climate change sanitation & health
DESCRIPTION
sanitation is related to climate changeTRANSCRIPT
Variations in Earth’s average surface temperature, over the past 20,000 years
Global mean temperatures are rising faster with time
Warmest 12 years:1998,2005,2003,2002,2004,20
06, 2001,1997,1995,1999,1990,20
00
Source: IPPC, 2007
Gases How it is generated ? Global warming potential value
Atmospheric lifetime
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
A naturally occurring gas released as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, selected industrial processes and changes in the patterns of land-use, particularly deforestation. In terms of gross volume of emissions, it is by far the most important greenhouse gas.
1 200-10,000 years
Methane (CH4)
A gas released in coal mining, landfill operations, livestock raising and natural gas/oil drilling (among other processes) and human waste.
21 (21 times more potent in terms of global warming effect than CO2)
12 years
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
A gas emitted during fertilizer manufacturing and fossil fuel combustion.
310 120 years
Gases How it is generated? Global warming potential value
Atmospheric lifetime
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
A group of gasses emitted in selected manufacturing processes and frequently used in refriger-ation and air conditioning equipment.
HFC-23, HFC-12, HFC-134a and HFC 152a have global warming potential of 11700
260 years
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Similar to HFCs, PFCs were developed and introduced as an alternative to ozone depleting CFCs and HFCs. They are emitted in a variety of manufacturing processes.
PFCs global warming potential ranges from 6.500 for CF4 to 9,200 for C2F6
45 years
Sulphur hexofluoride (SF)
The most potent greenhouse gas, released in a very limited number of manufacturing processes where it is used as a dielectric fluid.
Global warming potential of SF6 is equal to 23,900. SF6 represent the most dangerous group of anthropogenic-induced greenhouse gas emissions
3,200 years
Examples of greenhouse gases that are affected by human activities
CO2
Carbon dioxide
CH4
MethaneN2O
Nitrous oxide
CFC-11 Chlorofluorocarbon-11
HFC-23 Hydrofluorocarbon-23
CF4
Perfluoromethane
Pre-industrial concentration
~280 ppm
~700 ppb ~270 ppb
Zero Zero 40 ppt
Concentration in 1998
365 ppm 1745 ppb 314 ppb
268 ppt 14 ppt 80 ppt
Rate of concentration change
1.5 ppm per yr
7.0 ppb per yr
0.8 ppb per yr
~1.4 ppt per yr
0.55 ppt per yr
1.0 ppt per yr
Source: IPCC
Rising Impacts of Global Warming
Extinction of more than 40% of known species ; Global economic losses of up to 5% GDP ; Partial melting of Green land and W. Antarctica Ice sheets ; Eventually raising sea-level 1.3-2 feet.
Major changes in natural systems cause predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity, water and food supplies.Widespread coral mortality.Millions more people face flooding risk every year.
Increased risk of extinction for 20-30% of known species.Most corals bleached.Increasing mortality from heat waves, floods and droughts
Decreasing water availability ; Increasing drought in many regions ; Increasing wildfire risk ; Increased flood and storm damage ;Increasing burden from malnutrition, diarrhoeal, cardio-respiratory and infectious diseases
2080s
2050s
2020s
+50c
+40c
+30c
+20c
+10c
2007 Current Warming
Over 1980-1999 Temperature levels
Substantial burden on health services; Global food production decreases; About 30% of global coastal wetlands lost.
F-gases, 1.1%
N2O, 7.9%
CH4 14.3%
CO2 (deforestation,
decay of biomass, etc),
17.3%
CO2 (other), 2.8%
CO2 fossil fuel use, 56.6%
Global anthropogenic greenhousegas emissions in 2004
Who is responsible for global warming?
Developed countries have had a head start on developing countries in the industrialisation process. They have been emitting carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere for years before developing countries, at the time when the harmful effects of these emissions were not known, and hence there were no restrictions on emissions.
This is because of the energy intensive lifestyles of industrialised countries. Many of the uses of energy in the richer countries are for purposes of luxury, and the emissions caused from such uses may be termed luxury emissions.
But the lower per capita emissions of developing countries are because a large number of poor people do not even have access to basic amenities such as electricity. They will need their share of ecological space to increase what could be termed survival emissions. Citizens of richer countries will have to decrease their per capita emissions in order to allow these poor people to increase theirs, and to allow them to improve their living standards.
