claro energy training report

7/26/2019 Claro Energy Training Report

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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

DEVELOPING A MARKET BASED BUSINESS MODEL FOR SOLAR WATER

IRRIGATION IN BUNDELKHAND

Under the guidance of

Ms. SugandhaAgga!a"# S$n%& F$""&!# 'AMPS# NPTI

At

'"a& En$g( P)*. L*d.# N$! D$"h%

Submitted By

MOHAK THAKUR

Roll. No 1120812230

MBA !o"er Management #2011$13%

'$n*$+&Ad)an,$d Manag$-$n*and P&!$S*ud%$s

NATIONALPOWERTRAININGINSTITUTE#Under Mini&try of !o"er 'o(t. of )ndia%

Affiliatedto

AUGUST /0


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DE'LARATION

) Moha*+ha*ur Roll No 1120812230 &tudent of MBA$!o"er Management #2011$13%atNational !o"er +raining )n&titute ,aridabad hereby declare that the Summer +raining Re-ort

entitled /!)N' A MAR4+ BAS/ BUS)NSS M/ ,R SAR 5A+R

)RR)'A+)N )N BUN/46AN/7i& an original "or* and the &ame ha& not been

&ubmitted to any other )n&titute for the a"ard of any other degree.

A S$-%na 1$s$n*a*%&n &+ *h$ Ta%n%ng R$1&* !as -ad$ &n

222222222222222222222222 and *h$ sugg$s*%&ns as a11&)$d 3( *h$ +a,u"*( !$$ du"(

%n,&1&a*$d.

!re&entation )n$harge Moha* +ha*ur

#,aculty%

ounter&igned

/irector9!rinci-al of the )n&titute

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A'KNOWLEDGEMENT

) ta*e thi& o--ortunity to than* all tho&e "ho ha(e been in&trumental in com-letion of my

training. 5ord& could ne(er be enough to e:-re&& my true regard& to all tho&e "ho hel-ed me

in com-leting thi& -ro;ect. ) cannot in full mea&ure reci-rocate the *indne&& &ho"n and

contribution made by (ariou& -er&on& in thi& endea(or of mine. ) &hall al"ay& remember them

"ith gratitude and &incerity. ,ir&t of all ) "ould li*e to ta*e the o--ortunity to than*M.

Ka*%4Wah%#MGaua) Ku-a# M. S&u-%*a M%sha# D%$,*&s '"a& En$g( P)*.

L*d# for gi(ing me the o--ortunity to undergo my &ummer intern&hi- in their com-any.

) "ould fore(er be indebted to my !ro;ect 'uideM. A-a5$$*6ada) D$1u*( G$n$a"Manag$ '"a& En$g( P)*.L*d. for hi& guidance and &u--ort throughout the cour&e of my

-ro;ect. +he )n-ut& -ro(ided by him ha(e been in(aluable for the com-letion of my !ro;ect.

) feel dee- &en&e of gratitude to"ard& M. 7.S.S.Ra&8P%n,%1a" D%$,*

'P9M:BDD:'AMPS;# M. S.K.

'h&!dha(8P%n,%1a"D%$,*'AMPS; #the$n*%$+a,u"*(%n'AMPS andmy internal

!ro;ect 'uide Ms. SugandhaAgga!a"# S$n%& F$""&! NPTIfor a&&i&ting me throughout

the -ro;ect.

My &incerethan*&toMsInduMah$s!a%# D$1u*( D%$,* NPTI and Ms. Man5u Ma-#

D$1u*( D%$,*& NPTI for arranging my intern&hi- at AR NR'< !+ td. and

being a con&tant &ource of moti(ation and guidance throughout the cour&e of my )ntern&hi-.

Al&o li*e to than* all my N!+) &enior and batch mate& "ho hel-ed me time and again.

M&ha4

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"ater -um-& re-re&ent a higher initial in(e&tment ho"e(er o(er a -eriod of year& they

re-re&ent a co&t benefit due to minimal maintenance co&t& com-ared to die&el -um-&.

+he a"aharlal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ion #NNSM% ha& been the mo&t

&ignificant -olicy &te- to"ard& -romoting &olar -o"er in )ndia. +he mi&&ion -ro-o&e& toachie(e 20000 M5 of ca-acity from &olar energy by 2022 through a three -ha&e a--roach.

)t aim& to achie(e a long$term reduction in the co&t of &olar -o"er generation

througheconomie& of &cale. +he mi&&ion ha& al&o &et &-ecific target& for the off$grid &olar

&egment.

Solar energy i& a clean &ource of energy "hich doe& not re>uire any running fuel. A-art from

the initial in&tallation co&t &olar -um-& ha(e lo" maintenance co&t. +he &ub&idie& along "ith

the a(ailable &oft loan& "hich can be a(ailed through +he )ndian Rene"able nergy

/e(elo-ment Agency #)R/A% andNational Ban* for Rural and Agricultural

/e(elo-ment#NABAR/% ma*e &olar -um- a (iable o-tion.

+he focu& area of thi& -ro;ect ha& been the Bundel*handregion in )ndia. +hi& region face& the

-roblem of lac* of grid &u--ly "hich create& the need to loo* out for other alternati(e& for

irrigation -um-&. Solar thu& &tand& out again&t /ie&el o-erated -um-& "hich ha(e high

o-erating co&t& and are en(ironment -olluting.

After an initial e:ten&i(e &tudy of NSM #to under&tand the frame"or* of Solar -olicy% and

under&tanding the mechani&m of a(ailing the &ub&idy and &oft loan& a -rimary re&earch of the

region "a& underta*en to gather data related to "ater head &oil &tructure and agricultural

-ractice& in order to formulate a cu&tomi?ed &olar -um-ing &olution for the &-ecific &ite.

ariou& bu&ine&& model& "ere ta*en into con&ideration of "hich !ay$-er$u&e bu&ine&& model

"a& found to be financially (iable ".r.t the condition& in Bundel*hand.

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LIST OF FIGURES

,)'UR 1.1C ,)'UR 1.1 A )N/)A 'NRA+)N' )NS+A/ A!A)+,)'UR3. C SAR 9S /)S.......................................................................................G=

,)'UR3.F C /)A'RAMA+) R!RSN+A+)N , SAR !UM!)N' S


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LIST OF TABLES

+AB 2.1 C NSM +AR'+S................................................................................................2

+AB 2.2 C R , )R/A )N NNSM..........................................................................2=

+AB 2.3 C BN6MAR4 S+ I MAH)MUM 'RAN+ B< MNR..........................28

+AB 2.G C SUBS)/< UN/R +6 ,, 'R)/ S6M7..........................................28

+AB 3.1 C M!NN+S , SAR +6RMA S


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ABBREVIATIONS

B! Belo" !o(erty ine/M lean /e(elo-ment Mechani&m

A entral lectricity Authority'6' 'reen 6ou&e 'a&

'5 'iga 5att

') 'o(ernment of )ndia

)R/A )ndian rene"able energy de(elo-ment agencyNNSM a"aharlal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ionM5 Mega 5att

M5h Mega 5att 6our M! Mini&try f !o"er MU Million Unit&

NABAR

/

National Ban* ,or Rural And Agricultural

/e(elo-mentNA! National Action !lan for limate hangeN+! National +hermal !o"er or-orationR Rene"able nergy ertificate&R Rene"able bligation

R Rene"able bligation ertificateR! Rene"able !urcha&e bligation

Ta3"$ &+ '&n*$n*s

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DECLARATION

................................................................................... i

CERTIFICATE

........................................................................................................ ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

EXECUTIVE

SUMMAR

........................................................................................................ i!"!

LIST OF

FIGURES

................................................................................................. !i

LIST OF

TA#LES

....................................................................................................

A##REVIATIONS

.......................................................................................!ii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Role of Energy in Indian Economy 1

1.2 Energy consumption in Agriculture sector 4

1.3 Solar Energy as an Alternative Source 6

1.3.1 Importance and relevance of Solar Energy for India 8

1.4 ro!lem Statement 1"

1.# $!%ective of t&e Report 1"

1.6 Scope of t&e Report 1"

1.' $rgani(ational ro)le11

1.'.1 A!out *laro

Energy+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++. 11

1.'.2 *laro,s

E-pertise+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+. 11

1.'.3 $rgani(ation

Structure++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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1.'.4 *laros /ey *lients and

*olla!orations++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 13

2 LITERATURE REVIEW, POLICY & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14

2.1 0iterature Revie 14

2.2 olicies Regulations 0egal frameor/ for solar umping 21

2.2.1 &e 5ational Action lan on *limate *&ange 5A**7 21

2.2.2 aa&ar 0al 5e&ru 5ational Solar 9ission 55S9:5S97 23

2.3 romotional Sc&emes 26

2.4 ;inancing t&e solar system 26

2.4.1 9inistry of 5e and Renea!le Energy 95RE7 26

2.4.2 Indian Renea!le Energy


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3.4.1 Solar $n grid 38

3.4.2 Solar $? Brid 38

3.# Solar Energy ec&nologies> 38

3.#.1 &otovoltaic cells C7 3D

3.#.2 Solar &ermal 42

3.6 Solar umping 44

3.6.1 Introduction 44

3.6.2 Advantages 4#

3.6.3 0imitations 4#

3.6.4 Solar v:s #"

4. MARKET BASED BUSINESS MODELLING 57

4.1 =usiness 9odel #'

4.2 Importance of t&e !usiness model #'

4.3 o t&e !usiness model or/s #8

4.4 ossi!le !usiness 9odels for solar ater irrigation#D

4.4.1 ay er se 9odel 6"

4.4.2 S&ared *&annel 9odel 61

4.4.3


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#.2 Recommendations 6'

BIBLIOGRAPHY 78

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0.INTRODU'TION

0.0 R&"$ &+ En$g( %n Ind%an E,&n&-(

C&'(i()*') +,&-) i' I'/i0( GD (i'* )* i'),&/)i&' & )* *&'&i ,*&,(

,&+,0 i' )* 1$$%( 0( 0/* I'/i0 &'* & )* 0()*() +,&-i'+ 0&,

*&'&i*( & )* -&,9/. Wi)i' )i( *&'&i *'!i,&'*'): I'/i0( *'*,+;

&'()i&' +,&-) 0( 09(& ,*&,/*/ 0 (i+'i


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oal "hich already -ro(ide& a ma;or -ortion of )ndiaJ& -o"er i& e:-ected to remain the

dominant -rimary fuel. 5ith )ndiaJ& commitment to the "orld on it& -er ca-ita carbon

emi&&ion target& and reducing carbon inten&ity by 20$2K o-ening& e:i&t for rene"able

nuclear and ga& -o"er to increa&e their &hare in the fuel mi: for the additional -o"er

ca-acitie&.

