Classification

Name ____________________________________________________________________ Hr. ______

1.1 Characteristics of Life

Learning Objectives

List and describe the characteristics of life.

Introduction

Is fire alive?

Fire can grow. Fire needs fuel and oxygen. But fire is not a form of life, although it shares a few traits with some living things. How can you distinguish between nonliving and living things?

The Characteristics of Life

How do you define a living thing? What do mushrooms, daisies, cats, and bacteria have in common? All of these are living things, or organisms. It might seem hard to think of similarities among such different organisms, but they actually have many properties in common. Living organisms are similar to each other because all organisms evolved from the same common ancestor that lived billions of years ago. All living organisms:

1. Need energy to carry out life processes. 2. Are composed of one or more cells. 3. Respond to their environment. 4. Grow and reproduce. 5. Maintain a stable internal environment.

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Living Things Need Resources and Energy

Why do you eat everyday? To get energy. Energy is the ability to do work. Without energy, you could not do any "work." Though not doing any "work" may sound nice, the "work" fueled by energy includes everyday activities, such as walking, writing, and thinking. But you are not the only one who needs energy. In order to grow and reproduce and carry out the other process of life, all living organisms need energy. But where does this energy come from?

The source of energy differs for each type of living thing. In your body, the source of energy is the food you eat. Here is how animals, plants, and fungi obtain their energy:

All animals must eat in order to obtain energy. Animals also eat to obtain building materials.

Plants don’t eat. Instead, they use energy from the sun to make their "food" through the process of photosynthesis.

Mushrooms and other fungi obtain energy from other organisms. That’s why you often see fungi growing on a fallen tree; the rotting tree is their source of energy (Figure below).

Since plants harvest energy from the sun and other organisms get their energy from plants, nearly all the energy of living things initially comes from the sun.

Bracket fungi and lichens on a rotting log in Cranberry Glades Park near Marlinton, West Virginia. Fungi obtain energy from breaking down dead

organisms, such as this rotting log.

Living Things Are Made of Cells

If you zoom in very close on a leaf of a plant, or on the skin on your hand, or a drop of blood, you will find cells (Figure below). Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of living organisms. Most cells are so small that they are usually visible only through a microscope. Some organisms, like bacteria, plankton that live in the ocean, or the Paramecium shown in Figure below are made of just one cell. Other organisms have millions, billions, or trillions of cells.

All cells share at least some structures. The nucleus is clearly visible in the blood cells (Figure below). The nucleus can be described as the "information center," containing the instructions (DNA) for making all the proteins in a cell, as well as how much of each protein to make. The nucleus is also the main distinguishing feature between the two

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general categories of cell. Although the cells of different organisms are built differently, they all have certain general functions. Every cell must get energy from food, be able to grow and divide, and respond to its environment. More about cell structure and function will be discussed in additional concepts.

Reptilian blood cell showing the characteristic nucleus. A few smaller white blood cells are visible. This image has been magnified 1,000 times its

real size.

This Paramecium is a single-celled organism.

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Living Organisms Respond to their Environment

All living organisms are able to react to something important or interesting in their external environment. For example, living organisms constantly respond to their environment. They respond to changes in light, heat, sound, and chemical and mechanical contact. Organisms have means for receiving information, such as eyes, ears, taste buds, or other structures.

Living Things Grow and Reproduce

All living things reproduce to make the next generation. Organisms that do not reproduce will go extinct. As a result, there are no species that do not reproduce (Figure below). Some organisms reproduce asexually (asexual reproduction), especially single-celled organisms, and make identical copies of themselves. Other organisms reproduce sexually (sexual reproduction), combining genetic information from two parents to make genetically unique offspring.

Like all living things, cats reproduce to make a new generation of cats.

