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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO

ANATOMY ANATOMY

By. ParyonoBy. Paryono

ANATOMY IS TO PHYSIOLOGY AS GEOGRAPHY IS TO HISTORY(Fernel)

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES LEARNING OBJECTIVES

You are able to:You are able to:

Define the word anatomy.Define the word anatomy.

Describe the origin and meaning of anatomy.Describe the origin and meaning of anatomy.

Describe the historical views of anatomy.Describe the historical views of anatomy.

Describe the major subdivisions of anatomy.Describe the major subdivisions of anatomy.

Describe the major methods/approaches used Describe the major methods/approaches used

in studying anatomy.in studying anatomy.

Understand descriptive terms used in anatomy.Understand descriptive terms used in anatomy.

WHAT IS ANATOMY ?WHAT IS ANATOMY ?

Anatomy (Greek: Anatomy (Greek: anaana: apart; : apart; temmeintemmein: to : to

cut)cut)

Cutting up apart (Latin equivalent: Cutting up apart (Latin equivalent:

dissecare dissecare dissection)dissection)

AnatomyAnatomy(Discpline/field of (Discpline/field of

scientific study)scientific study)

DissectionDissection(One of the methods/ (One of the methods/

techniques used in techniques used in

studying the body)studying the body)

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WHAT IS ANATOMY ?WHAT IS ANATOMY ?

ANATOMYANATOMY

The part of biological science that deals The part of biological science that deals

primarily with structure and function of primarily with structure and function of

the bodythe body

The study of living human beingsThe study of living human beings

Cannot be learned completely by Cannot be learned completely by

studying the bodies of dead personsstudying the bodies of dead persons

The basis of medical languageThe basis of medical language

Studying Anatomy Studying Anatomy

The study of etymology (derivation of words) The study of etymology (derivation of words) Helps remember anatomy and find the process Helps remember anatomy and find the process

enjoyable enjoyable

Cecum Cecum caecuscaecus (Lat.): blind(Lat.): blind The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the terminal portion of terminal portion of ileumileum (Lat.: roll up/twist)(Lat.: roll up/twist)

The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the small intestinessmall intestines

MEMORISINGMEMORISING(New language:4500 (New language:4500

words)words)

UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGThe links between structure & The links between structure & functionfunctionIntellectually more satisfyingIntellectually more satisfyingIt makes its long term It makes its long term retention easierretention easier

vs

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MACROANATOMYMACROANATOMY

(Macroscopic/ (Macroscopic/

Gross Anatomy)Gross Anatomy)

Cadaver (dead body)/Cadaver (dead body)/

Descriptive AnatomyDescriptive AnatomyDissection: Dissection: -- demonstration of demonstration of

the part the bodythe part the body

-- 3D conception3D conception

Living human Living human (in vivo)/ (in vivo)/

(Living Anatomy)(Living Anatomy)Observation, palpation, Observation, palpation,

percussion, auscultationpercussion, auscultation

HISTORICAL REMARKS HISTORICAL REMARKS ANATOMYANATOMY

An old basic medical scienceAn old basic medical science

Anatomy originated in EgyptAnatomy originated in Egypt Greece (middle of 4th Century BC)Greece (middle of 4th Century BC)

Hippocrates: Hippocrates: Father of MedicineFather of MedicineHippocratic OathHippocratic Oath

The nature of the body is the beginning of The nature of the body is the beginning of

medical science medical science Anatomy is a field of scientific Anatomy is a field of scientific

studystudy

Aristotle (384Aristotle (384--322 BC):322 BC):Physician and scientistPhysician and scientist

The founder of: The founder of: Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy

Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)

The word The word anatome anatome (to dissect)(to dissect)

Discovery of XDiscovery of X--ray ray Radiographic AnatomyRadiographic Anatomy

Discovery of radiant energy Discovery of radiant energy Organ ImagingOrgan Imaging

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GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF

ANATOMY ANATOMY

MACROANATOMYMACROANATOMY Naked eyesNaked eyes

(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)

Included: SURFACE Included: SURFACE Observation, Observation,

ANATOMY ANATOMY palpation, percussion,palpation, percussion,

auscultationauscultation

MICROANATOMYMICROANATOMY MicroscopeMicroscopeCYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY cells cells

