CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

CHAPTER 3: MATTER –PROPERTIES & CHANGES

1. What is matter ?

2. Distinguish between a mixture and a pure

substance.

3. States of matter: gas, liquid, solid, plasma

4. Physical and chemical properties of matter

5. Classify changes of matter as physical or

chemical.

MATTER

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies

space.

everything in universe is made of matter

(even things we cannot see (burning candle, CO)

Substance: Matter that has a uniform and

unchanging chemical composition (also

known as a pure substance)

Mixture: a physical blend of 2 or more pure

substances that retain their individual

chemical properties

homogeneous

heterogeneous

HOMOGENEOUS & HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

Homogeneous mixture (also known as a

solution): has a constant composition throughout.

Silver-mercury fillings, salt water, koolaid, air

Two or more elements combined together

(can be decomposed/broken down into simpler

substances)

Heterogeneous mixture: The matter is not the

same or not uniform throughout.

dirt, salad dressing, orange juice with pulp

Mixtures can be separated by physical means:

Filtration, centrifuge, magnetism, distillation,

chromatography

STATES OF MATTER

Solid: definite volume, definite shape

Liquid: definite volume, indefinite shape Takes the shape of its container

Gas: indefinite volume, indefinite shape Takes the shape of its container

Fills its container

Plasma: high temperature state of matter where atoms lose all of their electrons.

STATES OF MATTER: EXAMPLES

Solids: wood, iron, paper, sugar, wax… Particles of matter in a solid are tightly packed; expand only

slightly when heated

Liquids: water, blood, mercury, soft drinks • Particles less closely packed than in a solid; able to move past

each other.

Gases: air, helium, carbon monoxide • Particles are far apart

• Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is solid or

liquid at room temp (water vapor)

• Gas refers to a substance that is naturally in a gaseous state

at room temp

Plasma: lightning, stars

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES

Each pure substance has its own set of physical

and chemical properties.

Properties can be used for identification

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Physical Property: A property that can be measured or studied without changing the substance. All samples of a substance have identical physical properties.

Extensive Properties: Properties that depend on the amount of the substance present.

mass, length, volume, amount of energy, etc.

Intensive Properties: Properties that do not depend on the amount of the substance.

color, density, specific heat, Mp, Bp, electricity conductivity, scent, etc.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Chemical Property: The ability or inability of a

substance to transform (undergo a chemical

reaction) into a different substance.

Acid + Base Salt + Water

Iron forming rust

Chemical properties are observed only when a

substance undergoes a chemical change.

PHYSICAL CHANGE

Physical Change: A change in the

substance that does not involve a change

in the identity of the substance.

Dissolving: sugar in water

Change of State (phase change):

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Change of Size:

Cut wood

Tear paper

Break glass

Crumple foil

PHYSICAL CHANGES

During a physical change, s substance changes

its appearance, but not its composition.

H2O (s) H2O (l) H2O(g)

Ice water steam

Examples: cutting, grinding, bending, etc.

CHEMICAL REACTION (CHEMICAL CHANGE)

One or more substances change into new

substances.

The starting substances are called reactants

The new substances are called products

Na + Cl NaCl

Reactants Products

CHEMICAL CHANGE

CHEMICAL REACTION

Chemical Change: A change that occurs when

one or more substances react to form one or more

new substances.

Burning paper

Rusting iron

Decomposing hydrogen peroxide

Corrosion

Spoiled food

CHEMICAL CHANGE AND ENERGY

In all chemical changes:

Law of Conservation of Mass (Matter)

Matter can be rearranged, but it can never be created or

destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy is either absorbed or released, but it can never be

created or destroyed.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

SEPARATING MIXTURES

Most matter exists naturally as a mixture.

Separation is important for studying the

components that make up the mixture.

Substances in a mixture are physically combined

and can be physically separated.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CAN BE USED TO

SEPARATE MIXTURES

Melting Points

Boiling Points

Distillation

Density

Polarity

Chromatography

Filtration

solid from liquid

Crystallization

Sublimation

CRYSTALLIZATION

Crystallization is a separation technique that

results in the formation of pure solid particles of

a substance from a solution containing the

dissolved substance.

Making rock candy is a type of separation by

crystallization

DISTILLATION

EXPERIMENT

The jar contains a mixture of sand, salt, and iron

filings.

solid mixture

How do we separate them into pure substances?

STEP ONE

REMOVE IRON WITH A MAGNET

Fe Fe

STEP TWO

A. Add water to dissolve the salt.

B. Filter mixture to remove the sand.

Sand

in filter

Salt Water

STEP THREE

Evaporate or boil to remove the water.

H2O

Salt

THE END