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Coal in the United States Effects of Regulations and Shale Gas Cl C lD 2013 I t ti lS i J Jarad Daniels Clean CoalDay 2013 InternationalSymposium Japan Jarad Daniels Office of Clean Coal September 5, 2013

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Page 1: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Coal in the United StatesEffects of Regulations and Shale GasCl C l D 2013 I t ti l S i J

Jarad Daniels

Clean Coal Day – 2013 International Symposium ‐ Japan

Jarad Daniels

Office of Clean Coal

September 5, 2013p ,

Page 2: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

World Coal ProductionChina – U.S.A – India – Australia ‐ Indonesia

8

9

World Coal Production

6

7

Tons

4

5

llion

 Sho

rt T

1

2

3Bil

01980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

China U.S.A India Australia Indonesia World

2

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration

Page 3: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

U.S. Coal ProductionHistorical and Projections

301200

U.S. Coal Production

20

25

800

1000

BTU

Tonn

es

10

15

400

600

Qua

drillion B

lion Metric T

5

10

200

400 Q

Mill

00

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

2024

2026

2028

2030

2032

2034

2036

2038

2040

U.S. Total (Metric Tonnes) U.S. Total (Quads)

3Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 4: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

U.S. Electricity GenerationyHistorical Perspective

4000

4500

U.S. Electricity Generation

3000

3500

h

2000

2500

Billion

 kWh

500

1000

1500

01950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Renwables Total

4

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration

Page 5: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

The President’s All‐of‐the‐Above Energy Strategy

“This country needs an all‐out, all‐of‐the‐above strategy that develops every available source of 

American energy. A strategy that’s cleaner, cheaper, and full of new jobs.”

President Barack ObamaState of the Union Address

January 24, 2012

5

Page 6: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Coal: Critical to Our Energy SupplyCoal: Critical to Our Energy Supply…

Coal will remain the largest energy source for electricity generationsource for electricity generation through 2040…

B ill b 34% f l d COBut will be 34% of energy‐related CO2emissions by 2030

Source: EIA AEO2013

6 6

Page 7: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

107 QBtu / Year

Energy Demand 201098 QBtu / Year

Energy Demand 2035

GasGas26%26%

CoalCoal20%20%

GasGas25%25%

CoalCoal21%21%

Q /77% Fossil Energy

+ 9%

Q /83% Fossil Energy

26%26%

NuclearNuclear8%8%

OilOil32%32%

20%20%25%25%

NuclearNuclear9%9%

OilOil37%37%

21%21% + 9%

United StatesUnited States

RenewablesRenewables14%14%

32%32%RenewablesRenewables

8%8%

37%37%

5,634 mmt CO5,634 mmt CO225,758 mmt CO5,758 mmt CO22

741 QBtu / Year80% Fossil Energy

505 QBtu / Year 81% Fossil Energy

GasGas23%23%

NuclearNuclear

CoalCoal30%30%

GasGas22%22% NuclearNuclear

6%6%

CoalCoal27%27%

WorldWorld

+ 47%

NuclearNuclear6%6%

RenewablesRenewables14%14%

OilOil27%27%

6%6%

RenewablesRenewables13%13%

OilOil32%32%

30 190 t CO30 190 t CO 44 090 t CO44 090 t CO

WorldWorld

7

14%14%

Sources: U.S. data from EIA, AEO 2012: World data from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012

30,190 mmt CO30,190 mmt CO22 44,090 mmt CO44,090 mmt CO22

Page 8: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Drivers: EPA Regulations Impacting CoalIssue Federal Regulation/Compliance

Air SOx & NOx crossing state lines Cross‐State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)finalized 7.7.2011; amendments proposed 10.2011; supplemental rule expected early 2012; 12.30.2011, DC Circuit 

Near‐term (through 2015‐2016) Compliance Horizon for EPA regulations may create potential localized reliability issues

stay of CSAPR; 8.21.2012, DC Circuit decision vacating CSAPR (subject to possible EPA challenge)

Compliance:  Unknown

Mercury and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) Rule for Electric Generation Units

reliability issues

Local reliability issues can be managed with timely notice and coordination on retirement and retrofit Pollutants (HAPs) Electric Generation Units 

Finalized  effective: 4.16.2012Compliance:  ~2015

GHG emissions GHG New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Proposed rule comments currently under review (new baseload

decisions

States and regions will play a valuable role in addressing EPA regulation Proposed rule comments currently under review (new baseload

and intermediate load units potentially impacted as of proposal date)

Compliance:  Unknown

Water Cooling Water Intake  CWA §316(b)

impacts

Non‐transmission alternatives can help alleviate reliability impacts h / h il blStructures – impact on aquatic 

life final rule expected 11.2013

Compliance:  Within 8 Years

Surface water discharges; Surface impoundments

Steam Electric Effluent Limitations Guidelinesproposed rule  went out for public comment 4.2013

