communicative competence and systemic functional model of language [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Why we need a CC model
Celce-Murcia et al.’s effort has been motivated by the belief in the potential in the direct, explicit approach to the teaching of communicative skills, which would require a detailed description of what CC entails in order to use the sub-components as a content base in syllabus design.(p.6)
Competence
DiscourseCompetence
Linguistic Comp.. Actional Comp.
Socio –Cultural Comp.
Strategic Competence
What does CC entail?
• Discourse Competence• Linguistic Competence• Actional Competence• Socio-cultural
Competence• Strategic Competence
(p.10)
Discourse Competence
Discourse competence concerns the selection, sequencing, and arrangement of words, structures, sentences and utterance to achieve a unified spoken or written text. (p.13)
Components of Discourse Competence
• COHESION Reference, Substutition, Conjuction, Lexical Chains• DEIXES Personal pronouns, Spatial, Temporal, Textual
• COHERENCE Thematization, Management of old and new information
• GENRE/GENERIC STRUCTURENarrative, Report, service encounter, etc.
• CONVERSATIONAL STRUCTUREHow to perform opening, hold the floor, adjacency pairs, etc.
What do we develop?
• The ability to participate in discourse, or• The ability to communicate, or• The ability to create spoken and written
texts, or• The ability to negotiate meanings, or• The ability to exchange nuances of
meanings
Linguistic Competence
• Syntax
• Morphology
• Lexicon
• Phonology
• Orthography
Actional Competence
• Interpersonal Exchange• Information• Opinions• Feelings• Suasion• Problems• Future Scenario
Sociocultural Competence
• Social Contextual Factors
• Stylistic Appropriateness Factors
• Cultural Factors
• Non-Verbal Communicative Factors
Strategic Competence
• Avoidance or Reduction Strategies• Achievement or Compensatory Str.• Stalling or Time-Gaining Str.• Self-Monitoring Str.• Interactional Str.
The Nature of the CC Model
• Pedagogically motivated (Celce-Murcia)• Sociocultural theory of language / Language
as communication (Halliday)• Constructivism in sociocultural tradition
(Vygotsky)• Literacy in ELT (Kern)
TEXT
CULTURE
Genre (Purpose)
Situation
Who is involved?
(Tenor)
Subject matter Channel
(Field) (Mode)
Register
Ideational
InterpersonalTextual
Discourse Semantic Level
Lexicogrammatical
Level
Phonology/
Graphology
Level
CULTURAL LEVEL
Syarat pengembangan Syarat pengembangan kompetensi komunikatifkompetensi komunikatif
Scaffolding Talks:Scaffolding Talks:Bahasa yang digunakan guru dalam Bahasa yang digunakan guru dalam
mengelola proses pembelajaran mengelola proses pembelajaran sebagai sebagai
language accompanying action.language accompanying action.
Zone of Proximal Development
Independent
Learning zone
Interactive
discourse
Teacherintervention
Peer-peerinteraction
Peran guruPeran guruMenciptakan pengalaman Menciptakan pengalaman pembelajaranpembelajaran
Merancang kegiatanMerancang kegiatan
Merancang komunikasiMerancang komunikasi
Berperan sebagai “ibu” Berperan sebagai “ibu” dalam pemerolehan bahasa dalam pemerolehan bahasa alamiahalamiah
Learning ExperiencesLearning Experiences
Literacy PrinciplesLiteracy Principles
• InterpretationInterpretation
• CollaborationCollaboration
• ConventionConvention
• Cultural KnowledgeCultural Knowledge
• Problem solvingProblem solving
• ReflectionReflection
• Language useLanguage use
LiteracyLiteracy LevelsLevels
•Performative LevelPerformative Level
•Functional LevelFunctional Level
•Informational LevelInformational Level
•Epistemic LevelEpistemic Level
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGESPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGECONTINUUM CONTINUUM
Most Spoken Most Written
Spoken Language
Written Language
Language accompanying action Language as reflection
Spoken & Written LanguageSpoken & Written Language
SpokenSpoken: : * * Language as Language as exchangeexchange* * About About YOUYOU and and II
WrittenWritten::* * Language as Language as representationrepresentation
* About* About othersothers
What do people do when What do people do when communicating?communicating?
•They exchange They exchange meaningsmeanings..
How do we negotiate?How do we negotiate?
•InterpersonallyInterpersonally
•LogicosemanticallyLogicosemantically
Where in the sentence does Where in the sentence does interpersonal meaning interpersonal meaning
reside?reside?• In the In the MoodMood area area
Mood = Subject + FiniteMood = Subject + FiniteMood expresses:Mood expresses:•AttitudesAttitudes•FeelingsFeelings•JudgementJudgement •Etc.Etc.
Negotiating interpersonallyNegotiating interpersonally
A : A : I amI am sleepy.sleepy.B : B : Are you?Are you?
C : C : I loveI love her. her.D : D : You do, don’t youYou do, don’t you..
E : E : I cleanedI cleaned the room! the room!D : D : No, you didn’tNo, you didn’t!!
When is When is interpersonalinterpersonal negotiation dominant?negotiation dominant?
•In In sustained casual sustained casual conversationsconversations
* Chatting* Chatting
* Gossiping* Gossiping
* Killing the time* Killing the time
Negotiating Negotiating logicosemanticallylogicosemantically
A : I am A : I am sleepysleepy..
B : B : Sleepy or hungrySleepy or hungry??
A : A : BothBoth, actually., actually.
C : C : WhatWhat’s your name?’s your name?
D : D : HartatiHartati
C : C : WhereWhere do you live? do you live?
D : D : Jalan DiponegoroJalan Diponegoro..
When isWhen is logicosemantic logicosemantic negotiation dominant?negotiation dominant?
•In In transactional transactional conversationsconversations
* * Giving /demanding Giving /demanding informationinformation* * Giving’demanding goods Giving’demanding goods and servicesand services
Negotiation in WritingNegotiation in Writing
•Focused on Focused on old and new old and new informationinformation
•Focused on Focused on Theme and Theme and RhemeRheme
Old and Old and New New InformationInformationOnce upon a time, Once upon a time, there was an old lady.there was an old lady.
She She was very poor, but she was happywas very poor, but she was happy..
She She had a handsome son called Ande-Ande had a handsome son called Ande-Ande LumutLumut..
He He was a fine young man.was a fine young man.
Many girls likedMany girls liked him him..
NegotiationNegotiation is is
* * The Communication EngineThe Communication Engine
* * The key to discourse The key to discourse competencecompetence
Good Luck!Good Luck!