climate change and agricultural - buba

8/3/2019 Climate Change and Agricultural - Buba

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Climate Change, Agriculture and

Food Security

Presented by: Buba Khan Right to FoodCoordinator-Africa @ Masea Hotel


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Outline

1. General Background

Concept of Climate change

Causes

Impacts2. Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change: The Nexus

3. Climate Change and Food Security Global

Impacts on Africa and Gambia

4. Why ActionAid is concerned

5. Recommended Responses International

National Responses

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What is Climate Change ?

Climate Change, sometimes referred to as Global Warming, is thechange in the climate of the Earth.

Climate change could be said to be a change in weather patternacross the globe that leads to increase in temperatures, which in

turn bring about drastic climatic changes

It is the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climatesover time. It describes changes in the variability or average state ofthe atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions ofyears

Climate change is said to be a resultant of changes in theconcentration of greenhouse gases, which control radiation onplanet earth, hence destabilizing natural weather patterns andleading to climatic imbalances


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What is Climate change (cont)

The degree of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen for exampletend to go in inverse proportions and they are the key gasesnecessary for plant and animal life.

The more CO2 in the atmosphere, the hotter the temperature

becomes, leading to the phenomena of global warming, and themore the oxygen in the atmosphere, the cooler.

The more carbon into the air, the more hostile the environmentbecomes and the bleaker the future of human kind shall be.


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Exacerbating factors

Population growth

Ongoing land degradation

Deforestation

Poverty

Dependence on rain fed agriculture

Lack of awareness by researchers & politicians

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Reasons for Climate Change

G

reenhouse

Gases

Aerosols

L

anduse

Urbanization

AnthropogenicNatural

Land

Volcano

So

larActivity

Natural

V

ariability

Ocean


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Climate change- Background

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Larger Impact of Climate Change

Increased un reliability of rainfall, too little or too late ortoo much in a short time

More droughts in intensity and time

Drastic winds in the ocean leading to more cyclones,tropical storms etc

Melting glaciers leading to sea level rise/ disappearanceof Arctic Sea Ice

Melting snow on the mountains leading to floods

Desertification and more heat waves

Source: IPCC Assessment Report 4


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Impact of CC on People and Resources

Water and Pasture

Drought-affected areas around the world to increase

Dry regions to get drier, and wet regions to get wetter

Increased frequency of heavy precipitation to cause flood risk

Water supplies stored in glaciers and snow cover to decline

Increased conflicts among pastoral communities on limited water and pasture

Food

Crop productivity to decrease in seasonally dry and tropical regions

Increase in frequency of droughts and floods to affect local crop production

Aquaculture and fisheries to be affected adversely

More uncertainties on rain-fed agriculture

Coastal System

Coasts will be exposed to increasing risks such as coastal erosion due to sea-levelrise

More coastal areas are projected to be flooded every year due to sea-level rise by2080s and will lead to large scale migration


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Crop failure because of low

and erratic rainfall

CROPS


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Impact of CC (cont)

Health

Increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires anddroughts.

Increased malnutrition and consequent disorders, with negative implications forchild growth and development

Increase in water born diseases due to floods

Soil Conservation

More wind and water erosions due to floods and drought

Less fertility due to loss of soil cover

Tourism / Wild life Disappearance of snow caps, threatens tourist livelihoods

Increased Human / Wild life conflicts


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Agriculture, Food Security and Climate

Change: The Nexus

In much of Africa renewable natural resourcesare a means of livelihood.

Agriculture the primary food producing

sector is already under stress.

Africa as one of the regions that is being/will

be hardest hit by, and the most at risk from,

the impact of climate change. 65% of increases in climate-related hunger to occur

in Africa.


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I. The NexusIntra-annual climate variability as well as longer-

term climate change directly affect availabilityand

stabilityaspects of food security.

Disruptions in food availability and stability impact

on food access and utilisation.

Climate change hits hardest the most basic of the

sectors; the poorest; and the least responsible for

its acceleration .

Given the large area under crops and rangeland in

Africa, agriculture is likely to account for the

Continents greatest contribution to global CC

mitigation efforts.


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Climate Change and Food Security

Agricultural impacts will be more adverse in tropical areas than in temperate

areas. (Developed countries will largely benefit since cereal productivity is projectedto rise in Canada, northern Europe and parts of Russia.)

Climate variability is already the major cause of year-to-year fluctuations inproduction in both developed and developing countries

Changes in seasonal distribution of rainfall, with less falling in the main cropgrowing season

Concentration of rainfall into a smaller number of rainy events withincreases in the number of days with heavy rain, increasing erosion andflood risks

Food production and supply disruption through more frequent and severeextreme events.