Living Things Maintain Stable Internal Conditions

When you are cold, what does your body do to keep warm? You shiver to warm up your body. When you are too warm, you sweat to release heat. When any living organism gets thrown off balance, its body or cells help it return to normal. In other words, living organisms have the ability to keep a stable internal environment. Maintaining a balance inside the body or cells of organisms is known as homeostasis. Like us, many animals have evolved behaviors that control their internal temperature. A lizard may stretch out on a sunny rock to increase its internal temperature, and a bird may fluff its feathers to stay warm (Figure below).

Review

Living things are called organisms.

All living organisms need energy to carry out life processes, are composed of one or more cells, respond to their environment, grow, reproduce, and maintain a stable internal environment.

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1.1 Vocabulary

asexual reproduction

Process of forming a new individual from a single. cell

Basic unit of structure and function of a living organism; the basic unit of life. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Nucleic acid that is the genetic material of all organisms. energy

Ability to do work. homeostasis

Ability to keep a stable internal environment; ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite a changing environment.

nucleus

Membrane enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the DNA; primary distinguishing feature between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell; and the information center, containing instructions for making all the proteins in a cell, as well as how much of each one to make.

organism

Living thing. photosynthesis

Process by which specific organisms (including all plants) use the sun's energy to make their own food from carbon dioxide and water, and that converts the energy of the sun, or solar energy, into carbohydrates, a type of chemical energy.

protein

Organic compound composed of amino acids and includes enzymes, antibodies, and muscle fibers. reproduce

The process of forming a new individual. sexual reproduction

The process of forming a new individual from two parents.

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Classification

2.3 Classification of Living Things

Learning Objectives

Explain what makes up a scientific name. Explain what defines a species. List the information scientists use to classify organisms. List the three domains of life and the chief characteristics of each.

Introduction

When you see an organism that you have never seen before, you probably put it into a group without even thinking. If it is green and leafy, you probably call it a plant. If it is long and slithers, you probably call it as a snake. How do you make these decisions? You look at the physical features of the organism and think about what it has in common with other organisms.

Scientists do the same thing when they classify, or put in categories, living things. Scientists classify organisms not only by their physical features, but also by how closely related they are. Lions and tigers look like each other more than they look like bears. It turns out that the two cats are actually more closely related to each other than to bears. How an organism looks and how it is related to other organisms determines how it is classified.

Linnaean System of Classification

People have been concerned with classifying organisms for thousands of years. Over 2,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle developed a classification system that divided living things into several groups that we still use today, including mammals, insects, and reptiles.

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) (Figure below) built on Aristotle’s work to create his own classification system. He invented the way we name organisms today. Linnaeus is considered the inventor of modern taxonomy, the science of naming and grouping organisms.

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In the 18th century, Carl Linnaeus invented the two-name system of naming organisms (genus and species) and introduced the most complete classification

system then known.

Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature, a way to give a scientific name to every organism. Each species receives a two-part name in which the first word is the genus (a group of species) and the second word refers to one species in that genus. For example, a coyote's species name is Canis latrans. Latrans is the species and canis is the genus, a larger group that includes dogs, wolves, and other dog-like animals. Here is another example: the red maple, Acer rubra, and the sugar maple, Acer saccharum, are both in the same genus and they look similar ( Figure below). Notice that the genus is capitalized and the species is not, and that the whole scientific name is in italics. The names may seem strange, but they are written in a language called Latin.

These leaves (left and center) are from one of two different species of trees in the Acer, or maple, genus. One of the characteristics of the maple genus is winged seeds

(right).

Modern Classification

Modern taxonomists have reordered many groups of organisms since Linnaeus. The main categories that biologists use are listed here from the most specific to the least specific category (Figure below).

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This diagram illustrates the classification categories for organisms, with the broadest category (Kingdom) at the bottom, and the most specific category (Species) at the

top.

Difficulty Naming Species

Even though naming species is straightforward, deciding if two organisms are the same species can sometimes be difficult. Linnaeus defined each species by the distinctive physical characteristics shared by these organisms. But two members of the same species may look quite different. For example, people from different parts of the world sometimes look very different, but we are all the same species (Figure below).

