communicaton an overview

8/8/2019 Communicaton an Overview

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Communication

An Overview


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Question:

What comes to mind when you thinkof the word communication?


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Communication is

The transactionalprocess of creatingmeaning

The elicitation ofmeaningin another

It occurs when you sendorreceive

messages & when you assign meaning tothose messages


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The Transactional Model of Communication

Feedback

Message

Sender/Encoder (Channel) Receiver/Decoder

a

Feedforward

Context


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The Semantic TriangleOgden & Richards (1927)

Thought

Symbol (words) Referent (the thing)

D-O-G


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The Power of

Language/Communication

communication/language is at the heart of

our being

P = C

T

your words leave a mark; your words are

powerful


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Defining Intercultural Communication

Inter- between

Intercultural Communication ~ communicationamong people ofdifferentcultures

Intra - within

Intracultural Communication ~ communicationbetween people of the same culture


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What We Try to Achieve

Communication Competence ~

How the receiver regards you

(positively)


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Elements of Intercultural

Competence

1. Respect

2. Dialogue

3. Collaboration


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1. Respect

BRING LESSFEAR!

Have courage

Increase motivation

(desire and energyto interact with people

who are differentthan ourselves)

Learn to tolerate ambiguity


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Respect co

ntinued

Awareness of the value of differences; value diverse perspectives

Understand & appreciate other

Have goodwill

Use empathy (not sympathy); pathos

Sensitivity - understand & appreciate

Be open-minded genuine curiosity;

Show interestnot judgment


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Respect continued

Establish a code of ethics

Variations on the Golden Rule are found in cultures

around the world:

Buddhism Tibetan Dhammapada

Christianity Matthew 7:12

Confucianism Analect 15:23

Hinduism The Mahabharata 5:1517

Islam The Sunnah from The Hadith

Jainism Lord Mahavira, 24th Tirthankara

Judaism Talmud, Shabbat, 31 a

Native American The Great Law of Peace

(Adapted from: Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel (2007) Communication Between Cultures. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth.)


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Respect continued

Increase knowledge/awareness of:

a. Who we are

b. Others


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Increasing self-awareness

Know your ethnocentrism monitor it

Happy are they that hear their detractions andcan put them tomending.

- Shakespeare

Learn and admit your biases

(Adapted from: Timpson, Yang, Borravo & Canetto (2005).

147 Practical tips for teaching diversity. p. 43. Tip #52.)


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Gaining Knowledge continued

Speak with people who are differentthan yourself

Seek to understandcultures; the whys

Be appropriate - adhere to the rules of the context

(& culture)


147 Practical tips for teaching diversity. p. 59. Tip #81.)


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2. Dialogue

Use the dialogue approach:

Conversation that is slow, careful,

respectful and attentive

A process to encourage appreciation for differences

Provides a voice forall give every person the opportunity tovoice as well as listen; promote equality through balance

Helps to develop and maintain relationships

(Adapted from: Evanoff, R.J. (2004). Universalist, relativist, and constructivist approaches tointercultural ethics. International JournalofIntercultural Relations, 28, 439-458 and Wilmot,W.W., & Hocker, J.L. (2001). InterpersonalConflict, 6th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 257)


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Dialogue continued

Discover and discuss similarities

as well as differences

Solicit feedback always and in all ways

- seek clarification- seek explanation

- encourage restatement

- When in doubt, ask! Dialogue is key!


147 Practical tips for teaching diversity.p. 79. Tip #79. and

Bontz, C. R. (1993) Diversity and group cross-cultural team research. Journalof AppliedCommunication Research, 21, p. 12.


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Dialogue continued

Listen!

it is through listeningthat understanding becomes possible

listen carefully before speaking

hear the message, consider it, thenreconsiderit


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Listening continued

Try on different interpretations

Listen consciouslyfor the content & intent

of the message being communicated

Engage others in a dialogue about theircultural realities

Good intercultural listeners are receptive to others life stories

Skillful intercultural listeners are: open, curious, & empathetic

(Adapted from Starosta, W.J., & Chen, G.-M. (2005). Intercultural listening: Collected reflections, collatedrefractions. In Starosta, W. J & Chen, G.-M. (Eds.) Taking stock in intercultural communication: Where to

now. pp. 274-285. Washington, DC:National Communication Association)


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3. Fostering Collaboration

Collaborative highlycooperative and assertive

Assertive equalconcern for self as well as other

Focus on interdependence

Concessions; flexibility to change; yielding

Acceptance of responsibility

Foster a supportive climate


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Fostering Collaboration continued

A climate in which every person is valued &appreciated; notdefensive

Each/every person knows:

they are invited; they are welcome they are wanted

their ideas & opinions are respected

they can be themselves

Each/every person behaves in ethical ways

confirming

supporting; build each other up


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Potential Problems in

Intercultural Communication

Prototyping left unchecked

Ethnocentrism - yourlearnedcultural bias; your

cultural goggles

When ethnocentrism is left unchecked

(unmonitored)


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Intercultural Communication Continued

Stereotyping

oversimplify; overgeneralizeboxes begin to close


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Prejudice

Becoming emo

tio

nalabout your stereotypesLids are closed


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Mistreatment

RacismThe justified mistreatment of a group of people

GenocideThe justified killing of a group of people

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