vertebrate amniotes: mammals
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Vertebrate Amniotes: Mammals. Exercise 22. Goals for today. Learn to recognized the different anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations of mammals Learn about the subclasses of mammals. Extinct. Class Mammalia. Mammals. Hallmark characteristics of birds : - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Vertebrate Amniotes: MammalsExercise 22
Goals for today• Learn to recognized the different anatomical,
physiological, and behavioral adaptations of mammals
• Learn about the subclasses of mammals
Extinct
Class Mammalia
Hallmark characteristics of birds:1. Presence of hair (endothermy)2. Mammary glands3. 3 inner ear bones 4. Dentary-squamosal jaw articulation5. Heterodont dentition (varied teeth)6. Presence of pinnae (external ears)7. Diaphragm and 4-chambered heart8. Mammalian brain with characteristic
neocortex to regulate endothermic and circulatory systems
Mammals
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YSCLSFm2eA
Subclass MonotremataCharacteristics
• Echidnas and Platypus• Most primitive extant
mammals• Lay eggs• Mammary glands lack
nipples (pezones)• 3 living species are highly
specialized, toothless
Photos from Arkive
Platypus: Cool facts! The platypus is one of the few mammals to produce venom. Males have a pair of spurs on their hind limbs. The male's pair of spurs spits out a cocktail of poisons that, while excruciatingly painful, is not lethal to most animals. Unlike snake venom, there appears to be no necrotic component in the Platypus' venom - although some muscle wastage has been observed in cases of envenomation in humans, it is likely that this is due to the inability to use the limb while the effects of the venom persist
Subclass Metatheria-MarsupialsCharacteristics• Young complete development in pouch-marsupial• Maximum dental formula: 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4• More complex limb musculature• Angle of jaw bends inward• 330 species in Neotropics, Australian region
Subclass Metatheria-Marsupials
Monito del Monte
Wombat
Koalas
Zorro pelon Demonio de Tasmania
Kaguros
Marsupials: Cool facts! Only living marsupial with a rudimentary placenta: Bandicoots
The embryos of bandicoots, unlike other marsupials, form a placenta-like organ that connects it to the uterine wall. The function of this organ is probably to transfer nutrients from the mother; however the structure is small, compared to those of the Placentalia. Wikipedia
Arkive: Golden Bandicoot
Subclass Eutheria, the placental mammalsCharacteristics
• Extended gestation with complex placenta
• Maximum dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
• Morphologically very diverse
• 5100 species, worldwide
Mammal Locomotion
• Aquatic animals swim;• Volant animals fly. • Cursorial animals (cursors) run rapidly and
for long distances. • Scansorial animals are climbers; in the
extreme, they are arboreal, spending most of their lives in the trees.
• Hoppers are termed saltatorial. If they use their hindlimbs only and in a fast succession of hops, they are said to be ricochetal.
• Fossorial forms are diggers, usually living in burrows.
Cursorial
Scansorial
Several terms describe how and where an animal moves
Fossorial
Mammal LocomotionLimbs are drastically modified to different ends in various groups of mammals. One way to increase stride length is to run on the tips of the toes
Puerto Rican Mammals
The present-day native terrestrial mammal fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of only 13 species, all of which are bats. Eighteen marine mammals, including manatees, dolphins and whales, occur in Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rican Hutia Isolobodon portoricensis EX
Trichechus manatusVulnerable
Red Fruit Bat Stenoderma rufum VU
A few examples
Examples of Introduced mammalsMacaques and squirrel monkeys(Mono pata y Mono Rhesus)
Black Rats, Norway rats, house mouse
Small Asian Mangoose brought to control the rats in sugar plantations-failed and contributed to the decline of several bird species.
Others include cats, dogs, pigs, etc
Most ‘diverse’ mammal groups: bats and cetaceans
Marine Mammals Bats
Fishing batHumpback whale
18 species 13 species
Bats of Puerto RicoExtant bats of Puerto Rico belong to five families (Noctilionidae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae) and include a total of 13 species, of which six subspecies are endemic to the archipelago.
Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Eng.), Murcielago Frutero (Sp.), Artibeus jamaicensis (Sci.), native, Puerto Rico, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Bahamas, Mexico, Central America, Paraguay and Brazil.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9CuO8qefY0
Marine Mammals of Puerto RicoArguably the most famous of aquatic mammals occurring in Puerto Rican waters is the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) which is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. The archipelago's waters are one of the species' main breeding areas.
The name manatí comes from the Taíno, a pre-Columbian people of the Caribbean, meaning "breast"
ManateesThere are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living species in the order Sirenia: • the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), • the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), • and the West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis).
Manatees• Manatees are herbivores and eat over 60 different plant species,
such as mangrove leaves, turtle grass, and types of algae.
• Manatees have few natural predators. Nevertheless, sharks, crocodiles and alligators have been known to prey on manatees from time to time. Overall, however, predation does not present a significant threat to the survival of any manatee species.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7txP9MOCqs&feature=related
ManateesThe main causes of death for the sea cows are human-related issues, jet skies, engine propels
ManateesThey emit a wide range of sounds used in communication, especially between cows and their calves. Adults communicate to maintain contact and during sexual and play behaviors. Taste and smell, in addition to sight, sound, and touch, may also be forms of communication.
Listen to manatee sounds here
http://www.savethemanatee.org/audio.htm
Marine Mammals of Puerto RicoPuerto Rico's waters are also an important breeding site for the Humpback whale during the Northern Hemisphere's winter. Humpback whale watching is a popular tourist attraction in the municipality of Rincón in western Puerto Rico.
Listen humpback whales here
http://www.oceanmammalinst.org/songs.html
Other native marine mammals in Puerto Rico
Bottlenose dolphins
Common dolphins
Atlantic spotted dolphins Killer whales
Cuvier’s beaked whale
Whaling
Whaling is the hunting of whales mainly for meat and oil. Its earliest forms date to at least 3000 BC. As technology increased and demand for the resources remained, catches far exceeded the sustainable limit for whale stocks. In the late 1930s more than 50,000 whales were killed annually[2] and by the middle of the century whale stocks were not being replenished. In 1986 the International Whaling Commission (IWC) banned commercial whaling so that stocks might recover.
Dolphinarios• Love to see dolphins in captivity? swim with them when you
visit hotels, aquariums, theraphy centers, and dolphinarium. Do you know where they come from? Watch The Cove to find out and read this web site to get inform.
http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/captive_marine/
Japan
Solomon Island
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-dolphin-defender/dolphin-captures-past-present-and-future/809/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KRD8e20fBo
Tdoay: Rat Skeleton