cognitive psychology, learning, memory 2012

7/31/2019 Cognitive Psychology, Learning, Memory 2012

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Cognitive Psychology

Mental representations of information and knowledge

Learning / Conditioning

Definition

Demonstrated by a Relatively Permanent Chang in behavior that occurs as theresult of practice or experience.

Thorndike introduces the Laws of Learning

Law of Exercise: i.e. Practice makes man perfect

Law of Effect: i.e. the effects of learning. Positive Regard

Law of Readiness: i.e. A persons will mentally/physically for the exercise


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TYPES OF LEARNING

Learning by Modeling e.g. ?

Learning by Insight e.g.?

Learning by Trial & Error e.g.?

Learning by Conditioning A. Classical Conditioning

B. Operant Conditioning

Conditioning: Relation ship between two or more than twostimulus that brings Association


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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

IVAN PAVLOV ( MODEL )

A .

Food

(US)

B.

Saliva

(UR)

A. Food

B. Bell

(CS)

C. Saliva

Bell

(CS)

Saliva

(CR)


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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Classical Conditioning

Learning in which an originally neutral stimulus comes to evoke a newresponse after having been paired with a stimulus that reflexively

evokes that same response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus (food) that reflexively and reliable evokes a response (UCR)

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A response (Salivation) reliably and reflexively evoked by a stimulus

(UCS)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)An originally neutral stimulus (Bell) that, when paired with an UCS,

comes to evoke a new response (CR)

Conditioned Response(CR)

The learned response (Salivation) evoked by the CS after conditioning


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OPERAN T CONDITIONING

Operant: Behaviors that operate on the environment toproduce reinforcement or punishment

Operant Conditioning

Changing the rate of a response on the basis of the

consequences that result from that response

Positive and Negative ReinforcementReward and Punishment


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Difference between Classical and

Operant Conditioning

1. In OC the stimulus that leads to a Voluntary Response is

really just a Cue --- It does not evokes the response in the

same way as unconditioned stimulus evokes an

unconditioned response.

2. An Operant Response is Voluntary not the Reflex-Type of

Response as in Classical Conditioning.


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Memory

Definition:

The Cognitive ability to encode, store, and retrieve information

Stages of Memory

A. Encoding: The active process of putting information into

memory

B. Storage: The process of holding encoded information inmemory until the time of retrieval

C. Retrieval: The process of locating, removing and using

information that is stored in memory


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MEMORY PROCESS LEARNING

RETENTION RECALL

RECOGNITION

Types of Memory

Sensory Memory: The type of memory that holds large amount ofinformation registered at the senses for very brief

periods of timeShort-term Memory A type of memory with limited capacity (7+ - 2 bits

of information and limited duration 15-20 seconds)

Long-term Memory A type of memory with virtually unlimited capacityand very long, if not permanent, duration


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Forgetting

Theories of Forgetting

Decay Theory: Involvement of Decay that fade theinformation day by day

Interference Theory: New information can interrupt the old

information if there is no rehearsal or recall.Motivated Forgetting: A loss of memory in case of painful

experiences that creates anxiety

Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memory due to trauma and thematerial can not be retrieved before 10

minutes of the trauma

Anterograde Amnesia: Loss of memory due to trauma and thematerial after trauma cant be recalled

Alzimers Disease: Degeneration of brain cells


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Improving Memory

1. Mnemonic System (by. Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-143 B.C)Method of making associations between stimulus. e.g. in words, placesand organization

2. Law of Priority (Previous and Latest Information)

3. Education and Experience4. Interest

5. Short VS Long Material

6. Meaningful VS Meaningless

cognitive psychology, learning, memory 2012

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