commercial geography
TRANSCRIPT
Commercial Geography
Capt Uday Palsule
Early European Maritime Expeditions
Magellan (1519-22)
Gama (1497-99)
Colombus (1492-93)
Cabot (1497)
Treaty of Tordesillas Line (1494)
Roman Road Network, 200 AD
500 km
AtlanticOcean
Red Sea
Black SeaAdriatic Sea
Mediterranean Ocean
The Silk Road and the Arab Sea Routes
Guangzhou
Xi’an
Lanzhou
Dunhuang
Turpan
Hotan
KashgarSamarkand
Merv Bactra
Bukhara
ReyHamadan
Baghdad
Berenike
Alexandria
Tyre
Antioch
ConstantinopleAthens
Rome
Muza
Aden
Kané
Muscat
Sur
Mogadishu
Mombasa
Barbaricon
Barygaza
Muziris
Calcutta
CHINA
INDIA
PERSIA
ARABIA
EUROPE
EGYPT
JAVA
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
Sout
h C
hina
Sea
Mediterranean Ocean
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Gobi Desert
Taklimakan Desert
Atlantic O
cean
Pac
ific
Oce
anRed Sea
SOMALIA
500 Miles
Malacca
Bay of Bengal
Grand Canal System
Hangzhou
Suzhou
Yangzhou
Chuzhou
Jizhou
KaifengLuoyang
Beijing
HuaiyinBian Canal(Song)
Tongji Canal (Sui)
Jizhou Canal(Yuan)
Yangzhou Canal(Song and Yuan)
Jiangnan Canal(Sui, Song and Yuan)
Yongji Canal(Sui and Yuan)
Tonghui Canal(Yuan)
Yongji Canal(Sui)
Jiao-Lai Canal(Yuan)
400 km
Old course ofthe Yellow River(Song)
Yellow Sea
East ChinaSea
Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century
0 1,000 2,000 3,000500Miles
North Atlantic Ocean
North America
Africa
Europe
South America
West Indies
Dominant wind
Trade Route
Slaves, Gold, Pepper
Sugar, Molasses, FruitsTobacco, Furs, Indigo, Lumber1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves
2) Flour, Meat, Lumber
Man
ufac
ture
s
1 2
Major Global Wind PatternsJanuary
July
Early European Sailships
Clipper Ships
An Early Steamship, 1845
Bridgewater Canal, Manchester, 1767
Erie Canal, New York, 1829
Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia, 1788-1960
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1788 1852 1862 1883 1888 1909 1931 1960
DaysSpeed (Knots)
19421975Modern VLCC (305 m)
T2 Tanker (153 m)
Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker
First Containership, Ideal-X, 1956
Pan
ama
Can
al
Gibraltar Suez
Strait of M
alacca
The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation
The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation
P A I P
M
Panama
MagellanGood Hope
SuezGibraltar
Malacca
Sunda
Northwest
The Great Circle Distance between New York and Moscow
New York
Moscow
40’45”N 73’59”W
55’45”N 37’36”E
Cos (D) = (Sin a Sin b) + (Cos a Cos b Cos |c|)Sin a = Sin (40.5) = 0.649Sin b = Sin (55.5) = 0.824Cos a = Cos (40.5) = 0.760Cos b = Cos (55.5) = 0.566Cos c = Cos (73.66 + 37.4) = -0.359Cos (D) = 0.535 – 0.154 = 0.381D = 67.631 degrees1 degree = 111.32 km, so D = 7528.66 km
Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal
16,000 KM
10,000 KM
Geographical Impact of the Panama Canal
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
Panama Canal
21,000 KM
8,000 KM
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
World Transit Chokepoints
Bulk cargo, and in particular oil, transported by sea generally follows a fixed set of maritime routes that transit several geographic "chokepoints," or narrow channels. These include points such as the Strait of Hormuz (leading out of the Persian Gulf) and the Strait of Malacca (linking the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean). Other important maritime "chokepoints" include the Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans), the Suez Canal (connecting the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea), and the Bab el-Mandab passage (from the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea). "Chokepoints" are critically important to world trade because so much traffic passes through them, and they should be considered as important areas for ENC coverage.