So how is a species defined? A species is group of individuals that can interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring; a species does not interbreed with other groups. By this definition, two species of animals or plants that do not interbreed are not the same species.

These children are all members of the same species, Homo sapiens.

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Domains of Life

Let’s explore the least specific category of classification, called a domain.

All of life can be divided into three domains, which tell you the type of cell inside of an organism:

1. Bacteria: Single-celled organisms that do not contain a nucleus 2. Archaea: Single-celled organisms that do not contain a nucleus, and have a

different cell wall from bacteria 3. Eukarya: Organisms with cells that contain a nucleus

Archaea and Bacteria Archaea and Bacteria (Figure below and Figure below) seem very similar, but they also have significant differences.

Similarities:

Both do not have a nucleus. Both have small cells. Both are one-celled. Both can reproduce without sex by dividing in two.

Differences:

Cell walls of Bacteria and Archaea are made of different material. Archaea often live in extreme environments like hot springs, geysers, and salt

flats while bacteria can live almost everywhere.

The Group A Streptococcus organism is in the domain Bacteria, one of the three domains of life.

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The Halobacterium is in the domain Archaea, one of the three domains of life.

Eukarya All of the cells in the domain Eukarya keep their genetic material, or DNA, inside the nucleus. The domain Eukarya is made up of four kingdoms:

1. Plantae: Plants, such as trees and grasses, survive by capturing energy from the sun, a process called photosynthesis.

2. Fungi: Fungi, such as mushrooms and molds, survive by "eating" other organisms or the remains of other organisms.

3. Animalia: Animals survive by eating other organisms or the remains of other organisms. Animals range from tiny ants to the largest dinosaurs (reptiles) and whales (mammals), including all sizes in between. (Figure below).

4. Protista: Protists are not all descended from a single common ancestor in the way that plants, animals, and fungi are. Protists are all the eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into one of the other three kingdoms. They include many kinds of microscopic one-celled organisms, such as algae and plankton, but also giant seaweeds that can grow to be 200 feet long (an alga protist is shown in Figure below).

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists might seem very different, but remember that if you look through a microscope, you will find similar cells with a membrane-bound nucleus in all of them. The main characteristics of the three domains of life are summarized in Table below.

The Western Gray Squirrel is in the domain Eukarya, one of the three domains of life.

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This microscopic alga is a protist in the domain Eukarya.

Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

Multicelluar No No Yes

Cell Wall Yes, without peptidoglycan

Yes, with peptidoglycan

Varies. Plants and fungi have a cell wall;

animals do not.

Nucleus (DNA inside a membrane)

No No Yes

Organelles inside a membrane

No No Yes

Viruses

We have all heard of viruses. The flu and many other diseases are caused by viruses. But what is a virus? Based on the material presented in this chapter, do you think viruses are living?

The answer is actually “no.” A virus is essentially DNA or RNA surrounded by a coat of protein (Figure below). It is not a cell and does not maintain homeostasis. Viruses also cannot reproduce on their own; they need to infect a host cell to reproduce. Viruses do, however, change over time, or evolve. So a virus is very different from any of the organisms that fall into the three domains of life.

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These “moon lander” shaped viruses infects Escherichia coli bacteria.

Review

Scientists have defined several major categories for classifying organisms: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

The scientific name of an organism consists of its genus and species. Scientists classify organisms according to their evolutionary histories and how

related they are to one another by looking at their physical features, the fossil record, and DNA sequences.

All life can be classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Vocabulary

Archaea

A domain of rather rare single-celled prokaryotes, usually found in extreme environments. bacteria

A large domain of common prokaryotic microorganisms. binomial nomenclature

A formal system of naming species, consisting of two parts, genus and species.

classify

The processes of organizing objects into various categories based on their characteristics.

domain

The largest of the taxonomic subdivisions.

