climate smart agriculture and role of emerging …

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE AND ROLE OF EMERGING CROPS IN AFRICA: A CASE OF BOTSWANA

DocLinks/ Commonwealth

Kebadire Khola Mogotsi

11 JULY 2012

Approach

• Overview of agricultural production in Botswana

• Challenges facing – smallholder/emerging commercial farmers

– commercial farmers

– research and development (linkages)

• Opportunities availed by emerging technologies – emerging technologies (crops and livestock)

– emerging products and markets (value chain)

• Way forward: Change of mind set in • R&D in emerging crops

• Policy formulation and implementation

Mean Annual Rainfall-Botswana

Mean Annual Rainfall (1970-2007)

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Mean A

nnual R

ain

fall

(mm

)

Source: BACIS: MoA 2008

Mean Annual Rainfall-Western (Kalahari)

WESTERN REGION

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

Western Regional Rainfall (mm)

Source: BACIS:MoA 2008

Agricultural Production Systems: Botswana

Livestock

Communal Commercial

ranching

Arable

Rain fed-field crops Irrigated

Traditional Commercial Commercial Game ranching

Community Based Natural Resource Management (Community Trusts)

Molapo farming

Source: BACIS-MoA 2008

Commercial Sector: Livestock Population

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1993

1996

1998

2000

2003

2005

LIV

ES

TO

CK

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys Horses Chicken Pigs Ostrich

Source: BACIS-MoA 2008

Arable agriculture

• traditional system

– accounts for a large national hacterage

– traditional methods of farming

– lower productivity

– lower levels of investment

• commercial system

– modern agribusiness operations

– better access to skilled labour

– new and improved farming technologies

– improved management practices

– higher levels of investment

Ave. yield and area planted (Cereals) in Traditional and Commercial

Farms

1980 1985 1990 1996 2004

Variable

Sorghum

Area planted('000ha) 1468 1248 2061 1908 607

Output('000mt) 291 148 382 592 118

Yield (kg/ha) 198 118 185 310 194

Maize

Area planted('000ha) 803 494 799 1341 638

Output('000mt) 116 14 118 246 75

Yield (kg/ha) 144 29 147 184 118

Millet

Area planted('000ha) 169 155 122 110 71

Output('000mt) 23 29 17 25 27

Yield (kg/ha) 134 184 135 227 379

RAINFED CROPS

Irrigated (vegetables output)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

1997

/08

1998

/99

1999

/01

2000

/01

2001

/02

2002

/03

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

Year

Me

tric

To

ns

Challenges

Rainfed

• Low prices for grain

(BAMB).

• Producers are price takers

– traders and consumers

decide on how much to pay

– BAMB prices are pre

determined

• Lack of value addition (non

traditional)

Irrigated

• Poor farm infrastructure

– Producers are price takers

traders and consumers

– Poor roads, distance from

market

– No electricity

– Poor connectivity

• Lack of business &

production skills

• Lack of marketing skills

• Lack of processing skills

and facilities

Opportunities availed by emerging

technologies

• Supporting policies& programs for diversification

– Local and international linkages

– Agric programs & markets

• ISPAAD, NAMPAADD,

• BMC, BAMB, Horticultural Market

– Natural resource and community associations (CBNRM/trusts)

– Game ranching

• Opportunities for emerging products & markets including

bioenergy

• High quality indigenous knowledge system (people) for

high value semiarid resources

Emerging Crops

• Is it a national issue???

• High priority in communities whose

livelihoods are tightly bound to the indigenous

plant resources

• Have potential for (Rio 1, +5,+10,+20)

– Plant biodiversity conservation

– Climate change mitigation

– Combating desertification

– Management of wetlands

– Sustainable development (food security, green

economy?)

Interactions: trees, shrubs, crops,

animals,people

Examples of semi arid plant resources of Kalahari

desert

species Uses Active compounds Treatable condition

Sengaparile Medicine, Fodder, environmental services

Phytosterols, flavonoids tritterpenoids ( iridoids harpagoside, hargagide & procumbide) in the roots

Arthritis, lack of appetite, joints, reduces cholesterol etc

Hoddia gordonii Medicine Food, Environmental services

Polyphenols (chrogenic acid & sterol glycoside) in succulent stem

suppress Appetite & thirst & treats, indigestion,

morama bean food, fodder medicine, Environmental services

The seed contains oleic and linoleic acids, flavonoids, 42.4 % fat and 32 % proteins

Reduces cholesterol and boost immunity

Mahupu- Kalahari truffles

Food

Medicine, Environmental services

Fruiting body contains

17.7% oil: 37.18 %

saturated fatty acids &

62.82 % unsaturated fatty

acids

Reduces cholesterol boost immunity, high in antioxidants

Is it a national issue

• GoB keen on

– policy on emerging crops

– encouraging communities to use indigenous plants in hardship areas where conventional crops are challenged

– Special fund initiated- eg, Forest Conservation Botswana etc

– Streamlining rangeland resources (plants) into poverty eradication programs & school feeding

– Understands role in biodiversity, climate change, desertification

Strategic Partnership on Emerging Crops

• Ministry Environment Wildlife and Tourism (DFRR,DEA, NTSC & District Forestry Offices)

• Royal Botanic Gardens, (RBG),

• Botswana College of Agriculture, ( BCA)

• NGOs (VPR&D,TS, Permaculture)

• Forest Conservation Botswana Fund (FCB)

• Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA)