)ndia ha& o(er 2GDD8.GF M5>of in&talled rene"able -o"er generating ca-acity a& on

31.0=.2012. NNSM target& total ca-acity of 20 '5 grid$connected &olar -o"er by 2022.

Rene"able energy technologie& are being de-loyed at indu&trial facilitie& to -ro(ide

&u--lemental -o"er from the grid and o(er =0K of "ind in&tallation& are u&ed for thi&

-ur-o&e. Biofuel& ha(e not yet reached a &ignificant &cale in )ndia. )ndiaJ& Mini&try of Ne"

and Rene"able nergy #MNR% &u--ort& the further de-loyment of rene"able technologie&

through -olicy action& ca-acity building and o(er&ight of their "ind and &olar re&earch

in&titute&. +he )ndian Rene"able nergy /e(elo-ment Agency #)R/A% -ro(ide& financial

a&&i&tance for rene"able -ro;ect& "ith funding from the )ndian go(ernment and international

organi?ation&L they are al&o re&-on&ible for im-lementing many of the )ndian go(ernmentJ&

rene"able energy incenti(e -olicie&. +here are &e(eral additional )ndian go(ernment bodie&

"ith initiati(e& that e:tend& into rene"able energy and there ha(e been &e(eral ma;or -olicy

action& in the la&t decade that ha(e increa&ed the (iability of increa&ed de-loyment of

rene"able technologie& in )ndia ranging from electricity &ector reform to rural electrification

initiati(e&. Se(eral incenti(e &cheme& are a(ailable for the (ariou& rene"able technologie&

and the&e range from in(e&tment$oriented de-reciation benefit& to generationoriented

-referential tariff&. Many &tate& are no" e&tabli&hing Rene"able !urcha&e bligation&

#R!&% "hich ha& &timulated de(elo-ment of a tradable Rene"able nergy ertificate

#R% -rogram.

+hough &hare of rene"able energy i& relati(ely &maller in the o(erall energy ba&*et it i& &et

to increa&e &ignificantly in future. +he ma;or dri(ing factor& for -romotion of rene"able in

)ndia include& )ndiaJ& commitment to cut carbon inten&ity by 2K cou-led "ith the need to

meet ri&ing energy need& of (a&t -o-ulation a& "ell a& to meet targeted gro"th of DK. +o

addre&& the&e challenge& National Action !lan on limate hange #NA!% "a& announced

on 30 une 2008 "hich outlined &trategie& to increa&e the -ro-ortion of rene"able energy

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&ource& in fuel mi: -romoting energy efficiency con&er(ation of national re&ource& and

increa&ing carbon &in*.

F%gu$ 0.0 A"" Ind%a G$n$a*%ng Ins*a""$d 'a1a,%*(

Among&t all the rene"able re&ource& -otential a(ailable "ithin )ndia Solar ha& the ma:imum

-otentialL it i& the lea&t ta--ed de&-ite ha(ing &ome of the more fa(orable condition& globally.

)ndia ha& one of the "orldJ& highe&t &olar inten&itie& in the "orld "ith annual &olar yield of

1=00 to 1D00 *"h -er *"-ea* #4"h94"-%. +hi& i& e>ui(alent to 0 trillion 5h energy

-otential -er year.

)ndia al&o ha& a &trategic and economic rea&on to focu& on rene"able energy in -articular

&olarC

n$ca&h u-on the (a&t rene"able re&ource& including &olar hydro "ind and bioma&&

a(ailable "ithin the country

Addre&& energy &ecurity E by reducing it& de-endence on im-orted feed&toc*

ontrol ri&ing carbon emi&&ion from ne" -o"er generating ca-acitie&

Utili?e the o--ortunity to become a manufacturing and RI/ hub for &olar -o"er globally

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Reduce ca-ital co&t of &olar -o"er.

6o"e(er a& the technologie& for rene"able energy are relati(ely more ca-ital inten&i(e

and &till e(ol(ing the &ector i& de-endent on go(ernment &u--ort for ca-ital e:-enditure or

&u--lement of re(enue &tream.

0. En$g( ,&nsu-1*%&n %n Ag%,u"*u$ s$,*&

+he country inherited a &tagnant agriculture at the time of )nde-endence. +he traditional

tool& and im-lement& relied mo&tly on human and animal -o"er and u&ed a negligible

amount of commercial energy. 6o"e(er &ucce&&i(e go(ernment& reali?ed the im-ortanceof agriculture and initiati(e& "ere ta*en for the gro"th of thi& &ector. )ncrea&ed in(e&tment

in irrigation infra&tructure e:-an&ion of credit mar*eting and -roce&&ing facilitie&

therefore led to a &ignificant increa&e in the u&e of modern in-ut&. oint effort&made by the

go(ernment and -ri(ate &ector ha(e led to &teady increa&e in the le(el ofmechani?ation o(er

the year&.

+he face of )ndian agriculture ha& been changing &"iftly &ince the 'reen Re(olution. ,armer&

ha(e &tarted follo"ing inten&i(e agriculture "here a&&ured irrigation become& an e&&ential

factor.+he reliance on con(entional irrigation &ource& &uch a& tan*& and canal& ha& reduced

"hile the im-ortance of ground "ater ha& increa&ed &ub&tantially.'i(en that rain& are not

al"ay& timely and e(enly di&tributed farmer& -refer -um- &et& a&a more reliable and a&&ured

&ource of irrigationL a& a re&ult energi?ation of -um- &et&ha(e been increa&ing ra-idly. 5ith

rural electrification the number of -um-&et&energi&ed in the country increa&ed to about 18

million "hich accounted for o(er D0 -er cent of )ndia@& total irrigation -um-&et& a& of anuary

2012.?6o"e(er o"ing to in&ufficient electricity &u--lie&&ome farmer& ha(e al&o -rocured

die&el -um- &et& a& a &tandby. )n the recent -a&tconcerted effort& of the go(ernment ha& led

to an introduction of bioma&& and &olar-hoto(oltaic ba&ed -um-ing &y&tem& .

lectricity con&um-tion in agriculture &ector ha& beenincrea&ing mainly becau&e of greater

irrigation demand for ne" cro- (arietie& and&ub&idi?ed electricity to thi& &ector. Moreo(er

due im-ortance i& not gi(en to -ro-er&election in&tallation o-eration and maintenance of

-um-ing &et& a& a re&ult of "hichthey do not o-erate at the de&ired le(el of efficiencyleading to huge "a&te of energy. Agriculture #-lantation9food% con&umed = 123 thou&and

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tonne& of 6S/ #high$&-eed die&el%in 200390G accounting for 1D.2K of the total 6S/

con&um-tion during the year.on&um-tion of / #light die&el oil% and furnace oil for

-lantation in 200390G "a& GG 000and 2G3 000 tonne& re&-ecti(ely accounting for 2.=K of

the total / and 2.DK of thetotal furnace oil con&umed in the country. on&um-tion of

furnace oil for tran&-ort#agriculture retail trade% in the agriculture &ector "a& DG thou&and

tonne& #Mini&try of!o"er and Natural 'a& 200G%. 6o"e(er it i& difficult to a&&e&& the total

die&elcon&um-tion for agriculture from the a(ailable data.

+he ra-id e:-an&ion of energi&ation of -um-&et& ha& &ignificantly altered the irrigation

&cenario. /uring the &i:tie& the &hare of ground "ater irrigation in )ndia@& total irrigated area

"a& only about 2D -er cent but it ha& increa&ed to o(er F2 -er cent today.

A& electricity i& e&&ential to o-erate -um-&et& the con&um-tion of electricity by the

agricultural &ector ha& al&o ri&en &har-ly from 833 '"h in 1DF0$F1 to 12D01'"h in

2010$11 an increa&e of about 1 time&. +oday the agricultural &ector account& for clo&e to

20 -er cent of )ndia@& total electricity con&um-tionL it "a& only around -er cent during

1DF0$F1.@

+hi& &har- increa&e ha& occurred due to e:ten&i(e u&e of ground "ater.Mo&t cro-& e&-ecially

during rabi and -o&t$rabi #&ummer% &ea&on& are culti(ated u&ing -rimarily ground "ater.

)t ha& been re-orted that farmer& in Uttar !rade&h Andhra !rade&hMahara&htra and +amil

Nadu don@t e(en get &i: hour&@ continuou& &u--ly of electricity for irrigation -um-&et&.

6ea(ily interru-ted and limited &u--ly of electricity -o&e& great hard&hi- to farmer& "ho are

unable to &u--ly irrigation "ater to the &tanding cro-& from their o"n "ell&.

lectrical energy &hortage i& a ma;or -roblem the country face& today. An e&timate by the

entral lectricity Authority #A% &ho"& that the a(erage &hortage of -o"er during the

-eriod A-ril 2011 to ,ebruary 2012 "a& a& high a& =1200 million unit& "hich i& about 8 -er

cent le&& than the re>uirement.

+he &hortage of -o"er &u--ly i& affecting the gro"th of agriculture "here electrical -o"er i&

u&ed to o-erate -um-&et& to lift "ater from "ell& and other &ource& for irrigation.

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Re-ort& from different -art& of the country &ugge&t that high$(alue cro-& &uch a& &ugarcane

banana cotton -addy etc ha(e dried u- due to irregular &u--ly of irrigation "ater a& a re&ult

of -o"er &hortage. 6o" to -rotect the &tanding cro-& i& the bigge&t >ue&tion haunting farmer&

today.