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Eukarya

The domain of life consisting of eukaryotes. genus

A taxonomic group found above species and below family and also forms the first part of a scientific name.

species

A group of individuals that can interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring, also the basic unit of the classification system, forming the second part of a scientific name.

taxonomy

The science of classifying and naming organisms.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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1.1 Guided Reading Characteristics of Life As you carefully read through the text, answer the following questions as completely as possible!

Introduction 1. _____ What are all living things called?

a. Ancestors

b. Mushrooms

c. Cells

d. Organisms

2. Living things are similar to each other because all livings things evolved from a common _____________________________. 3. List the five characteristics of all living things. __________, _________, _________, __________, ___________

Living Things Need Resources and Energy

4. Why do you eat everyday? Explain.

5. How do plants obtain their energy? _____________________________

6. How do animals obtain their energy? _____________________________

7. How do fungi obtain their energy? _____________________________

8. Plants harvest their energy from the sun. Other organisms eat these plants. As a result, nearly all energy found within living things ultimately came from the ___________________.

Living Things are Made of Cells

9. What are cells? __________________________________________________________

10. Most cells are so small they are usually only visible through a ____________________________. 11. List several types of organisms that are single-celled. _____________________________ 12. List several types of organisms that are multi-celled. _____________________________ 13. There are many different types of cells; however they all share many similar functions. List several of these similarities.

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Living Things Respond to the Environment 14. All living things are able to ________________________ to things within their environment. 15. List several examples of changes to which living things may react.

Living Things Grow and Reproduce

16. All living things must ______________________ to make the next generation. 17. What happens to species that do not reproduce? _____________________________________________________________________

18. _____ When organisms reproduce they initially make tiny undeveloped versions of themselves called:

a. Kittens

b. Embryos

c. Zygotes

d. Kids

Living Things Maintain Stable Internal Conditions

19. Explain how your body helps to maintain a constant temperature that is neither too warm nor too cold.

20. What is homeostasis? Explain

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2.1 Guided Reading Classification of Living Things As you carefully read through the text, answer the following questions as completely as possible!

Introduction 1. When you put living things into certain groups, what do you look at?

2. What does it mean to “classify?”

3. How an organism looks and how it is related to other organisms determines how it is ___________________________.

Linnaean System of Classification 4. Carl _______________________ built on Aristotle’s work to create his own classification system.

5. Linnaeus is considered the inventor of modern _______________________, the science of naming and grouping organisms.

6. Linnaeus developed _____________________ nomenclature, a way to give a scientific name to every organism.

7. Each species receives a two-part name in which the first word is the ___________________ and the second word refers to one _________________ of that genus.

8. In a scientific name, the _________________ is always capitalized and the species is _____________, and that the whole scientific name is in ___________________.

9. Scientific names may sound strange because they are mostly written in a language called ______________________.

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- - - - - - -

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Modern Classification 10. List the levels of the modern classification system.

Difficulty Naming Species 11. What is a species?

Domains of Life 12. List and describe the three domains of life.

Archaea and Bacteria 13. Archaea and Bacteria seem very similar, but they also have significant ___________________.

14. List several similarities Archaea and Bacteria share.

15. List several differences between Archaea and Bacteria.

Eukarya 16. All of the cells in the domain Eukarya keep their DNA inside the ___________________.