Compliance: Unknown

when/where available

EPA regulations are only one aspect impacting the future of our electricity systemCompliance:  Unknown

Waste Coal Combustion Residuals (e.g., coal ash, boiler slag)

Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) Rule proposed rule comments currently under review

Compliance:  Unknown

system

8

Page 9: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Projected Change in Capacity j g p yBy Fuel Type

120

Cummulative GenerationAdditions & Retirements

80

100

city (G

W)

40

60

mmer Cap

ac

20

40

Net Sum

02013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038

Cummulative Coal Retirements Cummulative Coal Additions

Cummulative NGCC Retirements Cummulative NGCC Additions

9

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 10: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

CCS Specific Regulations p gCO2 Injection 

f k lSafe Drinking Water Act• Two “classes” of injection, pertain to CO2, 

Class II covers EOR and Class VI covers l t CO t

Clean Air Act• Pursuant to the Clean Air Act, EPA collects 

and disseminates data on economy of CO2 i i th h it M d tlong‐term CO2 storage

• Class II has been governing CO2 EOR for decades

• Class VI was finalized in December 2010

emissions through its Mandatory Reporting Rule

– Two sub‐parts, RR & UU, apply to CO2 injection

– RR applies to geologic sequestration of CO2, Class • Class VI was finalized in December 2010, and has been accompanied by a series of guidance documents pertaining to various aspects of compliance

VI wells and Class II wells that “opt‐in” to reporting

– RR uses a mass balance approach to calculate stored CO2

UU li t th i j ti f CO t i ll– Site Characterization

– Area of Review and Corrective Action

– Testing and Monitoring

– Project Plan Development

– UU applies to other injection of CO2, typically business as usual EOR, and only requires reporting of quantities of delivered CO2

j p

– Well Construction

– Financial Responsibility

– Well Plugging, Post‐Injection Site Care and Site Closure (draft)

10

Page 11: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Capture Technology ProgressPerformance Drives Cost

35%

40%

ut]

Energy Penalty Reductions

30%

Plan

t Outpu

~ $150/Tonne

Energy Penalty Reductions Enable Cost Reductions

20%

25%

enalty [%

 of 

~ $60/Tonne

15%

eneration Pe

< $40/Tonne

5%

10%

Power Ge $ /

0%Then(1997)

Now(2013)

Future (2020)

11

(1997) (2013) (2020)

Page 12: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

U.S. Shale Gas ProductionThe Increasing Role of Shale Gas

30 00

35.00 

U.S. Gas Production

25.00 

30.00 

Feet

15.00 

20.00 

illion Cu

bic F

5.00 

10.00 

Tri

‐1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Offshore Onshore Conventional Tight Gas Shale Gas Total Gas Production

12

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 13: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Historical and Projected Fuel PricesHenry Hub Spot Natural Gas PriceU.S. Average Minemouth Coal Price

12.00 

Fuel Prices

8.00 

10.00 

U)

6.00 

($/M

MBT

U

2.00 

4.00 

‐1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

U.S. Average Minemouth Coal Price Henry Hub Spot NG Price

13

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 14: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

U.S. Production ComparisonpCoal – Natural Gas

30

35

Total U.S. Production

25

30

BTU

15

20

Qua

drillion B

5

10

Q

01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Gas Production Coal Production

14

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 15: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Electricity GenerationyCoal vs. Natural Gas

45%

50%

Electricty Generation

2012 ‐ 1,547 Billion kWh

30%

35%

40%

ration

20%

25%

30%

f Total Gen

er

2012 ‐ 1,218 Billion kWh

5%

10%

15%% of

0%

5%

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

% Coal % Natural Gas

15

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 16: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Price based CompetitionPrice‐based Competition

l h d h l l h In recent years, natural gas has come into dispatch‐level competition with coal as the cost of operating natural gas‐fired generators has neared the cost of operating coal‐fired generators.   A number of factors led to the growing competition… A build‐out of efficient combined‐cycle capacity during the early 2000s, which 

in general was used infrequently until recentlyg q y y

Expansion of the natural gas pipeline network, reducing uncertainty about the availability of natural gas

Gains in natural gas production from domestic shale formations that have Gains in natural gas production from domestic shale formations that have contributed to falling natural gas prices

Rising coal prices

16

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration

Page 17: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Electric Power SectorCompetition between Coal and Natural Gas

l f d l d f f From 1990 to 2011, natural gas‐fired plants accounted for 77% of capacity, but only 18% of actual generation

h l f f From 2010 to 2013, we have seen natural gas increase from 24% to 27% of total generation, and it’s expected to increase to 30% by the 2030’s