0.= S&"a En$g( as an a"*$na*%)$ s&u,$

)ndia i& endo"ed "ith (a&t &olar energy -otential. About 000 trillion *5h -er year energy i&

incident o(er )ndiaJ& land area "ith mo&t -art& recei(ing G$= *5h -er &>. m -er day. 6ence

both technology route& for con(er&ion of &olar radiation into heat and electricity namely

&olar thermal and &olar -hoto(oltaic& can effecti(ely be harne&&ed -ro(iding huge &calability

for &olar in )ndia. Solar al&o -ro(ide& the ability to generate -o"er on a di&tributed ba&i& and

enable& ra-id ca-acity addition "ith &hort lead time&.ff$grid decentrali?ed and lo"$

tem-erature a--lication& "ill be ad(antageou& from a rural electrification -er&-ecti(e and

meeting other energy need& for -o"er and heating and cooling in both rural and urban area&.

)t i& intere&ting to note that e(en "ith ta--ing 1K of the land area at 10K efficiency factor& it

i& e:-ected to generate around G billion 5hr& of -o"er -er annum. +he u&e of &olar -o"er

ha& attained momentum in )ndia and the in&talled ca-acity of grid$connected &olar energy ha&

cro&&ed 1 '5 mile&tone a& of uly 2012 according to /r. ,aroo> Abdullah Union Mini&ter

of Ne" and Rene"able nergy #MNR%.

)nforming Ra;yaSabha o(er the &olar -o"er -rogre&& in the country /r. Abdullah &aid that

the &ector ha& "itne&&ed an increa&e in the u&e of &olar -o"er "ith total grid$connected &olar

energy reaching 10G0.F= M5 in uly thi& year again&t a meager 2. M5 in Augu&t 2011.

Ble&&ing& of the Sun on )ndiaC

Mo&t of the country recei(e& more than G *5h9m2 9day

About 300 &unny day& in the mo&t -art of the country

Solar +hermal and !hoto oltaic both can be harne&&ed

)n order to le(erage thi& *ey &olar ad(antage thea"aharal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ion

#NNSM% launched in anuary 2010 ha& &et an aggre&&i(e target ofe&tabli&hing 20 million

&>uare meter &olar collector area creating 20 '5 of &olar -o"er generation ca-acity by 2022.

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+o facilitate thi& -roce&& of enabling de(elo-ment of both ca-acity and generation a& -lanned

the 'o(ernment of )ndia i& ta*ing (ariou& &te-& "hich are -o&iti(ely directed "ith

articulating a Mi&&ion Statement follo"ed u- "ith a re(am- of the Regulation& focu&ed at

increa&ing O&eriou&J -artici-ation in the &ector.

F%gu$ 0.S&"a $n$g( ad%a*%&n -a1 &+ Ind%a

+hough ble&&ed "ith a large number of &unny day& the -enetration of &olar energy ha& been

limited in )ndia. Rural hou&ehold& -articularly -re&ent ideal condition& for the u&age of

-hoto(oltaic &y&tem&. !hoto(oltaic &y&tem& are -ortable increa&ingly affordable and re>uireminimal maintenance. A&ide from -ollutant& e:-elled during the manufacturing -roce&&

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-hoto(oltaic &y&tem& did not create a "a&te &tream. By con(erting a free and abundant &ource

of energy into direct current electricity -hoto(oltaic technologie& may be u&ed to -o"er a

"ide (ariety of a--liance& from ba&ic lighting to refrigerator&. !hoto(oltaic &y&tem& may be

in&talled by an indi(idual hou&ehold or may be lin*ed together to form a grid "ith &ufficient

energy-roduction to -o"er an entire community. ,inally "hen lin*ed "ith a--ro-riate

financing mechani&m& -hoto(oltaic &y&tem& re-re&ent a co&t$effecti(e tool for &ecuring

needed electrical ca-acity. !hoto(oltaic technologie& hold great -otential for e:tending

electrification into rural area& of de(elo-ing countrie&. ertain -ro;ect& in Africa "ith the

hel- of Rural nergy foundation "ere &ucce&&ful in &etting u- &atellite& that connected the&e

remote (illage& to the re&t of the "orld. +hi& connecti(ity not only hel-ed the young to gain

*no"ledge from around the "orld but al&o -ro(ided the rural community a feeling of

connecti(ity to the re&t of the "orld.

0.=.0 I-1&*an,$ and $"$)an,$ &+ s&"a $n$g( +& Ind%a>

1. '&s*> Solar i& currently high on ab&olute co&t& com-ared to other &ource& of-o"er &uch a&

coal. +he ob;ecti(e of the Solar Mi&&ion i& to createcondition& through ra-id &cale$u- of

ca-acity and technological inno(ation todri(e do"n co&t& to"ard& grid -arity. +he Mi&&ion

antici-ate& achie(ing grid-arity by 2022 and -arity "ith coal$ba&ed thermal -o"er by 2030

butrecogni?e& that thi& co&t tra;ectory "ill de-end u-on the &cale of globalde-loyment and

technology de(elo-ment and tran&fer. +he co&t -ro;ection&(ary E from 22K for e(ery

doubling of ca-acity to a reduction of only F0K "ithglobal de-loyment increa&ing 1F time&

the current le(el. +he Mi&&ionrecogni?e& that there are a number of off$grid &olar a--lication&

-articularlyfor meeting rural energy need& "hich are already co&t$effecti(e and -ro(ide&for

their ra-id e:-an&ion.

2. S,a"a3%"%*(> )ndia i& endo"ed "ith (a&t &olar energy -otential. About 000trillion *5h -eryear energy i& incident o(er )ndiaJ& land area "ith mo&t -art&recei(ing G$= *5h -er &>. m -er

day. 6ence both technology route& forcon(er&ion of &olar radiation into heat and electricity

namely &olar thermaland &olar -hoto(oltaic& can effecti(ely be harne&&ed -ro(iding

huge&calability for &olar in )ndia. Solar al&o -ro(ide& the ability to generate -o"er

on a di&tributed ba&i& and enable& ra-id ca-acity addition "ith &hort leadtime&. ff$grid

decentrali?ed and lo"$tem-erature a--lication& "ill bead(antageou& from a rural

electrification -er&-ecti(e and meeting otherenergy need& for -o"er and heating and cooling

8


22/82

in both rural and urbanarea&. +he con&traint on &calability "ill be the a(ailability of &-ace

&ince in allcurrent a--lication& &olar -o"er i& &-ace inten&i(e. )n addition "ithout

effecti(e &torage &olar -o"er i& characteri?ed by a high degree of (ariability.)n )ndia thi&

"ould be -articularly true in the mon&oon &ea&on.

3. En)%&n-$n*a" %-1a,*C Solar energy i& en(ironmentally friendly a& it ha&?ero emi&&ion&

"hile generating electricity or heat.

G. S$,u%*( &+ s&u,$C ,rom an energy &ecurity -er&-ecti(e &olar i& the mo&t&ecure of all

&ource& &ince it i& abundantly a(ailable. +heoretically a &mallfraction of the total incident

&olar energy #if ca-tured effecti(ely% can meet theentire countryJ& -o"er re>uirement&. )t i&

al&o clear that gi(en the large-ro-ortion of -oor and energy un$&er(ed -o-ulation in the

country e(eryeffort need& to be made to e:-loit the relati(ely abundant &ource& of energy

a(ailable to thecountry. 5hile today dome&tic coal ba&ed -o"er generationi& the chea-e&t

electricity &ource future &cenario& &ugge&t that thi& could "ellchange. Already faced "ith

cri--ling electricity &hortage& -rice of electricitytraded internally touched R& = -er unit for

ba&e load& and around R& 8.0 -erunit during -ea* -eriod&. +he &ituation "ill al&o change a&

the country mo(e&to"ard& im-orted coal to meet it& energy demand. +he -rice of -o"er "ill

ha(e to factor in the a(ailability of coal in international mar*et& and the co&t ofde(elo-ing

im-ort infra&tructure. )t i& al&o e(ident that a& the co&t ofen(ironmental degradation i&

factored into the mining of coal a& it mu&t the-rice of thi& ra" material "ill increa&e. )n the

&ituation of energy &hortage&the country i& increa&ing the u&e of die&el$ba&ed electricity

"hich i& bothe:-en&i(e E co&t& a& high a& R& 1 -er unit $ and -olluting. )t i& in thi&

&ituation the &olar im-erati(e i& both urgent and fea&ible to enable the countryto meet long$

term energy need&.

$


23/82

0.? P&3"$- S*a*$-$n*>

Agriculture re-re&ent& around 1K of )ndiaJ& '/!B. )n the ab&ence of ade>uate rainfall

agricultural -roducti(ity largely de-end& on ground "ater irrigation. lectricity i& re>uired

for ground "ater irrigation that i& done through tube$"ell&.urrently grid -o"er and die&el-o"er are the t"o ma;or &ource& of electricity for irrigation in )ndia. 'rid connecti(ity i&

una(ailable in mo&t of the rural area& and thi& force& a farmer to rely on die&el -o"er for

their irrigation need&. /ie&el -o"er i& too e:-en&i(e due to high die&el -rice& and the -rice&

are continuou&ly ri&ing. +hi& &ituation i& ma*ing tube$"ell o-eration& not o-erational or (ery

e:-en&i(e to run. )n addition die&el -o"er add& to en(ironmental -ollution. )n thi& re-ort "e

&tudy the &olution to thi& -roblem "ith reference to the region of Bundel*hand.

0.@ O35$,*%)$ &+ *h$ $1&*>

/e(elo-ing a Mar*et ba&ed Bu&ine&& model for Solar 5ater irrigation in Bundel*hand

*ee-ing in mind the una(ailability of grid -o"er and the high co&t of die&el -o"er. Solar

-o"er i& a (iable alternati(e to o-erate tube$"ell -um-&. +he ob;ecti(e i& to "or* out the

fea&ibility to a&&emble9retrofit irrigation -um-& to run on &olar.

0. S,&1$ &+ *h$ $1&*>

+he re-ort &co-ei& to -ro(ide an o-timal &olution that i&

offered to farmer& of Bundel*hand to o(ercome the "ater

&carcity -roblem due to una(ailability of grid &u--ly . )t

offer& a &olar -o"ered -um-ing &olution that i& &u&tainable

and -ollution free and ha& le&& than fi(e year& of -aybac*

-eriod again&t die&el -o"er.