17. List and describe the four kingdoms found within the Domain Eukarya.

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Viruses

18. Technically, are viruses living things? Explain.

19. What are viruses? Explain.

Kingdoms of Life Chart

Kingdom

Characteristic #1

Characteristic #2

Plant

Animal

Fungi

Monera

Protista

1. What is the difference between an autotrophic organism and a heterotrophic organism.

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Classification Introduction Assignment

The following is a list of living things. At your table with your

partner, classify the living things according to whether they are plants or animals. Next , classify the animals into pairs of living things that seem to Be closely related. Then classify the plants into pairs of living things that seem To be closely related. Ant snake lion

Dog daisy rye grass Pine lizard oat grass Frog spruce raspberry Wolf beetle sunflower Toad walnut blackberry

Robin sparrow monkey Dolphin whale shark Perch cat hickory

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Making a Classification System

1. With your partner, make a list of 30 different items in your classroom. 1. _______________________________ 16. _____________________________ 2. _______________________________ 17. _____________________________ 3. _______________________________ 18. _____________________________ 4. _______________________________ 19. _____________________________ 5. _______________________________ 20. _____________________________ 6. _______________________________ 21. _____________________________ 7. _______________________________ 22. _____________________________ 8. _______________________________ 23. _____________________________ 9. _______________________________ 24. _____________________________ 10. _____________________________ 25. _____________________________ 11. _____________________________ 26. _____________________________ 12. _____________________________ 27. _____________________________ 13. _____________________________ 28. _____________________________ 14. _____________________________ 29. _____________________________ 15. _____________________________ 30. _____________________________ 2. With your partner, create a classification system for the 30 items.

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Identifying Vertebrates using a Dichotomous Key

Organisms are classified into group according to observable characteristics. Using these characteristics dichotomous keys can be developed and then used by others to identify unfamiliar organisms. These keys can also be used to study common characteristics and relationships among organisms. In this activity you will use a dichotomous key to identify some organisms. All of these organisms are vertebrates and some are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. You may need to research in your book to find out which are warm or coldblooded, which breathe with lungs or gills and the kind of body covering they have. RESEARCH IN YOUR BOOK MEANS DON’T ASK YOUR TEACHER. Pictured are ten extinct vertebrates. Study them and complete the data table. After completing the table, go on and complete the dichotomous key. Eastern Elk Passenger pigeon Texas Red Wolf Dodo

Utah Lake Sculpin Oregon bison Domed tortoise

Round Island boa Palestinian Painted Frog New Zealand grayling

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Name

Appendages = limbs

Body covering

Temperature

Regulation

Breathing

Mechanism

Fin

s

Win

gs

Fo

relimb

s

Hin

d lim

bs

Ho

rn o

r

An

tlers

Sm

oo

th

skin

Scales

Feath

ers

Hair

Co

ldb

loo

ded

Warm

-blo

od

ed

Gills

Lu

ng

s

Domed

Tortoise

Dodo

Utah Lake

Sculpin

Texas Red Wolf

Passenger

Pigeon

Eastern Elk

Round Is.

Boa

P. Painted Frog

Oregon

Bison

N.Z. Grayling

Dichotomous Key

1a. Is warm-blooded >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 2 1b. Is coldblooded >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 6 2a. Has feather >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 3 2b. Has hair >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 4 3a. Has narrow straight beak >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________

3b. Has wide, crooked beak >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________ 4a. Has horns or antlers >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 5

4b. Has no horns or antlers>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>><<<<>>>>>>>___________________

5a. Horns or antlers have many branches >>>>>>>>> ___________________

5b. Horns or antlers have no branches >>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________ 6a. Breathes with gills >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 7 6b. Breathes with lungs >>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 8 7a. Has large fan-shaped fin behind the head>>>>> ___________________

7b. Has small pectoral (shoulder) fins >>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________ 8a. Has scaly skin >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 9 8b. Has smooth skin >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________

9a. Has fore limbs and hind limbs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________

9b. Has no legs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________

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Questions 1. How are reptiles different from amphibians? ______________________________ 2. How are birds different from mammals? _________________________________ 3. Which two groups of vertebrates share the most characteristics? Choices are Amphibian, Birds, Fish, Mammals and

Reptiles

4. Which group of vertebrate do you belong? Explain. __________________________ 5. Complete the dichotomous key of the mythical creatures. Sphinx Pegasus Chimera Centaur Griffin Unicorn

1a. Part of body human >>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 2 1b. None of body is human >>>>>>>>>> go to 3 2a. Part lion >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> __________________

2b. Part horse >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> __________________ 3a. Wings >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 4

3b. No wings >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to 5 4a. Feathers on back >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> __________________

4b. No feathers on back >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>___________________

5a. Head and body of horse>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________

5b. Head of a lion, a goat and a serpent >>>>>>>>>>>> ___________________

Pick an organism other than a mammal and find its classification group and the reason it is in the group. Use page 116 for help with some of the groups. Use a field guide for the last 3 or 4.

