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Cognitive Psychology
Mental representations of information and knowledge
Learning / Conditioning
Definition
Demonstrated by a Relatively Permanent Chang in behavior that occurs as theresult of practice or experience.
Thorndike introduces the Laws of Learning
Law of Exercise: i.e. Practice makes man perfect
Law of Effect: i.e. the effects of learning. Positive Regard
Law of Readiness: i.e. A persons will mentally/physically for the exercise
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TYPES OF LEARNING
Learning by Modeling e.g. ?
Learning by Insight e.g.?
Learning by Trial & Error e.g.?
Learning by Conditioning A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning
Conditioning: Relation ship between two or more than twostimulus that brings Association
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
IVAN PAVLOV ( MODEL )
A .
Food
(US)
B.
Saliva
(UR)
A. Food
B. Bell
(CS)
C. Saliva
Bell
(CS)
Saliva
(CR)
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Classical Conditioning
Learning in which an originally neutral stimulus comes to evoke a newresponse after having been paired with a stimulus that reflexively
evokes that same response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus (food) that reflexively and reliable evokes a response (UCR)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A response (Salivation) reliably and reflexively evoked by a stimulus
(UCS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)An originally neutral stimulus (Bell) that, when paired with an UCS,
comes to evoke a new response (CR)
Conditioned Response(CR)
The learned response (Salivation) evoked by the CS after conditioning
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OPERAN T CONDITIONING
Operant: Behaviors that operate on the environment toproduce reinforcement or punishment
Operant Conditioning
Changing the rate of a response on the basis of the
consequences that result from that response
Positive and Negative ReinforcementReward and Punishment
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Difference between Classical and
Operant Conditioning
1. In OC the stimulus that leads to a Voluntary Response is
really just a Cue --- It does not evokes the response in the
same way as unconditioned stimulus evokes an
unconditioned response.
2. An Operant Response is Voluntary not the Reflex-Type of
Response as in Classical Conditioning.
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Memory
Definition:
The Cognitive ability to encode, store, and retrieve information
Stages of Memory
A. Encoding: The active process of putting information into
memory
B. Storage: The process of holding encoded information inmemory until the time of retrieval
C. Retrieval: The process of locating, removing and using
information that is stored in memory
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MEMORY PROCESS LEARNING
RETENTION RECALL
RECOGNITION
Types of Memory
Sensory Memory: The type of memory that holds large amount ofinformation registered at the senses for very brief
periods of timeShort-term Memory A type of memory with limited capacity (7+ - 2 bits
of information and limited duration 15-20 seconds)
Long-term Memory A type of memory with virtually unlimited capacityand very long, if not permanent, duration
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Forgetting
Theories of Forgetting
Decay Theory: Involvement of Decay that fade theinformation day by day
Interference Theory: New information can interrupt the old
information if there is no rehearsal or recall.Motivated Forgetting: A loss of memory in case of painful
experiences that creates anxiety
Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memory due to trauma and thematerial can not be retrieved before 10
minutes of the trauma
Anterograde Amnesia: Loss of memory due to trauma and thematerial after trauma cant be recalled
Alzimers Disease: Degeneration of brain cells
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Improving Memory
1. Mnemonic System (by. Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-143 B.C)Method of making associations between stimulus. e.g. in words, placesand organization
2. Law of Priority (Previous and Latest Information)
3. Education and Experience4. Interest
5. Short VS Long Material
6. Meaningful VS Meaningless