheria- true placenta
chorioallantoic placentachorioallantoic placenta
Characteristics of Characteristics of MammalsMammals
HairHair Single dentary boneSingle dentary bone
Fused to form mandible in primatesFused to form mandible in primates Sweat glandsSweat glands
Mammary glandsMammary glands HomeothermsHomeotherms Enucleated RBCEnucleated RBC
Figure 6.9: Eutheria (placenta mammals) phylogeny
Orders in Class Orders in Class Mammalia Mammalia
Infraclass Ornithodelphia:Infraclass Ornithodelphia: Monotremata- egg layersMonotremata- egg layers
Infraclass Metatheria:Infraclass Metatheria: Marsupialia- marsupium presentMarsupialia- marsupium present
Infraclass Mammalia:Infraclass Mammalia: Artiodactyla- Even-toed ungulatesArtiodactyla- Even-toed ungulates Perissodactyla- Odd-toed ungulatesPerissodactyla- Odd-toed ungulates Rodentia- Largest groups of placental Rodentia- Largest groups of placental
mammalsmammals Primates- catarrhine (Old World monkeys Primates- catarrhine (Old World monkeys
and humans) and platyrrhine (New World and humans) and platyrrhine (New World monkeys)monkeys)
Suborder Anthropoidea Suborder Anthropoidea -Infraorder Platyrrhini-Infraorder Platyrrhini
-Infraorder Catarrhini-Infraorder Catarrhini
Two infraorders distinguished Two infraorders distinguished
by nose form by nose form
Platyrrhines Platyrrhines Nostrils flare to sidesNostrils flare to sides Flat noseFlat nose Wide septumWide septum New World monkeys and marmosetsNew World monkeys and marmosets
Catarrhines Catarrhines Nostrils point straight downNostrils point straight down Narrow septumNarrow septum Old World monkeys, apes, and humansOld World monkeys, apes, and humans
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.10: Platyrrhine (a) and catarrhine (b).
Literature CitedLiterature Cited
Figure 6.1- Figure 6.1- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates2/Chordates2.htmhttp://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates2/Chordates2.htm
Figure 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, & 6.8- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Figure 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, & 6.8- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.2001.
Figure 6.5- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/QA_vs_DS_jaw.htmFigure 6.5- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/QA_vs_DS_jaw.htm
Figure 6.6- Figure 6.6- http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-ear/ear_htms/ear01http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-ear/ear_htms/ear013.htm3.htm
Figure 6.9- http://tolweb.org/tree?Figure 6.9- http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eutheria&contgroup=Mammaliagroup=Eutheria&contgroup=Mammalia
Figure 6.10- http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/prim_4.htmFigure 6.10- http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/prim_4.htm