The organism is >>>>>>>>>>> _____________

Kingdom: ______________ Reason: ______________________________________ Phylum: ______________ Reason: __________________________________ Class: ______________ Reason: _______________________________ Order: ______________ Reason: _________________________ Family: ______________ Reason: ____________________ Genus: ______________ Reason: ________________

Species: ______________ Reason: ______

Binomial or scientific name: __________________________

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Dichotomous Key Activity Norns belong to the genus Norno and can be divided into eight species that are generally located in specific regions of the world. Use the dichotomos key to identify the norns below. Write their complete scientific name (genus + species) in the blank. Dichotomous Key 1. Has pointed ears .................................... go to 3 Has rounded ears ....................................go to 2 2. Has no tail ............................................... kentuckyus Has tail ..................................................... dakotus 3. Ears point upward .................................. go to 5 Ears point downward ..............................go to 4 4. Engages in waving behavior.................. dallus Has hairy tufts on ears .........................californius 5. Engages in waving behavior .................. walawala Does not engage in waving behavior.....go to 6 6. Has hair on head...................................... beverlus Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts).....go to 7 7. Has a tail .................................................. yorkio Has no tail, aggressive ........................... rajus

________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______

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Classifying the Dragons of Planet Nitram Imagine that you are a famous space explorer and biologist. You have recently arrived on the planet

Nitram. Your job is to study the Nitramian animals and develop a system for classifying them. You

decide to begin your work by classifying Nitram's "dragons." You think that this name is not very

scientific. However, you must admit that the animals look a lot like the monsters of Earth legends. You

ask the computer to give you a brief summary of all the information it has on Nitramian dragons. The

computer produces the following printout.

THE DRAGONS OF NITRAM

Drako: About 5 to 6 meters tall. Four legs. Two batlike wings. Able to fly. Body covered in scales.

Lives in mountains. Feeds on large animals.

Quetzalcoati: About 2 meters long. Two legs. Two birdlike wings. Able to fly. Green and red

feathers. Long feathers of many colors on top of head and around neck. Green scales on snakelike tail.

Lives in tropical jungles, Eats fruit and small animals.

Sanjorge: About 2 to 5 meters tall. Four legs. Two small batlike wings. Not able to fly. Body has

reddishbrown and greenish-brown scales. Lives in mountains. Probably eats animals.

Smaug: Largest known dragon. About 6 to 9 meters tall. Four legs. Two batlike wings. Able to fly.

Body red, belly orange. Seems to be covered in scales. Extremely aggressive. Lives in mountains.

Feeds on large animals, including humans.

Tailoong: About 4 meters long. Long, thin, snakelike body covered with gold scales. Four legs. Lionlike

mane of long, colorful feathers. Lives in forests near lakes. Feeds on flowers and water plants.

Wyvem: About 2 to 3 meters long. Two legs. Two birdlike wings. Able to fly. Head, neck, and tail

covered with red, yellow, and brown scales. Long red feathers around base of neck. Wings and body

covered with brown feathers. Lives in mountains. Feeds on small animals. May also feed on the remains

of dead animals.

Classifying Animals: Show work on back.

1. Develop a classification system for the Nitramian dragons. Explain how you devised your

classification .