Pathways by which climate change affects human health
Regional weather changes
• Heatwaves
• Extreme weather
• Temperature
• Precipitation
CLIMATE CHANGE
Microbial contamination
pathways
Transmission dynamics
Agro ecosystems, hydrology
Socioeconomics, demographics
Health effects
Temperature-related illness and death
Extreme weather-related health
effects
Air pollution-related health effects
Water and food-borne diseases
Vector-borne and rodent-borne
diseases
Effects of food and water shortages
Mental, nutritional, infectious and other
health effects
Modulating influences
Overview of the health effects of climate change
Expected impacts are mainly for changes in frequency or severity of familiar health risks
1. Temperature-related illness and death
2. Extreme weather- related health effects
3. Air pollution-related health effects
4. Water and food-borne diseases
5. Vector-borne and rodent- borne diseases
6. Effects of food and water shortages
7. Psycho-social impacts on displaced populations
8. Health impacts from conflicts over access to vital resources
CLIMATECHANGE
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Health Burdens
• Following diseases will rise– Vector borne diseases– Diarrhoea– Malnutrition– Respiratory diseases– Cardiovascular disease
• Stress related problems also will rise
Year-wise ADD cases (1996-2005)
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
No
. o
f C
as
es
Year-wise Cholera cases (1996-2005)
4425
3173
35543839 3879
4178
3455
2893
4728
3154
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
No
. o
f C
as
es
Year-wise Viral Hepatitis cases (1996-2005)
131808 133594
113527
131798
152713146047
135859
151287
203939
134938
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
No
. o
f C
ases
Year-wise Entric Fever cases (1996-2005)
279438 269455
318510
379304
463578482863 488033
596684
658301
512557
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
No
. o
f C
ases
Endemic districts - 180 in 18 States/UTs)Endemic districts - 180 in 18 States/UTs)
Population: 450 million Population: 450 million
2006: 12317 Cases , 184 Deaths2006: 12317 Cases , 184 Deaths
Dengue Endemicity MapDengue Endemicity Mapin Indiain India
0
5000
10000
15000
20000Cases
0100200300400500600
Deaths
cases deaths
cases 16517 1177 707 944 650 3306 1926 12754 4153 11928 12317
deaths 545 36 18 17 7 53 33 215 45 156 184
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2005 Cases: 11985, Deaths : 157
2006 Cases : 12317, Deaths : 184
Dengue/Dengue Haemaorrhagic Fever (DHF) Cases and Deaths in India
CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER2006
Affected districts: 188, Affected districts: 188,
Suspected Cases 1.39 millionSuspected Cases 1.39 million
Confirmed Cases 1985 out of 15504 tested (12.8%)Confirmed Cases 1985 out of 15504 tested (12.8%)
Current Burden of Climate-Sensitive Health Outcomes
• Temperature > 500 C in Western India in 1994.• Malaria epidemic in Surat following heavy rainfall in
same year.• Mumbai in Maharashtra experienced 944 mms of
rainfall on July 26 and 27,2005; > 1,000 deaths• In 2006, Surat (Gujarat), Barmer ( Rajasthan) and even
Srinagar experienced serious floods during monsoon. • Consecutive droughts between 2000 and 2002 in Orissa
affected 11 million people• Deaths due to heatstroke & cold reported every year
ROURK ELA
MANDL A
CHENN AI
CARNIC OBAR
SONAP UR
KHEDA
HARDW AR HALDW ANI
SHAHJA HANPUR
ALLAHA BAD
T W O p e n fo r m o nths
4-6
7-9
10-12
N.A
CARNIC OBAR
4-6
7-9
10-12
N.A
T W O p e n fo r m o nths
(a) (b)
Transmission windows of malaria in different states of India (a) in 2000 and (b) in 2080
Health: An Overview
Malaria may penetrate elevations above 1800 meters and some coastal areas.
10% more states may offer climatic opportunities for malaria vector breeding throughout the year with respect to the year 2000
Per-capita water availability in India
Aggregate annual utilizable water in India: 1100 billion Cu.m
Estimated water demand in India in 2025: 1013 billion Cu. m
1947 5150 Cu.m
2000 2200 Cu.m
2017 1600 Cu.m
1. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION & 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION & HEALTHHEALTH
HEALTH is defined as: “A state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
In this sense, health is seen as a resource for everyday life, as a positive concept that emphasises social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities.(World Health Organization, 1948)
Main Determinants of HealthSOURCE: Dahlgren, G. & Whitehead, M. 1991
Linkages between Sanitation & Health
• Diarrhoeal disease alone amount to an estimated 4.1 % of the total DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) Global Burden of Disease (WHO, 2004).
• 1.8 million diarrhoeal deaths each year (90% of them – among children < 5 years of age).
• Lack of attendance in schools (esp. girls) – performance negatively impacted.
• Child and Maternal health adversely affected.
Linkages between Sanitation & Health contd...