F%gu$ 0.= S&"a !a*$ Pu-1

1%


24/82

0. Ogan%Ca*%&n P&+%"$>

0..0. A3&u* '"a& En$g(

laro nergy "a& &et u- in anuary 2011.laro nergy !(t. td. #OlaroJ% i& )ndiaJ& -remier

inno(ati(e &olar &olution& com-any. )t i& focu&ed on the &olar ff$grid (ertical "ith a &-ecial

em-ha&i& on the Solar 5ater !um-ing &olution& and commercial9 re&idential roofto-

a--lication&. )t ha& forged alliance& "ith globally reno"ned name& acro&& the &olar (alue

chain. laroJ& main acti(itie& are conducting fea&ibility &tudie& de&igning the mo&t robu&t

&olar -o"er &y&tem& in&tallation and e:ecution of the -ro;ect& and training the end u&er on

effecti(e o-eration and maintenance techni>ue&. +he com-any belie(e& in the effecti(ene&& of

the &im-licity of de&ign and o-eration of our -ro;ect.

laro nergy offer& off$grid &olar -o"er irrigation &olution& to -o"er$deficit region& in )ndia

by &ourcing -ro(en reliable and high >uality &olar ! technologie&. )n combination "ith

&ale& mar*eting and bu&ine&& de(elo-ment com-etencie& laro nergy ha& al&o de(elo-ed

in$hou&e integration and im-lementation e:-erti&e for off$grid &olar &olution& in )ndia. laro

nergy acti(ely engage& and -artner& "ith firm& dome&tic and international for &-eciali?ed

&er(ice& -roduct de(elo-ment initiati(e& and financial in(e&tment&.

+oday laro nergy offer& &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &olution& to meet irrigation "ater

and drin*ing "ater need& of remote and rural -art& of )ndia. +he com-any ha& &e(eral

in&tallation& in Bihar and i& ra-idly e:-anding.

laro nergy u&e& &olar energy to -roduce electric -o"er at -oint of u&e. !o"er -roduced i&

u&ed to run irrigation -um-& that -ro(ide "ater for agriculture. laro nergy -ro(ide&

immen&e benefit to rural farmer& by increa&ing agriculture -roducti(ity of their land. By-ro(iding both -o"er and "ater laro nergy fulfill& t"o ba&ic infra&tructure need& for

remote -o-ulation.

0.. '"a&s E1$*%s$>

laro i& one of the *ey -layer& in the domain of &olar -um-ing. )t i& among the highe&t

in&taller& of &olar -um-ing &y&tem& in )ndia "ith (arying ca-acitie& of A and / -um-&.

11


25/82

laro offer& it& &er(ice& a& a turn$*ey -ro;ect de(elo-er to client&. laro &ource& -ro(en

reliableand high >uality &olar technologie& to de&ign engineer -rocure in&tall and

commi&&ion the &olar -o"er &y&tem. laro collaborate& "ith firm& dome&tic and international

for it& ! &er(ice& and financial in(e&tment "hen re>uired.

laro i& the leader in &olar -um-ing domain in Bihar "ith o(er D0K mar*et &hare. 5hile the

com-etition i& e:-ected to -ic* u- in near term laro ho-e& to en;oy it& -o&ition in the

indu&try due to continuou& im-ro(i&ation& in the &olution a& "ell a& -o&t &ale &er(ice&.

urrently &mall -layer& face lac* of technological o-erational and bu&ine&& de(elo-ment

ca-abilitie& in the &olar -um-ing &-ace. arge -layer& ha(e not been able to focu& on thi&

niche &ector due to their other in(ol(ement&. )n &-ite of their technological and bu&ine&&

de(elo-ment ca-abilitie& they lac* la&t$mile connect on ground. +hi& gi(e& laro &ignificant

ad(antage o(er large -layer&.

laroJ& technological o-erational and bu&ine&& de(elo-ment ca-abilitie& along "ith it& la&t$

mile connect on ground ha& moti(ated *ey large -layer& to collaborate "ith u& in &ome form.

Such a mar*et dynamic& "ill hel- laro be ahead of the com-etition. At the &ame time

laroJ& in(e&tment in inno(ation& around &olution im-ro(i&ation and e:-loring different ty-e&

of bu&ine&& model& "ill hel- achie(e a ne" high in the mar*et-lace.

0..= Ogan%Ca*%&n S*u,*u$

+he management team bring& di(er&e &*ill& and e:-erience. A common thread i& a higher

degree of engineering ca-ability. +he education encom-a&&e& re&-ected engineering

in&titution& &uch a& ))+& and M)+. Bu&ine&& education and training at 4ellogg School of

Management and U Ber*eley@& 6aa& School of Bu&ine&& -ro(ide& a &u-erior bu&ine&&

management acumen and e:-erti&e. +he core team@& o-erational and bu&ine&& e:-erience

include& com-anie& &uch a& !un; loyd are&nI +oubro and )) in )ndia and Biogen )dec

'enentech Solyndra adence and Magma /e&ign Automation in USA. laro nergy@&

ability to -ut together a good management team i& a deci&i(e factor in it& &ucce&&.

12


26/82

0..? '"a&s 4$( '"%$n*s and '&""a3&a*%&ns>

/e-t. of ,i&herie& I Animal 6u&bandry BiharMinor )rrigation /e-t. Bihar

13


27/82

.LITERATURE REVIEW# POLI'6 9 RESEAR'H METHODOLOG6

.0 L%*$a*u$ R$)%$!

Na*%&na" R$)%$!s>

Anil 4umar A.4. 'odara !ardee- 4umar and Na&ib Singh #200D6i&ar% conducted the &tudy

titled7 'ONSTRAINTS FA'ED B6 THE FARMERS IN THE USE OF

PHOTOVOLTAI' WATER PUMPING S6STEM IN HAR6ANA>Pin -ur-o&i(ely

&elected di&trict& of 6i&ar Rohta* and ha;;ar 6aryana &tate in(ol(ing F1 G= and 33 number&

of !5!S ado-ter farmer& from each di&trict re&-ecti(ely along "ith an e>ual number of non

beneficiarie& ad;oining to the beneficiarie&. +he +echnical on&traint& re-orted by ado-ter

farmer& "ere the technology "or* in le&& than 8 meter& "ater table and it doe& not "or*& in

cold 9 "inter day&. Similar re&ult& "ere al&o obtained in ca&e of non ado-ter re&-ondent&.

6igh co&t of !5!S7 "a& found to be the mo&t &eriou& financial con&traint a& ob&er(ed by

both ado-ter and non ado-ter re&-ondent&. ac* of e:ten&ion literature7 and ac* of

-ac*age of -ractice& for !5!S irrigation farming &y&tem7 "ere con&idered to be the ma;or

e:ten&ion con&traint& among the ado-ter re&-ondent&. 6o"e(er in ca&e of non ado-ter

farmer& ac* of attention of ma&& media7 "a& found to be the mo&t &eriou&

e:ten&ion con&traint.

S. N. Singh Snehlata Mi&hra IandanaNeha+igga of the /e-artment of lectronic& and

ommunication ngineering N)+ E am&hed-ur in their &tudy titled DESIGN AND

DEVELOPMENT OF UTILIT6 INTERFA'E ADAPTIVE SOLAR POWER

'ONVERTER FOR WATER PUMPING S6STEM IN INDIAN VILLAGES #2010%

-re&ented de(elo-ment of a utility interface &olar -o"er con(erter to &u--lement deficit in

'rid -o"er &u--ly for a "ater -um-ing &y&tem u&ed in rural home of )ndian (illage&. +he

-o"er &u--ly &y&tem com-ri&e& of &olar #!% array !5M con(erter incor-orating !5M

control &trategy energy &torage battery de(ice& &ubmer&ible -um- and "ater &torage tan*#&%

etc. +he model of the &y&tem ha& been de&igned for it& o-timal o-eration and a -rototy-e

&olar -o"er con(erter unit ha& been de(elo-ed to dri(e a Q h- -um- motor. +he ife cycle

co&t e(aluation of the &olar -o"er con(erter ha& been done and com-ared "ith con(entional

/' &et. +hi& ha& re&ulted in a co&t effecti(e &y&tem "ith a F0K $ =0K grid -o"er &a(ing.

14


28/82

A. Mathe" in hi& &tudy MPPT 3as$d s*anda"&n$ !a*$ 1u-1%ng s(s*$-#2011

oimbatore )ndia% em-ha&i?ed ho" Rene"able energy &ource& are becoming a (iable

&ub&titute for con(entional energy &ource& due to increa&e& in "orld@& energy demand and

&carce re&ource&. Solar -um- o-erated "ith A dri(e offer better choice in term& of &i?e

ruggedne&& efficiency and maintainability. )n thi& "or* dc -o"er from &olar -anel i& boo&ted

and fed to an in(erter "hich gi(e& ac out-ut. )n(erter dri(e& the motor cou-led to the "ater

-um-. +o get the ma:imum -o"er a(ailable at any in&tant an M!!+ controller i& u&ed to

control the con(erter. f different ty-e& of M!!+ algorithm& artificial intelligence #A)%

techni>ue& are -o-ular. Artificial neural net"or*& #ANN&% I fu??y logic #,% t"o different

ty-e& of A) techni>ue& that are u&ed to de&ign the M!!+ controller for ! &y&tem. )n thi&

-ro-o&ed "or* de-ending on &olar radiation and tem-erature the M!!+ controller gi(e&

o-timi?ed duty cycle. Neural net"or* and fu??y logic are t"o M!!+ controller& &imulated to

gi(e o-timum duty cycle. +he&e M!!+ controller& are com-ared ba&ed on the -o"er obtained

from the boo&t con(erter. Simulation re&ult& are al&o -re&ented.