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Like the animals of Earth, dragons are the result of millions of years of evolution. Which types of

dragons seem to be most closely related? Explain.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

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3. When a sanjorge gets to be about 5 meters tall, its wings begin to grow rapidly. Within a year or

two, it can fly. At the same time, its color changes to either red or green. How do these new data

affect your classification system?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

The Dragons of Nitram Classification Tree

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Classification of Life Internet Activity

Go to http://sciencespot.net/ and click the Kid Zone logo. Click the link for Classification of Life to find the sites for this assignment.

Site#1:Biological Classification

1. What does the word “species” mean in Latin? ___________________

2. Who first proposed a system for classifying organisms? ______________

3. What two terms are used for an organisms binomial name? __________ and

_______________.

Site#2: PBS Classifying Life 1. What phrase is given to help you remember the classification categories?

2. Classify each organism and complete the chart.

Category Bear Orchid Sea Cucumber

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

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Site#3 :Classifying Critters

1. What is the name given to animals with a backbone?________________

2. Click the Golden Eagle to start the online activity. Complete the following

statements as you work through each section.

All birds have _________________________________________________ Amphibians are _______________________________________________ Mammals are ________________________________________________ All fish have __________________________________________________

All reptiles are ________________________________________________ Site#4: Touch of Class To play the game, click on all the organisms that match the category listed at the top. When you think you have all of them, click the GO button to check your answers. Record your scores for each round in the space below. Category- _____________________________________ Points Earned = _________________ Category- _____________________________________ Points Earned= __________________ Category- _____________________________________ Points Earned = _________________ Final Score =

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Classification Activity Shape Island

You are a Biologist exploring uncharted parts of the world looking for new animal species. You sailed for days across the ocean and finally found Shape Island, hundreds of miles south of Hawaii. This island has some very unusual organisms. Each has some variation of a geometric shape. You have spent more than a year collecting specimens and classifying them according to Linnaeus’s system. You have been able to assign a two-part scientific name to most species you have collected. You must assign all the names to the final 12 specimens before you begin your journey home.

Procedure: 1. Pictured below and on the next page are the organisms you have collected. Beside each organism, on the line provided, write its name. The first one has been named Cytoplast quadantennae. ( Cyto + plast + quad + antenne). You have 12 more to name. Use the glossary of Greek and Latin prefixes and suffixes, and root words below to help you name the organisms. Look at the table to see which descriptive words seem to apply to the organisms shown. Greek and Latin roots Prefixes and Suffixes

Meaning Greek and Latin roots Prefixes and Suffixes

Meaning

ankylos

angle

mono

one

antennae

external sense organ

peri-

all around

tri-

three

-plast

body

bi-

two

-pod

foot

cyclo-

circle

quad-

four

macro-

large

stoma

mouth

micro-

small

uro-

tail

1. Cycloplast quadantennae 2. ____________________

3. _______________________ 4. _____________________

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Shape Island

5. ___________________________________________________

6. ___________________________________________________

7. ___________________________________________________

8. ____________________________________________________

9. ___________________________________________________

10. ___________________________________________________

11. ___________________________________________________

12. ___________________________________________________

13. ___________________________________________________

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Shape Island

Going Further: 1. One more organism exists on Shape Island, but you have not been able to capture it. However, your supplies are running out, and you must start sailing for home. You have Had a good look at the unusual animal and can draw it in detail. Draw an animal in the space below that is different from all the others, and give it a two part scientific name. 2. Look up the scientific names listed below. You can use the media center, Internet, a Taxonomy index, or field guides. For each organism answer the following questions: a. Is the organism a plant or animal? b. How many common names does it have? c. How many scientific names does it have? Mertensia virginica ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Porcellio scaber ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

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Discovery Streaming Video: Classification of Living Things

1. What does it mean to classify? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a classification system? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Classify the royal kitty? ______________ ___________________

______________ ___________________

______________ ___________________

______________ ___________________

______________ ___________________

______________ ___________________

4.What is kitty full royal title? ______________ ___________________

________ ________ _______ ________ _________ ________ _________ 5. What does the royal title let you know? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the Cougars scientific name? ___________ __________ . This system for naming organisms was developed by __________ ______________ and is called the _____________ naming system. This is a ______ name system, the _________ and the ___________.