• Studies conducted by Dr. Feachem indicating relative importance of alternative preventive strategies concerning water supply, sanitation and health education revealed that health impact of supplying clean water alone is limited. However carefully designed programmes which combine water quality with improvements in water availability, safe disposal of human waste and hygiene education have the potential to be successful.
• The All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, in another study observed that the mortality and morbidity rates were higher in villages with only tubewell water supply facility than at places where only pour-flush waterseal toilets had been provided. The best results were found where both the facilities were available. The worst where none existed.
Sanitation a Top Medical Milestone
• More Than 150 Years of Medical Marvels: Sanitation Voted the Greatest Advance Since 1840.
• That's exactly the challenge the prestigious British Medical Journal posed to a small group of experts and the many thousands of their readers, mostly doctors. Well, almost exactly. They actually were looking for the greatest medical advance of the past 167 years, back to 1840, the year the journal was founded.
• In light of the truly staggering medical breakthroughs and scientific advances of the past 150 years, I think the final outcome of the contest will shock you. The ultimate winner? Sanitation!
• Sanitation received 1,795 votes. Antibiotics was a close second with 1,642 votes and anesthesia took third.
FACT: Access to Sanitation FACT: Access to Sanitation ProvisionProvision
Globally over 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation worldwide – of which 650 million people reside in India.
Population without improved sanitation, (region wise) in 2008 (millions) – UNICEF-WHO JMP 2010 Update
Clean Development Mechanism
Clean Development Mechanism is designed to stimulate emission reductions in the developing countries, while also promoting sustainable development. The projects must qualify through a rigorous and public registration and issuance process. Approval is given by the Designated National Authorities.
The mechanism is overseen by the CDM Executive Board, answerable ultimately to the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Since 2006, the mechanism has already registered more than 1000 projects and is anticipated to produce CERs amounting to more than 2.7 billion tons of CO2 equivalent by 2008-2012.
CDM- How it works?The primary purpose of CDM mechanism is to allow industrialised countries to buy cheap reductions from developing countries.
Let us say that India decided to invest in a new power station, and has decided on a particular technology at the cost of X crore. An entity from an industrialised country (which could even be a company) offers to provide India with slightly better technology, which costs more (say Y crore), but will result in lower emissions.The industrialised country will only pay the incremental cost of the project-viz. Y minus X. In return, the ‘investing’ country will get ‘certified emission reductions’ (CERs), or credits, which it can use to meet its Kyoto commitments.
This is a very good deal indeed- but for the investing country. Not only do they sell developing countries their technology, but they also meet their Kyoto commitments without lifting a finger to reduce their domestic emissions. Countries like the US can continue to pollute at home, so long as it makes the reductions elsewhere.
Do developing countries like India stand to gain from the CDM?
Though the mechanism recognises and the right of developed countries to emit more GHGs, and hence their right to a higher standard of living than people in poor countries, the developing countries, like India, get benefited by this mechanism as well.
Apart from industries and transportation the major sources of GHGs emission in India are paddy fields, enteric fermentation from cattle and buffaloes and municipal solid waste.
The project can be executed using a Public-Private Partnership approach in which both the parties can invest and share the benefits. Investment and operating cost is recovered through sale of CERs, gaining annual CER for the country.
CDM Projects in India
India’s CDM potential represents a significant component of the golbal CDM market. As on 17 March 2009, out of 1455 projects registered with CDM Executive Board, 398 are from India and 453 are from China. The National CDM Authority in India has accorded Host Country Approval to 1226 projects costing Rs.151,397 crores. These projects are in the sectors of energy efficiency, fuel swithing, industrial processes, municipal solid waste and energy efficiency. If all of them get registered with CDM Executive Board, they have a potential to generate 573 million Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) by 2012. At a conservative estimate of US$10 per CER, this means a revenue of US$5.73 billion to the country.
3-truths: Climate change political and economic challenge
1. Is related to economic growth. No one has built a low carbon economy (as yet)
2. Is about sharing growth between nations and between people. The rich must reduce so that the poor can grow. Create ecological space.
3. Is about cooperation. If the rich emitted yesterday, the emerging rich world will do today. Cooperation demands equity and fairness. It is a pre-requisite for an effective climate agreement.
ConclusionsConclusions• Climate change is real, accelerating and it threatens all of us• Diverse, global and probably irreversible over human time
scales• Health impacts are potentially huge and threaten public
health security• The risks are inequitable; GHG are emitted by developed
countries but the health risks are concentrated in poor countries which have contributed least. These countries will suffer earliest and most.
• What we do now may not have major impact in next 40-50 years. But our efforts in next 10-20 years can have a profound effect on climate in second half of century
• A gift to the next generations