Sonali'oel !ra;na&mitaMoha-atraI R. 4. !ati School of lectrical ngineering 4))+

Uni(er&ity Bhubane&"ar )ndia in the &tudy titled S&"a A11"%,a*%&n +& Tans+$ &+

T$,hn&"&g( A 'as$ &+ S&"a Pu-1 de&cribed ho"Agriculture re>uire& energy a& an

im-ortant in-ut to -roduction. Agriculture con&ume& about 3 -er cent of the total

-o"er generated through electrically o-erated -um- &et&. )t i& e:-ected that about 30 -er cent

of &a(ing& i& -o&&ible through a--ro-riate technology. Agriculture u&e& energy directly a& fuel

or electricity to o-erate machinery and e>ui-ment to heat or cool building& and for lighting

on the farm and indirectly in the fertili?er& and chemical& -roduced off the farm. Agricultural

technology i& changing ra-idly. ,arm machinery farm building and -roduction facilitie& are

con&tantly being im-ro(ed. Agricultural a--lication& &uitable for -hoto(oltaic #!% &olution&

are numerou&. +he&e a--lication& are a mi: of indi(idual in&tallation& and&y&tem& in&talled by utility com-anie& "hen they ha(e found that a ! &olution i& the be&t

&olution for remote agricultural need &uch a& "ater -um-ing for cro-& or li(e&toc*. A &olar

-o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem i& made u- of t"o ba&ic com-onent&. +he&e are ! -anel&

and -um-&. +he &malle&t element of a ! -anel i& the &olar cell. ach &olar cell ha& t"o or

more &-ecially -re-ared layer& of &emiconductor material that -roduce direct current #/%

electricity "hen e:-o&ed to light. +hi& / current i& collected by the "iring in the -anel. )t i&

then &u--lied either to a / -um- "hich in turn -um-& "ater "hene(er the &un &hine&or&tored in batterie& for later u&e by the -um-. +he aim of thi& article i& to e:-lain ho" &olar

15


29/82

-o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem "or*& and "hat the difference& "ith the other energy &ource&

are.

+he -a-er titledRE'ENT DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAI'

TE'HNOLOGIES IN INDIAbyS. M. Ali Ar;yadhara!radhan Sthita!ra;na Mi&hra

School of lectrical ngineering 4))+ Uni(er&ity Bhubane&"ar -re&ent& an o(er(ie" of

&ome &olar -hoto(oltaic grid$tied in&tallation& in )ndia and gi(e& ade&cri-tion of their

-ur-o&e and date of commencement be&ide& other data. A -re&entation of the )ndia -a&t and

-re&ent &ituation& and the future -ro&-ect& of &olar -hoto(oltaic i& gi(en. A brief com-ari&on

bet"een the-erformance& of e:i&ting grid$tied ! &y&tem& i& made to demon&trate the good

-otential of generatingelectricity from the &un thu& ma*ing -hoto(oltaic a future contributor

to the energy mi: in )ndia. ,inally &ome-ro-o&al& are -re&ented "hich could be u&ed by

national legi&lati(e and &tati&tical office& in order to fo&ter the"ide$&-read a--lication of

&olar -hoto(oltaic in a -rofe&&ional and orderly manner.

In*$na*%&na" R$)%$!s>

Matlin R.5. in the &tudy titledPh&*&)&"*a%,1&!$$d !a*$ 1u-1s +& *h%d !&"d

a11"%,a*%&ns7#1D80 USA% de&cribed ho" &mall -hoto(oltaic "ater -um-ing &y&tem& are ofintere&t becau&e they offer the -otential of &ol(ing irrigation need& for million& of &mall farm&

that do not ha(e acce&& to a utility grid and re>uire much le&& -o"er than that &u--lied by the

&malle&t /ie&el&. A unit "a& de(elo-ed by the author to meet the&e need&. +he technical

tradeoff& in(ol(ed in it& de(elo-ment are de&cribed. Se(eral do?en of the&e unit& are currently

o-erating in +hird 5orld countrie& "ith &e(eral hundred more due to be in&talled in fourteen

different de(elo-ing countrie& by the fall of 1D80.

)n the &tudy titled S-a"" s&"a 1u-1 +& d%$,* %%ga*%&n a11"%,a*%&ns7 #1D82 United

State&% by had"ic* /.'.L 5illard&on .S. a -rototy-e &olar -o"ered "ater -um- i&

de&cribed. +he lo"$head (acuum lift -um- u&e& a thermodynamic li>uid to dri(e a floating

-i&ton "hich alternately dra"& "ater into a -um-ing chamber then -u&he& it -a&t a chec*

(al(e to a higher ele(ation. A di&cu&&ion of ty-ical cro- re>uirement& illu&trate& ho" thi&

-um- might be u&ed in -ractice.

16
http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Chadwick,%20D.G.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Willardson,%20L.S.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Willardson,%20L.S.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Chadwick,%20D.G.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Willardson,%20L.S.%22


30/82

+he &tudy titled P$+&-an,$ &+ s-a"" 1&g$ss%)$ ,a)%*( 1u-1s !%*h s&"a 1&!$7

#1D8=% by !eter R. B. 5ard 5illiam '. /unford /a(id . !ulfrey de&cribed ho" a &mall

-rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um- rated at about D00 5 ha& been a&&embled and te&ted a& -art of a

-hoto(oltaic$cell$-o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem. +or>ue$&-eed relation&hi-& for the

-rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um- not readily a(ailable in -ubli&hed engineering ;ournal& "ere

mea&ured and are -re&ented. +he -um- "a& e:tremely "ell &uited to lifting ground"ater for

&mall #dome&tic% &u--lie& "ith &olar -o"er becau&e it "a& ca-able of -roducing the full

de&ign head o(er a (ery "ide range of &-eed&. )n addition the -rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um- "a&

robu&t and unli*e mo&t other -o&iti(e di&-lacement -um-& "ould tolerate &mall

concentration& of &ilt and &and in the "ater "ithout damage. ery many of the&e -um-& are

already in u&e in -art& of Africa and other de(elo-ing area& and e:cellent -ro&-ect& e:i&t for

o-erating -rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um-& "ith &olar$energy$-o"ered dri(e&.

4agara*i&.Aoutlined &ome of the main -roblem& of de&ign and a&&e&&ment connected "ith

-ractical a--lication& of -hoto(oltaic generation and di&cu&&ed ma;or -oint& of contro(er&y

concerning &uch i&&ue& a& com-ari&on& bet"een / and A &y&tem& and bet"een centrifugal

and -o&iti(e di&-lacement -um-& for "ater -um-ing unit& in the &tudy titled Ass$ss-$n* &+

s&"a 1h&*&)&"*a%, s(s*$-s a* *h$ "$)$" &+ ua" "$,*%+%,a*%&n#1D8D%7. +he ad(antage& and

di&ad(antage& of each a--roach are -ointed out and it i& concluded that in mo&t ca&e& the

&-ecific condition& and re>uirement& mu&t be carefully con&idered in order to reach the

o-timum de&ign of a -hoto(oltaic &y&tem. +he e:-erience obtained from the o-eration of a

-hoto(oltaic "ater -um-ing &y&tem on the i&land of 4ar-atho& 'reece i& di&cu&&ed.

Mueller M.A. -re&ented a &tudy S&"a 1&!$$d !a*$ 1u-1s> 1&3"$-s# 1%*+a""s and

1&*$n*%a"7#2002U4% . ,or many year& &olar #-hoto(oltaic% -o"ered "ater -um-ing ha&

been -ortrayed a& being able to re(olutioni&e "ater -ro(i&ion in rural and de(elo-ingcommunitie&. Ma&& -roduced -um-& and chea-er ! -anel& ha(e been -romi&ed "ith the

-o&&ibility of bringing &afe "ater to tho&e -eo-le "ho currently lac* thi& ba&ic human right.

Although inroad& ha(e been made to reaching &uch an ideal &ituation the current reality i&

&ome"hat different. +hi& -a-er con&ider& the challenge& faced by electronic and electrical

com-onent& in a &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem. )t re(ie"& ho" the&e -roblem& ha(e

been addre&&ed hi&torically in(e&tigate& the "ay& in "hich the &olution& ha(e failed and

e:-lore& no(el "ay& of utili&ing modern electrical &y&tem& in order to allo" full e:-loitationof thi& -otentially life$tran&forming technology

17
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Kagarakis,%20C.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Mueller,%20M.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Mueller,%20M.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Kagarakis,%20C.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Mueller,%20M.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPref


31/82

+he re-ort namedSOLAR POWERED WATER PUMPING S6STEMSby B. *er

200 di&cu&&ed ho" Agricultural technology i& changing ra-idly. ,arm machinery farm

building and -roduction facilitie& are con&tantly being im-ro(ed. Agricultural a--lication&

&uitable for -hoto(oltaic #!% &olution& are numerou&. +he&e a--lication& are a mi: of

indi(idual in&tallation& and &y&tem& in&talled by utility com-anie& "hen they ha(e found that

a ! &olution i& the be&t &olution for remote agricultural need &uch a& "ater -um-ing for

cro-& or li(e&toc*. A &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem i& made u- of t"o ba&ic

com-onent&. +he&e are ! -anel& and -um-&. +he &malle&t element of a ! -anel i& the

&olar cell. ach &olar cell ha& t"o or more &-ecially -re-ared layer& of &emiconductor

material that -roduce direct current #/% electricity "hen e:-o&ed to light. +hi& / current i&

collected by the "iring in the -anel. )t i& then &u--lied either to a / -um- "hich in turn

-um-& "ater "hene(er the &un &hine& or &tored in batterie& for later u&e by the -um-. +he

aim of thi& article i& to e:-lain ho" &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem "or*& and "hat the

difference& "ith the other energy &ource& are.

ui& ,. Beltrn$Morale& /alia Bali ohen nri>ue +royo$/igue? 'er?aTnA(il&!olanco

and ictor Se(illaUnda concluded a &tudy titled Wa*$ S$,u%*( %n Rua" A$as *h&ugh

S&"a En$g( %n Ba5a 'a"%+&n%a Su# M$%,& 8//;.+hi& &tudy aim& to a&&e&& the

-otential of &olar energy technology for im-ro(ing acce&& to "ater and hence the li(elihood

&trategie& of rural communitie& in Ba;a alifornia Sur Me:ico. )t focu&e& on li(e&toc*

ranche& and -hoto(oltaic "ater$-um-technology a& "ell a& other "ater e:traction method&.

+he methodology u&ed are the Su&tainable i(elihood& and the A--ro-riate +echnology

a--roache&. A hou&ehold &ur(ey "a& a--lied in une of 200F to 32 ranche& in the

munici-ality of "hich 22 u&ed ! -um-&L and &emi$&tructured inter(ie"& "ere conducted.

