classification biology i. classifying organisms the science of classifying organisms is called...
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ClassificationClassification
Biology IBiology I
Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms
The science of The science of classifying organisms is classifying organisms is called called taxonomytaxonomyThe “father of modern The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)Linné)Organisms are grouped Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their into “taxa” based on their similarities to each othersimilarities to each other 1707-1778
The Old SystemThe Old System
5 Kingdom Classification System:5 Kingdom Classification System:– Monera: all prokaryotesMonera: all prokaryotes– Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)– Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile
eukaryoteseukaryotes– Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile
eukaryoteseukaryotes– Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile
eukaryoteseukaryotes
6 Kingdom Proposal6 Kingdom Proposal
6 Kingdom Classification System6 Kingdom Classification System– Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria
(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles
(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Protista (same)Kingdom Protista (same)– Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi– Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae– Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
3 Domain Proposal3 Domain Proposal
3 Domain System:3 Domain System:– Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophilesArchaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles– Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteriaEubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria– Eukarya: eukaryotesEukarya: eukaryotes
ProtistaProtista
FungiFungi
PlantaePlantae
AnimaliaAnimalia
Under Domain and KingdomUnder Domain and KingdomOrganisms are grouped into smaller and Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their smaller groups all the way down to their speciesspeciesA species is the most specific grouping A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspringfertile offspringTo remember the grouping order – just To remember the grouping order – just remember:remember:
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Classification TaxaClassification Taxa
KKingdomingdom
PPhylumhylum
CClasslass
OOrderrder
FFamilyamily
GGenusenus
SSpeciespecies
Together, these make up a species’ scientific name
Example: Ursus americanus
Common Name: American Brown Bear
Note: Scientific names are always written with the first letter of the genus capitalized, the first letter of the species lower-case, and the whole thing underlined in italics.
Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea
Formerly part of the kingdom moneraFormerly part of the kingdom monera
Microbiologists who study bacteria Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteriamuch different from other, true bacteria
Most Archaea live in extreme conditions Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)(very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)
Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria
Formerly a part of the kingdom moneraFormerly a part of the kingdom monera
Name means “true bacteria”Name means “true bacteria”
These are the kind of bacteria likely to These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of digest food, or be used in the making of cheesecheese
Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya
Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells)with a nucleus in their cells)– ProtistaProtista– FungiFungi– PlantaePlantae– AnimaliaAnimalia
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
Includes All Protists:Includes All Protists:– EukaryoticEukaryotic– UnicellularUnicellular
Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)– Pseudopods, Ciliates, FlagellatesPseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates– Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, GiardiaExamples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia
Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)– Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms,
Green/Red/Brown AlgaeGreen/Red/Brown Algae
Fungus-Like ProtistsFungus-Like Protists– Examples: Water molds, slime moldsExamples: Water molds, slime molds
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
Amoeba Paramecium Giardia
Water Mold Slime Mold
Euglena DinoflagellatesDiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organismssessile organisms
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichenslichens
Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the absorb more water and nutrients from the soilsoil
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organismssessile organismsProduce their own food from sunlight and Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxideCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Bryophyta (mosses)Bryophyta (mosses)– Pteridophyta (ferns)Pteridophyta (ferns)– Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)– Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like
flowering plantsflowering plants
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm;
DicotAngiosperm;
Monocot
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaAll eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms(most) organismsCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Porifera (sponges, corral) Porifera (sponges, corral) – Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)– Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) – Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)– Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)– Annelida (segmented worms)Annelida (segmented worms)– Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)– Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)– Chordata (those with spinal chords)Chordata (those with spinal chords)
Human ClassificationHuman Classification
Domain: EukaryaDomain: Eukarya
Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia
Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata
Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia
Order: PrimatesOrder: Primates
Family: HominidaeFamily: Hominidae
Genus: HomoGenus: Homo
Species: SapienSpecies: Sapien
Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys
Used to help identify unknown specimenUsed to help identify unknown specimen
Work by asking yes or no questions whose Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organismthe organism
Simple Example:Simple Example:
1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2
1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20
2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3
2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35
3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger
3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion
Dichotomous KeyDichotomous KeyTry this one:Try this one:
1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped) 2
1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped) 8
2a. Organism has visible fur 3
2b. Organism has no visible fur 20
3a. Organism lives in warm climates 7
3b. Organism lives in cold climates 4
4a. Organism has brown or black fur Ursus Americanus
4b. Organism has white fur Ursus Maritimus
Note GuideNote Guide
Who was Linnaeus?Who was Linnaeus?
What are taxa?What are taxa?
The old classification system is:The old classification system is:
The new classification system choices are:The new classification system choices are:– 1.1.– 2.2.
How are organisms scientifically named? How are organisms scientifically named?
What is the difference between the 3 domains?What is the difference between the 3 domains?– 1.1.– 2.2.– 3.3.
Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya:Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya:– 1.1.– 2.2.– 3. 3. – 4.4.
Note Guide (pg. 2)Note Guide (pg. 2)
Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia:Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia:– 1.1.– 2.2.– 3. 3. – 4. 4. – 5.5.– 6.6.– 7.7.– 8.8.– 9.9.– 10.10.
What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?
How do you read a dichotomous key?How do you read a dichotomous key?