Most severely affected will be sub-Saharan Africa due to its inability toadequately adapt through necessary resources or through greater foodimports.

Source: FAO, Committee on world food security, 2003


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Climate Change and Food SecurityContd.

Increased heat stress to crop and livestock

Maize production in Southern Africa could fall by more than 30% by 2030. InSouth Asia, production of regional staples as millet, maize and rice coulddecrease by at least 10%.

A projected 2 3% reduction in African cereal production for 2020 is enough

to put 10 million people at risk

The largest reduction in cereal production will occur in developing countries,averaging about 10 percent (FAO study, 1996)

500 weather-related disasters are now taking place each year, compared to

120 in the 1980s. Number of floods has increased six-fold over the sameperiod.

In some countries in Africa yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reducedby up to 50% by 2020.

Source: FAO, Committee on world food security, 2003


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HEALTH IMPLICATION,RIFT VALLEY FEVER APPEARINGAFTER MORE THAN 50 YEARS, MALARIA


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Climate change and settlement


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Destruction of Roads & Infrastructure

D i f R d & I f


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Destruction of Roads & Infrastructure


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HEALTH


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Climate change and Conflicts - Water and fodder availability


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Climate Change and Food

SecurityContd. Over one billion people around the world are

undernourished as they lack easy and consistent access toaffordable food.

Climate change is already affecting all four dimensions offood security: food availability,

food accessibility

food utilization and

food systems stability

Growing demand for bio-fuels is placing additional pressureon the natural resource base.


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Climate Change Impacts in the Gambia

Droughts

Floods

Low and erratic rainfall pattern

Drying of low land areas

Salt intrusion-salinity

Low soil fertility

Reduction in yields

Low income for farmers


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Why ActionAid is concerned ?

Hitting the worlds poorest people and worst Threatens to undo the development gains

Reflects and reinforces inequalities and is an issue of injustice

Poorest countries have done least to contribute to the problemand have the fewest means to respond

Rich countries are the major current and historical polluters Rich countries have an urgent obligation to cut their own

emissions and to provide compensatory funding for theadaptation needs of the developing world


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How to deal with CC?

Mitigation

Reduce the sources of emissions and enhance the

sinks of greenhouse gases

Adaptation

Building systems and capacities to reduce the

vulnerability of people and countries to respondto impact of climate change on them


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Policy and programmatic measures foradaptation

Infrastructure investments to protect against asset and crop loss

Empirical research to develop community based adaptationmodels

Climate information and advisory services for agricultural andfishing communities

Reliable and timely early warning systems

Rapid emergency response capacity and social protection toabsorb risks.

Support adaptation of farming communities by strengthening theirinstitutions, economy and enhancing access to credit, market,

technology and training.


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Recommendations (1)

Post-2012 Climate Change agreement must:

provide substantial new and additional resources for climate changeadaptation.

recognize agriculture as a sector that is particularly vulnerable toclimate change, and provide funding for adaptation strategies basedon sustainable agricultural techniques that allow communities tocombat hunger and realize their right to food.

ensure the effective participation of poor and excluded communities

in the governance of adaptation funding.

support womens efforts to claim their rights.


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RecommendationsFor National Adaptation Planning on agriculture:

Adaptation strategies for climate change should be incorporated intoall national policies and programmes related to food security andagriculture.

Support communities efforts to realize the right to food and to

ensure that most vulnerable groups are involved in development,implementation and monitoring and evaluation of adaptationpolicies.

Structural changes should be made in the design andimplementation of adaptation programmes at country level to ensure

adequate focus on food security. The changes must increase theresilience of smallholder farmers by enhancing their capacity topractice sustainable agriculture and by developing safety nets forclimate risk management.


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Recommendations contd

Public spending on agriculture should be enhanced andoriented towards improving agricultural infrastructure,inputs, irrigation services, market linkages, credit andnational agricultural extension services supportingsmallholder farmers.

The role of local authorities and civil society indeveloping, implementing and monitoring adaptationmeasures should be strengthened.


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WAY FORWARD and Opportunities

Policy Advocacy To operationalize the AU-framework on Climate Change

mitigation and adaptation

Reflect Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies inthe ANR policy/national Agricultural investment plans- CAADP

Follow up and monitor International discourse aroundclimate change Next COP in Durban

Ensure the implementation of sign treaties

Raise Awareness

Build capacities

Investment in Climate Resilient Sustainable Agriculture


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Thank You

climate change and agricultural - buba

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