,inding& indicate that &olar -um-& ha(e in fact hel-ed -eo-le im-ro(e their >uality of life by

allo"ing them to -ur&ue a different li(elihood &trategy and that im-ro(ed acce&& to "ater $notnece&&arily a& more "ater but a& le&& effort to e:tract and collect it$ doe& not automatically

im-ly o(ere:-loitation of the re&ourceL con&um-tion i& ba&ed on ba&ic need& a& "ell a& on

&torage and -um-ing ca-acity.u&tification for &uch &y&tem& lie& in the a(oidance of logi&tical

-roblem& a&&ociated to fo&&il fuel& ! -um-& -ro(ed to be the mo&t beneficial "hen

&ub&tituting ga&oline or die&el e>ui-ment but of dubiou& ad(antage if intended to re-lace

"ind or gra(ity &y&tem&. Solar "ater -um-ing technologyJ& main ob&tacle to di&&emination

are high in(e&tment and re-air& co&t& and it i& therefore not &uitable for all ca&e& e(en "henin&olation rate& and "ater a(ailability are ade>uate. )n ca&e& "here affordability i& not an

18


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ob&tacle it ha& become an im-ortant a&&et that contribute& Eby mean& of reduced e:-en&e&

le&& effort and &a(ed time$ to the im-ro(ement of li(e&toc* the main li(elihood -ro(ider for

the&e ranche&.

4ala Meah Ste(en ,letcher and SadrulUla#2008% in their -a-er named S&"a 1h&*&)&"*a%,

!a*$ 1u-1%ng +& $-&*$ "&,a*%&nsdi&cu&&ed ho" many -art& of the "orld a& "ell a& the

"e&tern US are rural in nature and con&e>uently do not ha(e electrical di&tribution line& in

many -art& of (illage& farm& and ranche&. /i&tribution line e:ten&ion co&t& can run from

US/ 10000 to US/ 1F0009*m thereby ma*ing a(ailability of electricity to &mall "ater

-um-ing -ro;ect& economically unattracti(e. But ground "ater and &unlight are a(ailable

"hich ma*e &olar -hoto(oltaic #S!% -o"ered "ater -um-ing more co&t effecti(e in the&earea&@ &mall &cale a--lication&. Many "e&tern &tate& including 5yoming are -a&&ing through

the &i:th year of drought "ith the con&e>uent &hortage& of "ater for many a--lication&. +he

5yoming State limatologi&t i& -redicting a -o&&ible $10 year& of drought. /rought im-act&

the &urface "ater right a"ay "hile it ta*e& much longer to im-act the underground a>uifer&.

+o mitigate the effect on the li(e&toc* and "ildlife 5yoming 'o(ernor /a(e ,reudenthal

initiated a &olar "ater -um-ing initiati(e in coo-eration "ith the Uni(er&ity of 5yoming

ounty on&er(ation /i&trict& Rural lectric oo-erati(e& and ranching organi?ation&.Solar "ater -um-ing ha& &e(eral ad(antage& o(er traditional &y&tem&L for e:am-le die&el or

-ro-ane engine& re>uire not only e:-en&i(e fuel& they al&o create noi&e and air -ollution in

many remote -ri&tine area&. Solar &y&tem& are en(ironment friendly lo" maintenance and

ha(e no fuel co&t. )n thi& -a-er the de&ign in&tallation &ite &election and -erformance

monitoring of the &olar &y&tem for &mall$&cale remote "ater -um-ing "ill be -re&ented. +hi&

-a-er al&o -re&ent& technical en(ironmental and economic benefit& of the S! "ater

-um-ing &y&tem com-ared to &tand alone generator and electric utility.

. S. Ramo& and 6elena M. Ramo& in their -a-er titled S&"a 1&!$$d 1u-1s *& su11"(

!a*$ +& ua" & %s&"a*$d C&n$s #200D !ortugal%concluded their "or* "hichaimed at

&tudying the -o&&ible a--lication of &olar energy to dee- "ell "ater -um-& for "ater &u--ly

in rural or i&olated ?one&. /e(elo-ing countrie& are com-o&ed of numerou& &mall (illage& and

farmer& ma*ing it economically un(iable to e:tend the electrical national grid to e(ery

location "here it i& needed. Al&o the difficulty in collecting due& ma*e& thi& &olution e(en

le&& (iable. +he&e countrie& &till &truggle "ith the lac* of "ater in many (illage& and farm&.+he&e factor& along "ith the increa&e in the -rice of con(entional energy &ource& and

1$


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concern& regarding &u&tainable gro"th ha(e led to the de(elo-ment of &olar -o"ered "ater

-um-&. Mo&t African South A&ian and atin$American countrie& ha(e good &un e:-o&ure

almo&t all year and many of it& (illage& &till ha(e lac* of "ater. ,or thi& &tudy "e con&idered

a &mall (illage com-o&ed of 10 familie& "ith a daily con&um-tion of 100 l each a "ell "ith a

de-th of 100 m a re&er(oir 10 m abo(e ground le(el an autonomy of F day& and a -ermitted

lo&& of load of 2K. )n thi& "or* a ! ad(anced model "a& u&ed. ,or the condition&

mentioned a "ater co&t of 1.0= 9m3and an in(e&tment co&t of 301D "ere obtained. A

-um- -o"er of 1G 5 and a &olar array of 1D 5att -ea* #5-% are nece&&ary. +he "ater co&t

obtained i& belie(ed to be a com-etiti(e (alue -ro(ing the&e ty-e& of &olution& a& good

alternati(e& to e:tending the electric grid or ha(ing a die&el generator connected to the -um-.


34/82

-o"erthat i& direct current. +he ob;ecti(e of thi& &tudy i& to to de(elo- a &oft"are that can be

u&ed a& guideline& for de(elo-ing &uitable -hoto(oltai(be&ed irrigation &y&tem. +he &tudy

-re&ent& the de&ign and technical re>uirement& of a -hoto(oltaic -o"ered "ater -um-ing

&y&tem for irrigation. +he de&ign i& ba&ed on the e&timation of "ater re>uirement -um-ing

&y&tem &election and &i?ing -hoto(oltaic array &i?ing load matching de&ign along "ith

metrological data of &ite location. a(a language "a& em-loyed in the de(elo-ment of the

&oft"are.

M.Abu$Aligah in hi& ;ournal D$s%gn &+ Ph&*&)&"*a%, Wa*$ Pu-1%ng S(s*$- and

'&-1a$ %* !%*h D%$s$" P&!$$d Pu-17 #2011 ordan% de&cribed ho" in location& "here

electricity i& una(ailable other mean& are nece&&ary to -um- "ater for con&um-tion. neo-tion i& a -hoto(oltaic #!% -um-ing &y&tem. Ad(antage& of ! -um-ing &y&tem& include

lo" o-erating co&t unattended o-eration lo" maintenance ea&y in&tallation and long life.

+he&e are all im-ortant in remote location& "here electricity may be una(ailable.

So far in the de(elo-ment of thi& re&earch the focu& ha& been to e&timate the a(ailable

radiation at a -articular location on the earthJ& &urface and then analy?ed the characteri&tic& of

a -hoto(oltaic generator and a -hoto(oltaic net"or*. +he -ur-o&e of thi& re&earch i& to

e:amine all the nece&&ary &te-& and *ey com-onent& needed to de&ign and build a -um- u&ing-hoto(oltaic &y&tem.

. P&"%,%$s# R$gu"a*%&nsandL$ga" Fa-$!&4 +& S&"a Pu-1%ng

..0 Th$ Na*%&na" A,*%&n 1"an &n '"%-a*$ 'hang$ 8NAP'';>

+he much a"aited +heNa*%&na" A,*%&n 1"an &n '"%-a*$ 'hang$ 8NAP''; "a& relea&ed

on 30th une 2008 to &tate )ndiaJ& contribution to"ard& combating climate change. +he -lanoutline& E%gh* Na*%&na" M%ss%&nsrunning through 201=. +he Mini&trie& in(ol(ed &ubmitted

detailed -lan& to the P%-$ M%n%s*$s '&un,%" &n '"%-a*$ 'hang$in /ecember 2008.

+he NA! con&i&t& of &e(eral target& on climate change i&&ue& and addre&&e& the urgent and

critical concern& of the country through a directional &hift in the de(elo-ment -ath"ay. )t

outline& mea&ure& on climate change related ada-tation and mitigation "hile &imultaneou&ly

ad(ancing de(elo-ment. +he Mi&&ion& form the core of the !lan re-re&enting multi$-rongedlong termed and integrated &trategie& for achie(ing goal& in the conte:t of climate change.

21
http://pmindia.nic.in/climatebody.htmhttp://pmindia.nic.in/climatebody.htmhttp://pmindia.nic.in/climatebody.htm


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F%gu$ .0> Th$ E%gh* M%ss%&ns &+ NAP''

+he National Action !lan on limate hange al&o -oint& outC )ndia i& a tro-icalcountry

"here &un&hine i& a(ailable for longer hour& -er day and in great inten&ity.Solar energy

therefore ha& great -otential a& future energy &ource. )t al&o ha& thead(antage of -ermitting

the decentrali?ed di&tribution of energy thereby em-o"ering-eo-le at the gra&&root& le(el7.

Ba&ed on thi& (i&ion a National Solar Mi&&ion i& being launched under the brandname S&"a

Ind%a7.

22

National Mission

on Sustainable

Habitat

NAPCC

(National Action

National Mission

for Enhanced

Energy Efficiency

National Mission

for Sustaining

the Himalayan

National Mission

for a Green

India

National Mission

for Sustainable

Agriculture

National Mission

for Strategic

Knoledge for

National Mission

for Enhanced

Energy Efficiency

National !ater

Mission


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.. 7a!aha"a" N$hu Na*%&na" S&"a M%ss%&n 87NNSM:NSM;

+he a"aharlal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ion "a& launched on the 11thanuary 2010 by the

!rime Mini&ter. +he Mi&&ion ha& &et the ambitiou& target of de-loying 20000 M5 of grid

connected &olar -o"er by 2022 i& aimed at reducing the co&t of &olar -o"er generation in the

country through

#i% ong +erm !olicyL

#ii% arge Scale /e-loyment 'oal&L

#iii% Aggre&&i(e RI/L and

8%); /ome&tic -roduction of critical ra" material& com-onent& and -roduct& a& a

re&ult to achie(e grid tariff -arity by 2022.

