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Walnut Rootstocks for Blackline Infected Areas

Janet CaprileFarm Advisor

UC Cooperative ExtensionContra Costa & Alameda

Counties

Tri County Walnut Institute March 8, 2007

Walnut BlacklineDisease

Cherry leafroll virus Infected pollen Infects female bloom Virus enters tree English is tolerant

No symptoms

Black/Paradox are hypersensitive Virus kills cells at union

Walnut Blackline Disease

Seedling Rootstocks

LLHBlack Line Tolerance

MHMLArmillaria Tolerance

MLLPhytophthora Tolerance

MLLNematode Tolerance

LHMLCrown Gall Tolerance

MHLSalt Tolerance

HHMGraftability

HMMGrowth/Vigor

PARADOXBLACKENGLISHCHARACTERISTICS

L = Low M = Moderate H = High

Chandler on Seedling EnglishSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)

Tree Growth

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

T

r

u

n

k

c

r

o

s

s

s

e

c

t

i

o

n

a

l

a

r

e

a

,

c

m

2 SpanishEurekaManregianRonde de MontignacCorne

Chandler on Seedling EnglishSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)

YIELDS

0

5

10

15

20

25

Eureka Manregian Spanish R d Mont. Corne

T

o

n

s

p

e

r

a

c

r

e

'93 '95 '97 Total

Seedling English vs. Seedling ParadoxSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)

TREE GROWTH

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

T

r

u

n

k

c

r

o

s

s

s

e

c

t

i

o

n

a

l

a

r

e

a

,

c

m

2

ParadoxCarpathianWaterlooSunlandEurekaRussianChandler

Seedling English vs. Seedling ParadoxSan Joaquin County (Joe Grant)

CHANDLER YIELDS

0

5

10

15

20

25

Paradox Carpathian Russian Waterloo Sunland Eureka Chandler

T

o

n

s

p

e

r

a

c

r

e

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

a

b b b b bc

c

New Rootstock Options

Walnut Improvement ProgramUniversity of California, Davis

Breeder: Dr. Gale McGranahan

Improved rootstock breeding and selection program Paradox selections from the diversity study Blackline tolerant rootstocks

Backcrosses: [Black x English] x English Own rooted English varieties (no rootstock/graft union)

All Require clonal propagation difficult on walnut! Rooted cuttings Tissue culture (AKA Micro-propagation)

Micropropagation of clonal rootstock

New Rootstock OptionsWalnut Improvement Program, UCD

Breeder: Dr. Gale McGranahan

Blackline tolerant rootstocks Backcrosses: [Black x English] x English

1st available for testing from UCD in 1995 Commercially available in 2008????

Own rooted English varieties 1st available for testing from UCD in 1991 Commercially available in 1999

Sutter-Yuba Co. Rootstock Trial1991 - ongoing

Farm Advisor: Janine Hasey Chandler

Own root tissue culture no graft Paradox seedling graft union

Sandy loam soil

TREE GROWTH

0102030405060708090

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

T

r

u

n

k

C

i

r

c

u

m

f

e

r

e

n

c

e

(

c

m

)

Own Rooted Paradox


Yield

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

T

o

n

s

/

a

c

r

e

Own Rooted Paradox


Nematode damage

01000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

J

U

L

Y

1

9

9

9

O

C

T

O

B

E

R

1

9

9

9

M

A

R

C

H

2

0

0

0

J

U

L

Y

2

0

0

0

N

O

V

E

M

B

E

R

2

0

0

0

A

P

R

I

L

2

0

0

1

N

O

V

E

M

B

E

R

2

0

0

1

M

A

Y

2

0

0

2

OWNROOTED

PARADOX

ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR

0.05 0.05

0.05

0.050.05

0.05

0.05

Lesion Nematode per Liter of Soil

Own Rooted vs. Seedling ParadoxSutter-Yuba County (Janine Hasey)

Own Root vs. Seedling ParadoxSutter-Yuba County (Janine Hasey)

Summary Own Rooted Chandler

has potential to outperform Paradox more susceptible to nematodes than Paradox

University of California Cooperative Extension Agriculture & Natural Resources Central Valley Region

Joe Connell, Farm Advisor, Butte Co.Bill Olson, Ex- Farm Advisor, Butte Co.