C l i h l f l i i i b i h f Coal remains the largest source of electricity generation, but its share of total electricity generation, which was 51% in 2003, is projected to decline from 42% in 2011 to 35% in 2040

Dispatch depends largely on the relative operating costs for each type of generation, of which fuel costs are a major portion– There is significant uncertainty about future coal and natural gas prices

17

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration

Page 18: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Parting Thoughtsg g• Shale gas has been a game changer

i l i l i f h i• New Environmental Protection Agency regulations further constrain the potential for new coal builds

C b C d S (CCS) i lik l i d• Carbon, Capture and Storage (CCS) is likely required on any new coal plant built in the U.S.

E l d f CCS i h U S ill lik l k d f• Early adopters of CCS in the U.S. will likely take advantage of additional revenues by selling their CO2 for use in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)– Carbon, Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)

• Advanced technology solutions are necessary to help the U.S. have t l f ta strong coal future

18

Page 19: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

EXTRA SLIDESEXTRA SLIDES

19

Page 20: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Carbon Capture:  Not Just for Coal, But Also Natural Gas 

“But I also want to work with this Congress to encourage the research g gand technology that helps natural gas burn even cleaner and protects our air and our water.”

President Barack ObamaState of the Union Messagef gFebruary 2013

20 20

Page 21: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Henry Hub Spot Natural Gas Pricesy pHistorical and Projected

12.00 

Henry Hub Spot Natural Gas Price

8.00 

10.00 

6.00 

$/MMBT

U)

4.00 

($

2.00 

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

21

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 22: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

U.S. Electricity GenerationyFuture Projections

El t i it G ti

5000

6000

Electricity Generation

4000

5000

Wh

2000

3000

Billion

 kW

1000

0

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

Coal Natural Gas Total U.S. Generation Petroleum Nuclear Renewables

22

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 23: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

U.S. Coal ExportspTotal – Asia ‐ Europe

160

180

U.S. Coal Exports

120

140

Tons

80

100

illion Short T

20

40

60Mi

02010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Total U.S. Exports U.S. exports to Asia U.S. Exports to Europe

23

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 24: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Total Coal ExportspAustralia – China – Indonesia – U.S.

600

700

Coal Exports by Country

500

600

Tons

300

400

illion Short T

100

200

Mi

02010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

U.S. exports Australia Exports China Exports Indonesia Exports

24

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 25: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

U.S. Electricity GenerationyBy Fuel Type

2,500.00 

Electricity Generation, 2008‐2040

1 500 00

2,000.00 

h

1,000.00 

1,500.00 

Billion

 kWh

500.00 

‐2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038

Coal Natural Gas

25

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 26: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Fuel Prices and GenerationFuel Prices and Generation

9.00 

10.00 

70.00

80.00

Power Generation and Fuel Costs

6 00

7.00 

8.00 

50.00

60.00

70.00

U)

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

30.00

40.00

($/M

MBT

U

($/M

Wh)

1.00

2.00 

3.00 

10.00

20.00

1.00 

0.002008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038

Coal Natural Gas Henry Hub Spot NG Price Minemouth Coal Price

26

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 27: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Delivered Fuel PriceTotal Generation by Fuel Type

9.00

10.002,500 

Average Delivered Fuel Price & Electricty Generation

6 00

7.00

8.00

1 500

2,000 

U)h

4.00

5.00

6.00

1,000 

1,500 

($/M

MBT

U

Billion

 kWh

1.00

2.00

3.00

500 

0.00

1.00

‐2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038

Coal Generation Natural Gas Generation Coal Price Natural Gas Price

27

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 28: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Fuel CompetitionpCost of Generating – Spot Natural Gas Prices

9.00 

10.00 

70.00

80.00

Power Generation and Fuel Costs

6 00

7.00 

8.00 

50.00

60.00

70.00

U)

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

30.00

40.00

($/M

MBT

U

($/M

Wh)

1.00

2.00 

3.00 

10.00

20.00

1.00 

0.002008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038

Coal Natural Gas Henry Hub Spot NG Price

28

Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration ‐ 2013

Page 29: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Coal‐fired plants continue to be the largest source of U.S. electricity generation (Source: EIA AEO13)

Wh

Billion

 kW

B

29

Page 30: Coal in the United StatesPower G $/ 0% Then (1997) Now (2013) Future (2020) 11 U.S. Shale Gas Production The Increasing Role of Shale Gas 30 00 35.00 U.S. Gas Production

Meeting global climate mitigation targets will likely require CCS  g g g g y qIEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives:

CO2

aton

s of C

Gig

Source: International Energy Agency

30

Source: International Energy Agency