+he Mi&&ion create& an enabling -olicy frame"or* to achie(e thi& ob;ecti(e and ma*e

)ndia a global leader in &olar energy.

+he National Solar Mi&&ion i& a ma;or initiati(e of the 'o(ernment of )ndia and State

'o(ernment& to -romote ecologically &u&tainable gro"th "hile addre&&ing )ndiaJ&energy

&ecurity challenge. )t al&o con&titute& a ma;or contribution by )ndia to theglobal effort to meet

the challenge& of climate change.

A-3%*%&us *ag$*s &+ Na*%&na" S&"a M%ss%&n

+he ob;ecti(e of the National Solar Mi&&ion i& to e&tabli&h )ndia a& a global leader in&olar

energy by creating the -olicy condition& for it& diffu&ion acro&& the country a&>uic*ly a&

-o&&ible.

+he Mi&&ion "ill ado-t a 3$-ha&e a--roach &-anning the remaining -eriod of the11th !lanand fir&t year of the 12th !lan #u- to 2012$13% a& !ha&e 1 the remaining Gyear& of the 12th

!lan #2013$1=% a& !ha&e 2 and the 13th !lan #201=$22% a& !ha&e 3.

At the end of each -lan and mid$term during the 12th and 13th !lan& there "ill be

ane(aluation of -rogre&& re(ie" of ca-acity and target& for &ub&e>uent -ha&e& ba&edon

emerging co&t and technology trend& both dome&tic and global. +he aim "ouldbe to -rotect

'o(ernment from &ub&idy e:-o&ure in ca&e e:-ected co&t reductiondoe& not materiali?e or i&

more ra-id than e:-ected.

23


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+he immediate aim of the Mi&&ion i& to focu& on &etting u- an enabling en(ironmentfor &olar

technology -enetration in the country both at a centrali?ed anddecentrali?ed le(el. +he fir&t

-ha&e #u- to 2013% "ill focu& on ca-turing of the lo"hangingo-tion& in &olar thermalL on

-romoting off$grid &y&tem& to &er(e -o-ulation&"ithout acce&& to commercial energy and

mode&t ca-acity addition in grid$ba&ed&y&tem&. )n the &econd -ha&e after ta*ing into account

the e:-erience of the initialyear& ca-acity "ill be aggre&&i(ely ram-ed u- to create

condition& for u- &caled andcom-etiti(e &olar energy -enetration in the country.

T& a,h%$)$ *h%s# *h$ M%ss%&n *ag$*s a$>

W +o create an enabling -olicy frame"or* for the de-loyment of 20000 M5of &olar -o"er by

2022.

W +o ram- u- ca-acity of grid$connected &olar -o"er generation to 1000 M5"ithin three

year& E by 2013L an additional 3000 M5 by 201= through themandatory u&e of the rene"able

-urcha&e obligation by utilitie& bac*ed "ith a-referential tariff. +hi& ca-acity can be more

than doubled E reaching10000M5 in&talled -o"er by 201= or more ba&ed on the enhanced

andenabled international finance and technology tran&fer. +he ambitiou& target

for 2022 of 20000 M5 or more "ill be de-endent on the OlearningJ of the fir&tt"o -ha&e&

"hich if &ucce&&ful could lead to condition& of grid$com-etiti(e&olar -o"er. +he tran&ition

could be a--ro-riately u- &caled ba&ed ona(ailability of international finance and

technology.

W +o create fa(ourable condition& for &olar manufacturing ca-ability -articularly&olar thermal

for indigenou& -roduction and mar*et leader&hi-.

W +o -romote -rogramme& for off grid a--lication& reaching 1000 M5 by 201= and 2000

M5 by 2022 .

W +o achie(e 1 million &>. meter& &olar thermal collector area by 201= and 20million by

2022.W +o de-loy 20 million &olar lighting &y&tem& for rural area& by 2022.

24


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Ta3"$ .0> NSM *ag$*s

+he mi&&ion &ee*& to *ic*$&tart &olar generation ca-acitie& dri(e do"n co&t& through local

manufacturing and boo&t re&earch I de(elo-ment #RI/% in order to accelerate the tran&ition

to clean and &ecure energy.

+he *ey dri(er -romoting &olar -o"er -ro;ect& ha& been the &olar$&-ecific R!&. A&

-er the &olar mi&&ion the &olar -o"er -urcha&e obligation for &tate& may &tart "ith

0.2K in !ha&e ) and go u- to 3K by 2022. /e(elo-er& "ill ha(e the o-tion of

-artici-ating in the &olar$&-ecific R mechani&m or a(ailing benefit& from the feed$

in tariff. +he R& "ill al&o allo" &tate& "ith relati(ely -oor &olar re&ource& to meet

their R! commitment&. Se(eral e&timate& ha(e been made on &olar -o"er -otential

and mo&t of them ha(e identified the fea&ible &olar -o"er -otential in )ndia to be morethan 100000 M5. +hi& -otential cou-led "ith the thru&t from the go(ernment to

de(elo- &olar -o"er ha& made in(e&tment& in &olar -o"er (ery attracti(e to &olar

de(elo-er&.

)ndia@& geogra-hical location cou-led "ith (ariou& &cheme& and incenti(e& announced

by the go(ernment i& aimed at accelerating the gro"th momentum of the )ndian &olar

-o"er )ndu&try from both ca-acity and generation -er&-ecti(e. +he 'o(ernment of

)ndia #'o)% ha& initiated many &cheme& &uch a& -ro(iding &ub&idy ta: holiday andaccelerated de-reciation for -o"er -roducer& conce&&ional duty on the im-ort& of ra"

material &oft loan elimination of e:ci&e duty on &-ecific de(ice&9&y&tem&etc. to

increa&e the -roduction a& "ell a& u&e of &olar energy in the country.

25

A11"%,a*%&n S$g-$n* Phas$ I Phas$II Phas$ III

/0/0= /0=0 /0

U*%"%*( g%d 1&!$0#//////

MW

?///0/#///

MW/#/// MW

O++ g%d A11"%,a*%&ns // MW 0#/// MW #/// MW

S&"a Th$-a" '&""$,*&s

A$a -%""%&n S- 0@ -%""%&n S-

/ -%""%&n

S-


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.= P&-&*%&na" S,h$-$s

+he +a&* ,orce on Micro$irrigation #+,M)% a--ointed by the Mini&try of ,inance during

200G ha& al&o underlined the fact that dri- irrigation can &a(e enormou& amount of electricity

if ado-ted e:ten&i(ely.

+he entral and State go(ernment& ha(e introduced -romotional &cheme& &ince 1DD0$D1

"hich offer o(er 0 -er cent of &ub&idy on the ca-ital co&t of dri- &et to farmer&.

Recently the 'o(ernment of +amil Nadu al&o announced a &cheme to -romote the ado-tion

of dri- irrigation in the State "ith o(er = -er cent of &ub&idy for marginal and &mall farmer&.

+hough the benefit& are large the ado-tion of dri- method of irrigation ha& not been (ery

a--reciable. A& of today only about t"o million hectare& of area ha& been brought under dri-

irrigation "hich i& only about = -er cent of it& total -otential of 2= million hectare& e&timated

by the +,M).

Be&ide& &a(ing electricity dri- method of irrigation can &ol(e the -roblem of "ater &carcity.

'i(en the looming demand$&u--ly gain electricity there "ill be no re&-ite from electricity

&hortage in the immediate future. +herefore concentrated effort& are needed to -er&uade

farmer& to ado-t dri- method of irrigation.

.? F%nan,%ng *h$ s&"a s(s*$-

+he mo&t im-ortant factor that i& holding bac* &olar technology i& it& high initial co&t

e&-ecially "hen com-ared to highly &ub&idi&ed grid electricity. +o change thi& &ituation &ome

form of &u--ort i& nece&&ary to encourage thi& technology.,ortunately the 'o(ernment of

)ndia ha& ta*en many &te-& to reduce the end -rice of (ariou& rene"able energy technologie&

including &olar. Ind%an R$n$!a3"$ En$g( D$)$"&1-$n* Ag$n,( 8IREDA% and M%n%s*(

&+ N$! and R$n$!a3"$ En$g( 8MNRE;are the re&-on&ible agencie& for thi& -ur-o&e.

.?.0 M%n%s*( &+ N$! and R$n$!a3"$ En$g( 8MNRE;

+he Mini&try of Ne" and Rene"able nergy co(er& the entire rene"able energy &ector

namely Solar 5ind 6ydro Bioma&& 'eothermal and +idal nergy &ource&. +he function of

the Mini&try i& to -romote the rene"able energy &ector in )ndia. +he other -rime function& of

the Mini&try include re&earch I de(elo-ment of (ariou& rene"able &ource& of energy a& "ell

a& the -romotion and &ub&idy -rogramme& related to them.

26


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.?. Ind%an R$n$!a3"$ En$g( D$)$"&1-$n* Ag$n,( L*d. 8IREDA;

)R/A i& a !ublic imited 'o(ernment om-any e&tabli&hed in 1D8= under the

admini&trati(e control of MNS to -romote de(elo- and e:tend financial a&&i&tance

forrene"able energy and energy efficiency9con&er(ation -ro;ect&. )R/A ha& e(ol(ed into agood acti(e financially &ound and inno(ati(e ,inancial /e(elo-ment Agency for the )ndian

rene"able energy &ector.