• University of Botswana (OR& D),

• National Food Technology Research Center (NFTRC),

• Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Sweden

• EU- MARAMA I&II

• Most important partners:-

– Local communities whose efforts and livelihoods are tightly bound to suitable and sustainable development of these

Rural Communities depend on

indigenous plant resources

Communities now know benefits

Communities generate income from

plant indigenous resources

Prioritization by Pilikwe, Ditshegwane and Tsetseng Communities

Plant Resources Uses Products

Tylosema esculentum

morama

Food, medicine,

environmental services

milk, yogurt, butter, snacks,

protein-rich flours, provides

soil cover and soil nutrients

recycle

Citrullus lunatus -kgengwe Food, medicine,


Water, seed oil, pickles,

juice, wine, alcohol,

porridge, fiber

Ximenia caffra-moretologa Food, medicine,

environmental services,

animal feed

seed oil, pickles, juice, wine,

alcohol

Grewia retinervis-

motsosojane

Food, environmental services Yogurt flavor, juice, wine,

alcohol, porridge

Kalaharituber pfeilli-mahupu Food, medicine,

environmental services Oil, flavonoids, reduces

cholesterol boost immunity,

high in antioxidants

Cassia abbreviate-

monepenepe

Medicine, environmental

services

Multipurpose in most

conditions, firewood

Elaeodendron transvaalense-

monamane

Medicine , environmental

services

Multipurpose in most

conditions, firewood,

recycles nutrients,

Stomatostema monterroae-

mosata

Food, medicine,


Meat substitute (nama ya

setlhare)

Myrothamnus flabellifolius -

galalatshwene

Medicine, food,


Controls hypertension

Sclerocarrya birrea-morula Food, medicine,


Oil, juice, wine, alcohol,

vitamins, minerals,

household utensils,

agricultural tools etc

Cucumis africanus-legabala Food, environmental services Vegetable

Strychnos cocculoides-

mogorogorwane

Food, environmental services Juice, yoghurt, firewood

Adansonia digitata-mowana Food, fodder, medicine,

cosmetics

Juice, wine, alcohol

Schinziophyton rautenenii -

mungongo

Food, fuel, medicine,


Oil, milk, snack, soup, juice,

wine, alcohol

Colophospemum mopane-

mophane

Firewood, animal feed,


Habitat for phane etc

Plant Species prioritized for cultivation and commercialization by Shaikarawe

Community

Plant Uses Products

Mongongo (/Qom) Schinziophyton

rautenenii

Food, fire (matches),

medicinal,

building/roofing (bark),

seedling succulent

Oil, milk, snack, soup,

juice, wine, alcohol,

dugout canoe

Goyi –mmaba- Securidaca

longipedunculata

Medicinal, firewood,

fodder

curing liver

conditions, flue, cough

Shakawe -unidentified Medicinal

Mukwa (N/gao) -Pterocarpus

angolensis

Medicinal,


Wood carvings,

furniture, poles,

Kyara -Ochna pulchra

Food Oil, snack, wood

carvings

Mogwagwa (≠Oeya) -Strychnos

pungens

Food, medicinal Juice, yoghurt,

firewood

Mogorogorwane (/’xoana)

Strychnos cocculoides

Food, medicinal (snake

bites)

Juice, wine, alcohol

Tsaudi -Guibourtia coleosperma Food, medicinal Lotion, oil, sprouts,

dugout canoes,

mortars, knife handles,

spoons

Motsotsojane -Grewia retinervis Food, firewood, fire

stick, steamer

Juice, wine, alcohol,

porridge, shelter,

traditional doors and

beds

Mohamana (≠Umbe)

Dialium engleranum

Food, medicinal,

firewood

Fruit, vegetables

(leaves), juice, wine,

alcohol

Communities’ knowledge

Indigenous knowledge: Schinziophyton

Rautenenii (mungongo) processing- 57% oil

Products in communities

Some technologies for emerging resources: a case of morama

bean-MARAMA II

Product Description Uses

Oil Solvent extracted / mechanically pressed of whole morama beans

Cooking oil, salads, cosmetic oil

Butter Milling and grinding of whole morama beans to a paste

Confectionery

Composite flour Milling of morama beans to fine particles; may include defatting first to produce a high protein flour

Supplement to staple cereal flours

Texturized foods Milled flour extruded into various shapes Snacks, breakfast cereals, meat analogues

Roasted snacks Whole morama dry roasted Roasted nuts whole or chopped

Baked snacks Morama and wheat flour and other ingredients baked into snack foods

Morama biscuits, cookies, muffins, bread, cake, health bars

Meat analogues Morama flour and other spices baked as a meat-like loaf

Morama roast

Frozen snacks Morama powder added to mix for ice cream Ice cream

Canned beans Whole morama beans thermally processed in a sauce

Savory cooked beans in tomato sauce

Some technologies for emerging resources

Effective & Efficient Research and Development

linkages

Information Dissemination & institutional change management

Agric

Policy Technology development

Resources

IKS

Institutions

Forestry INRM

Solution to poverty, environment, global warming, desertification, biodiversity

Passion

ecotourism Rural

industry

Rural Industries in emerging crops

products (source: FUC-BR)

Local Coop 8

Local Coop 9 Central Coop

Local Coop 1

Local Coop 4

Local coop 2

Local Coop 6 Local Coop 7

Solution to poverty, environmental resilience, climate change mitigation

as market will participate in biodiversity conservation

Local coop 3

Local

Coop 5

HIGH VALUE RESOURCES

ARE CLIMATE SMART

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