7. How can King Philips favorite lunch help you remember the seven levels of the classification system?

_________ __________ ___________ ____________ ___________ __________ _________

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8. Who is in the Royal Cabinet? Complete the table just like King Philip Kingdom Food Movement Number of cells

9. When Philip unlocks the Monera Kingdom what are three new facts

___________________________ ___________________________ ____________________________ 10. When Philip unlocks the Protist Kingdom what are three new facts

___________________________ ___________________________ ____________________________ 11. When Philip unlocks the Fungus Kingdom what are three new facts

___________________________ ___________________________ ____________________________ 12. When Philip unlocks the Animal Kingdom; 13. What is insect? ____________________________________________________________________

14. What is echinodermata? _____________________________________________________________

15. What are vertebrates ________________________ and what phyla are they in __________________

16. What is fish? _______________________________________________________________________

17. What is amphibian? __________________________________________________________________

18. What is mammal? ___________________________________________________________________

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Classification Enrichment Activity

IN THE YEAR 2525

Humans, after hundreds of years of constant effort, have

successfully polluted all bodies of water on Earth. As a

result, almost all previously known species of plant, animal,

and other life have become extinct. Through natural selection, genetic

engineering, and selective breeding programs, a portion of the Earth has been

successfully repopulated. The following organisms are all that remain:

1. Photosynthetic sun-basking sharks. Their green fins have chlorophyll to convert

sunlight to energy (autotrophs)

2. Chemosynthetic goldfish that convert pollution to food (autotrophs)

3. Aquatic humanoids whose main diet is aqua-wheat and basking sharks. They have fins

instead of legs (heterotrophs)

4. Aqua-wheat: one of the few plants that remain, it is similar to algae.

5. Terrestrial Humanoids with 4 arms, their diet consists of butter-roaches and fuzzy

hamsters.

6. Tentacled aqua humanoids, they only feed on aqua-wheat and have tentacles for arms

and legs.

7. Cockroaches that feed on humanoid waste.

8. Giant Aqua-spiders that live in water and feed on goldfish and basking sharks.

9. Green-haired rats that are photosynthetic.

10. Parasitic mosquitoes that feed off any humanoid

11. Ten-legged fleas that live on the photosynthetic rats and drink blood.

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12. Poison Grass - this plant is a hybrid between grass and poison ivy. The plants are toxic

to almost everything (autotrophs)

13. Fuzzy hamsters with green hair that use the sunlight to make their food, thought to be

related to the rats.

14. Butter-roaches: genetic engineering created these butterfly-like creatures from

cockroaches. Butter-roaches eat poison grass.

YOUR ASSIGNMENT

1. As an alien taxonomist (scientist who does classification), it is your responsibility to

classify these existing organism types.

a. Create a taxonomic scheme using only kingdom, phylum, genus, and species. The

intermediate categories have been eliminated since the total number of species

has been drastically reduced. (Two Kingdoms are recommended). Use the

numbers of each organism to identify where they are placed on your chart.

b. Create Latin-sounding names for each organism. Remember, these will be

scientific names and will include the genus and species classification. Written in

this form: Genus species

2. Illustrate your interpretation of each organism's appearance. Write the number and

the name (from 1b) next to the drawing.

3. Prepare a dichotomous key for these organisms so that your fellow aliens can identify

them when they come to Earth for their summer vacations. Remember that a

dichotomous key is based on APPEARANCE of the organisms. Use your drawings to

make the key

4. Diagram a food web using the organisms - at least four organisms should be used in

your diagram.

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Goals

My goal for this packet is…….. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This is my goal because………. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 things I can/will do to accomplish this goal. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What are some challenges that will prevent me from accomplishing my goal? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________