Cooperators:Samuel Metcalf, Joe Limberg, CSUC Farm, and Diamond Foods

Butte County Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing


TREATMENTS:

1. Chandler own rooted via tissue culture.

2. Chandler grafted on own rooted Chandler.

3. Chandler grafted on english Waterloo.

4. Chandler grafted on common paradox.

5. Chandler grafted on Trinta paradox.

6. Chandler grafted on Px1 clonal paradox.


Mean Trunk Cross Sectional Area (cm 2)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

'Chandler'own rooted

'Chandler'grafted

English'Waterloo'

CommonParadox

'Trinta'Paradox

'Px1'Paradox

Rootstock

C

m

2

2004 2005 2006

a

a

a

cc

c

bb

bb

b b

bc

bcbc

bc

bbc


6th to 8th Leaf Mean Yield per Tree

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

'Chandler'own

rooted

'Chandler'grafted

English'Waterloo'

CommonParadox

'Trinta'Paradox

'Px1'Paradox

Rootstock

P

o

u

n

d

s

I

n

s

h

e

l

l

2004 2005 2006

aaa

b

a

ns

ns

a


Walnut Quality: % Edible Kernel

30

35

40

45

50

55


'Chandler'grafted

English'Waterloo'

CommonParadox

'Trinta'Paradox

'Px1'Paradox

Rootstock

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

2004 2006

cd d

abc

NS

ab ab


Walnut Quality: % Extra Light Kernels

0

5

10

15

20

25


'Chandler'grafted

English'Waterloo'

CommonParadox

'Trinta'Paradox

'Px1'Paradox

Rootstock

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

2004 2006

a

ab

b b

ab

b

aa

a

b b

ab


Walnut Quality: Relative Value

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1


'Chandler'grafted

English'Waterloo'

CommonParadox

'Trinta'Paradox

'Px1'Paradox

Rootstock

V

a

l

u

e

$

/

L

b

.

2004 2006

a

bb

b

ab ab

aab

bc

cd

d

bc


Own rooted trees (vs. all grafted trees) Size: Bigger Yields: same once orchard filled Catkins: the catkins Leafing: Delayed about 5 days


English vs. Paradox Size: grafted English ~ all Paradox Yields: same once orchard filled % Ex Light: all English > all Paradox $/Lb: all English > all Paradox

8th leaf & 3rd harvest

Stanislaus Co. Rootstock Trial1999 - ongoing

Farm Advisor: Kathy Kelley Anderson Location: Modesto Jr College Soil: Hanford/Dinuba sandy loam Treatments: Vina on:

Paradox (Vlach) clonal Paradox (84-121) clonal Paradox seedling OR Vina clonal not grafted OR Vina grafted clonal OR Chandler clonal English (Waterloo) seedling


2006 Tree Growth

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Paradox(Vlach)

Paradox(84121)

Paradox(Seedling)

OR Vina OR Vina(Grafted)

OR Chandler English(Seedling)

T

r

u

n

k

C

i

r

c

u

m

f

e

r

e

n

c

e

a a ab abc

cd bcdd


2006 Green Harvest Weight

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Paradox(Vlach)

Paradox(84121)

Paradox(Seedling)

OR Vina OR Vina(Grafted)

OR Chandler English(Seedling)

T

o

n

s

/

a

c

r

e

a ababc bc

cbc bc

Rootstock Trial SummarySacramento Valley Own Rooted Chandlers1. Bigger trees & higher yields than seedling

Paradox until the nematodes hit!

2. Bigger but same yields as seedling or clonalParadox or seedling English

All English had improved color & value over all Paradox

No. San Joaquin Valley Own Rooted Vinas Slightly smaller than Paradox & slightly larger than

grafted English - NS Yields similar to other English & Paradox but < Vlach

More UC Rootstock Trials 2002: San Joaquin Co (Joe Grant)

OR Chandler 2002: Sutter-Yuba Co (Janine Hasey)

OR Chandler, OR Vina 2003: UC Davis

OR Phytophthora screening trial 2003: UC Kearney Ag Center, Parlier

OR nematode screening trial 2005: Contra Costa Co. (Janet Caprile)

Blackline tolerant WIP backcrosses

Janet Caprile, Farm AdvisorUC Cooperative Extension, Contra Costa County

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