HISTOLOGY HISTOLOGY tissuestissues

EMBRYOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY Development of theDevelopment of the

structuresstructures

COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE ExamineExamine

ANATOMYANATOMY the structures the structures

of other animalsof other animals

AA

NN

AA

TT

OO

MM

YY

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

ACCORDING TO THEIR ACCORDING TO THEIR

APPROACHES APPROACHES

MACROANATOMYMACROANATOMY

(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy) Macroscopic/DissectionMacroscopic/Dissection

MICROANATOMYMICROANATOMY Microscopic structure andMicroscopic structure and

(Microscopic Anatomy)(Microscopic Anatomy) functionfunction

CytologyCytology The cellsThe cells

HistologyHistology The make up of the tissues/The make up of the tissues/

organsorgans

--TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMYTOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMYLocation of the body structures Location of the body structures ---- REGIONAL ANATOMYREGIONAL ANATOMY Structures in the regionsStructures in the regions

of the bodyof the body

--SYSTEMIC ANATOMYSYSTEMIC ANATOMY Systems of the bodySystems of the body

--FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYFUNCTIONAL ANATOMY Interrelation of the body systemsInterrelation of the body systems

(structures (structures functions)functions)

ANATOMY ANATOMY

continuecontinue

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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

ACCORDING TO THEIR ACCORDING TO THEIR

APPROACHES APPROACHES

DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMYDEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMYGrowth and developmentGrowth and development

(changes of developing(changes of developing

structures)structures)

(Embryology (Embryology Prenatal life (embryonic period 4Prenatal life (embryonic period 4--8 wks)8 wks)

NEUROANATOMYNEUROANATOMY Structure and function of the Structure and function of the

Nervous system (Gross,Nervous system (Gross,

microscopic, developmental,microscopic, developmental,

radiological)radiological)

RADIOLOGICAL/RADIOLOGICAL/ Using radiographic techniqueUsing radiographic technique

RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMYRADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

COMPARATIVE ANATOMYCOMPARATIVE ANATOMY Comparing the structures ofComparing the structures of

various animals various animals

ANATOMY ANATOMY

(continued)(continued)

Functional Functional

standpoints standpoints

1.1. Integumentary System (skin and appendiges)Integumentary System (skin and appendiges)

2.2. Skeletal System (bones and cartilages)Skeletal System (bones and cartilages)

3.3. Muscular System (skeletal muscles, move the joints) Muscular System (skeletal muscles, move the joints) (Musculoskeletal System (2+3+4, function: Locomotion) (Musculoskeletal System (2+3+4, function: Locomotion)

4.4. Articular System (joints/articulations, its associated bones Articular System (joints/articulations, its associated bones and ligaments)and ligaments)

5.5. Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia)Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia)

6.6. Circulatory System /Cardiovascular System (heart, blood Circulatory System /Cardiovascular System (heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system: nodes and vessels)vessels, lymphatic system: nodes and vessels)

7.7. Digestive System (from mouth to anus, and glands)Digestive System (from mouth to anus, and glands)

8.8. Respiratory System (from nose to lungs: O2 Respiratory System (from nose to lungs: O2 CO2 CO2 exchange)exchange)

9.9. Urinary System (kidney, urinary bladder, excretory Urinary System (kidney, urinary bladder, excretory passages)/elimination of waste productspassages)/elimination of waste products

10.10. Reproductive System (perpetuation of the human species)Reproductive System (perpetuation of the human species)

11.11. Endocrine System (ductless glands : produce hormones)Endocrine System (ductless glands : produce hormones)

THE SYSTEMSTHE SYSTEMS

OF THE BODYOF THE BODY

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INTEGUMENTAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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NERVOUS SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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* Nuclear MRI (NMRI): PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

SPECT (Single Proton Computed Tomography)

METHODS OF METHODS OF

STUDYING STUDYING

ANATOMY ANATOMY

DISSECTION (Cadaver)

SURFACE ANATOMY (Living body)

(observation, palpation, percussion,auscultatio