World Transit Chokepoints
Crude Oil Traffic
International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2001
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Seaborne Trade (billions of tons of goods loaded)
Exports of Goods (trillions of $US)
Domains of Maritime Circulation
SuezHormuz
PanamaMalacca
Bosporus
Magellan
Good Hope
Gibraltar
Bab el-Mandab
St. Lawrence / Great Lakes
Mississippi
Amazon
Rhine / Ruhr / Danube
Nile Mekong
YangtzeChang JiangPerl
Types of Maritime Routes
Port-to-Port Pendulum Round-the-World
Channel Depth at Selected North American Ports, 1998 (in feet)
76
60
50
50
46
42
42
40
40
38
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Seattle
Halifax
Baltimore
Oakland
New York
Jacksonville
Evergreen Round-the-World Route, Westbound
Tokyo
Osaka
Pusan
HakataKaohsiung
Hong Kong
Laem Chabang
Columbo
Le HavreZeebrugge
RotterdamHamburgThamesport
New YorkNorfolk
Charleston
Colon
Los Angeles
Pendulum Route: OOCL Container Services on the North Atlantic, 1997
BostonNew YorkNorfolk
SavannahJacksonville
MiamiHouston
BremenhavenFelixstowe
Rotterdam
Le Havre
NAX-1NAX-2
Atlantic Ocean
Cabotage and Pendulum Service
A
B
C
D
E
F
Cabotage
Country 1
Country 2
Maritime Enclaves and Accessibility
Less than 700 km
More than 700 km
Maritime Enclave
Registered World Fleet, 1914-2000
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ave
rage
Ton
nage
(in
1,00
0 to
ns)
Number of ships
Total gross tonnage(1,000s)Average tonnage
Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1838 – 1952 (in days)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1830 1855 1880 1905 1930 1955
60%
40%
15%
10%
15%
31%
13%
9%
18%
8%
3%
16%
15%
25%
15%
16%
28%
8%
8%
25%
4%
6%
Percentage of the global maritime transportper continent
Percentage of the global maritime transport per ocean
1960
1990
Maritime Traffic per Continent and Ocean, 1960-1990
Tons Shipped by Maritime Transportation, 1981-2000 (in millions)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000OtherGrainOre/coal/mineralsOil
Ton-miles Shipped by Maritime Transportation, 1970-2001 (in billions)
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
1970
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Oil
Iron Ore
Coal
Grain
Containers and other
Maritime Shipping Characteristics Tramping Liner Shipping
Transportation Demand
Number of shippers Few Many
Quantity Large Small
Density High (weight) Low (volume)
Unit value Low High
Regularity Low High
Transportation Supply
Contract Vessel Freight (bill of lading)
Vessels Liquid and bulk General cargo
Frequency Low High
Implications
Freight Liquid and main bulk commodities Minor bulk and general cargo (containerized)
Services supply / demand regulation Prior to demand
Freight elasticity Low Low
Markets Developing / developed countries Developed / developed countries
Share in Maritime Transport (2000)
Tons 70% 30%
Value 20% 80%
Vessel Size Groups (in dead weight tons)
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000 500,000
ULCC
VLCC
Suezmax
Aframax
Capesize
Panamax
Handymax
Handy
Crude Oil Tankers
Dry Bulk Carriers
Merchant Fleet of the World, Tonnage Registered per Ship Size, 1985-2000
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1985 1990 1995 2000
Gro
ss T
ons
Over 100,00050,000- 99,99920,000- 49,99910,000- 19,9994,000-9,999500-3,999100-499
Maritime Engagement of the 15 largest Traders, 2000 (in %)
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0%
United States
Germany
Japan
United Kingdom
France
Canada
China
Italy
Hong Kong, China
Netherlands
Belgium
Mexico
Korea, Rep. of
Taipei, Chinese
SingaporeShare of world fleet in terms of dwt
Share of world trade (exports + imports)
Tonnage by Country of Registry, 2003
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000
Panama
Liberia
Greece
Bahamas
Malta
Cyprus
Singapore
Norway (NIS)
Hong Kong
China TankerDry BulkContainerOther
Length of the Major Inland Waterway Systems, 2000
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
120,000
140,000
Russia
China
United States
Western EuropeLess than 2.75 mMore than 2.75 m
Inland Waterway Traffic, Western Europe, 1970-2000 (in billion ton-kms)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1970 1980 1990 1995 2000
UKNetherlandsGermanyFranceFinlandBelgium
Channel length (in km)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Grand Canal
St Lawrence
Suez
Panama
River
Great Lakes
Seaway
St. Lawrence
Channel
Estuary & Gulf
Kingston Montreal Quebec
ABCD
WellandCanal
Sault Ste. Marie
1645 km 2055 km
(A) Lake Ontario(B) Lake Erie(C) Lake Huron(D) Lake Superior(E) Lake Michigan
EChicago
DetroitDuluth
The St. Lawrence / Great Lakes System
World Maritime Routes
Greenland and CanadaBirthplace of Icebergs
U.S. Eastern Seaboard
South America
West Coast North America
Artic Circle Northwest Passage
Scandinavia and the Baltic
UK and the Channel
Mediterranean Sea
Africa and WAG, India West
Far East and Australasia