T(1$ &+ s(s*$- R&"$ &+ IREDA

'rid connected -o"er -ro;ect& " ,inancing of !ro;ect&

Small &olar -o"er -ro;ect& and roofto- &y&tem&

" ,inancing of !ro;ect&

" 'eneration Ba&ed )ncenti(e

" Monitoring

ff$ grid a--lication& " Soft loan& through ban*& by re$financing

" Monitoring of the &y&tem&

Solar thermal &ector$ S56S " Admini&tration of )ntere&t &ub&idy

&cheme through ban*& 9 financial in&titution&

" ,unding of -ro;ect&

" ,unding through intermediarie&

Solar Manufacturing " Soft loan&

" 5or*ing ca-ital

" Re$financing facility a& -er MNR

Ta3"$ . R&"$ &+ IREDA %n 7NNSM

27


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.?.= Na*%&na" 3an4 +& ua" and ag%,u"*ua" d$)$"&1-$n*8NABARD;

NABAR/i& &et u- a& an a-e: /e(elo-ment Ban* "ith a mandate for facilitating credit flo"

for -romotion and de(elo-ment of agriculture &mall$&cale indu&trie& cottage and (illage

indu&trie& handicraft& and other rural craft&. )t al&o ha& the mandate to &u--ort all other alliedeconomic acti(itie& in rural area& -romote integrated and &u&tainable rural de(elo-ment and

&ecure -ro&-erity of rural area&. )n di&charging it& role a& a facilitator for rural -ro&-erity

NABAR/ i& entru&ted "ith

1. !ro(iding refinance to lending in&titution& in rural area&

2. Bringing about or -romoting in&titutional de(elo-ment and

3. (aluating monitoring and in&-ecting the client ban*&

.@ Su3s%d%$s>

,or !ha&e 1 of the NSM the 'o(ernment of )ndia launched the ff$grid Scheme"ith an

allocated fund of )NR 210 million #X F2.= million% for off$grid a--lication&.+hi& &ub&idy

&cheme com-ri&e& of t"o com-onent&C1. A grant of 30K of the benchmar* ca-ital co&t

2. A &oft loan on 0K of the benchmar* ca-ital co&t "ith an intere&t rate of K -.a.

+hi& benchmar* co&t i& defined annually by the go(ernment. +he benchmar* co&t for off$grid

! -lant& "ith and "ithout &torage &y&tem for the financial year 2012913 i& di&-layed in table

2.3. /e-ending on the category &ho"n in +able 2.G to "hich a &-ecific -ro;ect belong& to

one or both &ub&idy com-onent& can be a--lied.

PV S(s*$- B$n,h-a4 ,&s* /0/:00 Ma. Su3s%d( 8J=/;

W%*h S*&ag$ 300 )NR95- = X95- D0 )NR95- 2.2 X95-

W%*h&u*

S*&ag$ 210 )NR95- .2 X95- =0 )NR95- 1.= X95-

Ta3"$ .=> B$n,h-a4 ,&s* and -a%-u- gan* 3( MNRE

28


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N&

.A11"%,a*%&n S%C$ &+ S(s*$-

A11"%,a3"$

'&-1&n$n*s

1W Ind%)%dua"s

1.

A All a--lication& e:ce-t 1.B Y1 *5- 30K ca-ital &ub&idy-lu& &oft loan #K

-.a.%1.B

!um-& for irrigation and

community drin*ing "ater Y *5-

2W N&n,&--$,%a" $n*%*%$s2.

A All a--lication& e:ce-t 2.B Y 100 *5- -er &ite30K ca-ital &ub&idy

-lu& &oft loan #K

-.a.%2.B

Mini$grid& for rural

electrification Y20 *5- -er &ite

3W Indus*%a":'&--$,%a" $n*%*%$s3.

A All a--lication& e:ce-t 3.B Y 100 *5- -er &ite30K ca-ital &ub&idy

or &oft loan #K

-.a.%3.B

Mini$grid& for rural

electrification Y 20 *5- -er &iteTa3"$ .?> Su3s%d( und$ *h$ O++g%d S,h$-$

ff$grid &y&tem& "hich are im-orted com-letely are not eligible to the funding. Sy&tem

com-onent& ha(e to meet the ) &tandard& or B)S e>ui(alent& gi(en in Anne:ure 3 of the

ff$grid Scheme.

. R$s$a,h M$*h&d&"&g(

2$

F%gu$ . F%nan,%ng Fa-$!&4


43/82

..0 S$,&nda( R$s$a,h

/ecoded NSM did a detailed analy&i& of NNSM by &tudying it& -olicie& to

under&tand the -olicy frame"or* and to e(aluate the (ariou& -ro(i&ion& for &olar

"ater -um-ing in )ndia.

Under&tood the role of MNR )R/A NABAR/ for financing the &olar -um-ing

-ro;ect and to under&tand the mechani&m to a(ail &ub&idy.

Studied the economic condition& agricultural -ractice& to-ology &oil &tructure "ater

re&ource& and "ater le(el in the region of Bundel*hand.

.. P%-a( R$s$a,h>

ontacted -eo-le from MNR )R/A and NABAR/ to get a better under&tanding

of the -olicie& and mechani&m to a(ail &ub&idy and &oft loan.

i&ited field& in bundel*hand #han&i and ad;oining area&% to get -rimary data related

toC

o 5ater head #10$100mt&%

o Soil ty-e #red &oil%

o Agricultural !ractice& # t"o cro-&9year%

o 5ater a(ailability detail&

o 'rid &u--ly -attern#G$Fhr&9day%

+he&e detail& hel-ed u& to cu&tomi?e the &olar "ater -um-ing &y&tem for the &-ecificlocation&.

/id com-arati(e analy&i& of !rimary and &econdary data.

..= E)a"ua*%&n &+ D%++$$n* Bus%n$ss M&d$"s>

+he follo"ing model& "ere ta*en into con&iderationC

!ay$-er$u&e model.

3%


44/82

ea&e bac* model.

Shared channel model.

/irect &ale model.

After e(aluating the (ariou& model& 1a(1$us$ -&d$""a& found to be mo&t (iable and

therefore "a& &elected during the im-lementation &tage.

F%gu$ .= R$s$a,h M$*h&d&"&g(

=. PROSPE'TS FOR SOLAR PUMPING IN BUNDELKHAND REGION

=.0 A3&u* Bund$"4hand>

ften called a& the heartland of )ndia the Bundel*hand Region of central )ndia ha& al"ay&

commanded an eminent -lace all through the )ndian hi&tory. All along it& length and breadth

Bundel*hand i& richly &tudded "ith religiou& centre& hi&torical &ite& monument& fort& etc. )t

boa&t& of a (i(idly dynamic rich and colourful cultural fabric manife&ted by a &-ectacular

di(er&ity in fol* dance& mu&ic &ong& art architecture and of cour&e the fair& and fe&ti(al&.

Bundel*hand lie& bet"een the )ndo$'angetic !lainto the north and theindhya Rangeto the

&outh. )t i& a gently &lo-ing u-land di&tingui&hed by barren hilly terrain "ith &-ar&e(egetation although it "a& hi&torically fore&ted. +he -lain& of Bundel*hand are inter&ected

31
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Range


45/82

by three mountain range& the indhya ,aunaandBanderchain& the highe&t ele(ation not

e:ceeding F00 meter& abo(e &ea$le(el. Beyond the&e range& the country i& further di(er&ified

by i&olated hill& ri&ing abru-tly from a common le(el and -re&enting from their &tee- and

nearly inacce&&ible &car-& eligible &ite& for fort& and &tronghold& of local *ing&. +he general

&lo-e of the country i& to"ard& the northea&t a& indicated by the cour&e of the ri(er& "hich

tra(er&e or bound the territory and finally di&charge them&el(e& into the


46/82

=.0.0 Th$ Bund$"4hand R$g%&n

Admini&trati(ely the region com-ri&e& 13 contiguou& di&trict& (i?. han&i alit-ur alaun

6amir-ur Banda Mahoba and hitra*oot in Uttar !rade&h and Sagar hattar-ur

+i*amgarh !anna /amohand /atia in Madhya !rade&h. A-art from it& rich cultural heritagethe region i& al&o *no"n for it& &ocio$economic bac*"ardne&&. Mo&t of the di&trict& of the

region ha(e been identified a& -oore&t di&trict& of the country by the !lanning ommi&&ion of

the 'o(t. of )ndia.

=.0. T&1&ga1h( and g$&"&g(

Bundel*hand i& an old landma&& com-o&ed of hori?ontal roc*bed& re&ting on a &table

foundation. +he land&ca-e i& rugged featuring undulating terrain "ith lo" roc*y outcro-&narro" (alley& and -lain&. Surface roc*& are -redominantly granite of the o"er !re

ambrian9Archaen -eriod. Some /har"arian and indhayan roc*& -re&ent in the region

contain mineral& of economic (alue. Sand&tone &hale& and lime&tone of high >uality along

"ith /yhe& Sill& and the famou& -in* Archaean gnei&& roc*& are al&o found in -lace&.

=.0.= Na*ua" )$g$*a*%&n and s&%"

+he Bundel*hand region "a& den&ely fore&ted until the late 18

th

century. After the turn of thecentury ri&ing demand& for "ood and agricultural e:-an&ion led to increa&ing le(el& of

defore&tation. !o&t inde-endence -o-ulation gro"th and the emergence of the green

re(olution brought e(en larger tract& of land under the -lough and further increa&ed "ood$

ba&ed energy need&. +he&e factor& combined "ith -oor land management and ruthle&&

go(ernment a--ro(ed commercial logging ha(e dra&tically reduced fore&ted area in the

region. +oday only &mall -atche& of dry mi&cellaneou& and thorn fore&t& com-ri&ed of dha*

tea* mahuachiran;i *hardai dhau *hair thar tree& remain. egetation -rimarily con&i&t& of

&crub fore&t #&iari *atai gun; bel ghout tree&% and &crub bru&h much of it o-en cano-y "ith

large tract& of land cla&&ified a& Z"a&teland&.Z !re(ailing &oil ty-e& are a mi: of blac* and

redL the latter being relati(ely recently formed gra(ely and &hallo" in de-th and thu& unable

to retain moi&ture "ell. Much of the region &uffer& from acute ecological degradation due to

to- &oil ero&ion and defore&tation leading to lo" -roducti(ity of the land. Soil ero&ion i& a

-er&i&tent -roblem that i& aggra(ated by the hilly land&ca-e high "ind& and the -oor >uality

of the &oil& leading to the "ide&-read gro"th of gullie&.

33


47/82

=.0.? '"%-a*$

+he Bundel*hand Region i& mar*ed by e:treme& of tem-erature reaching the mid to u--er

G0& centigrade during the &ummer month& and dro--ing a& lo" a& 1 degree centigrade in

"inter. /uring the &ummer &ea&on high tem-erature& in the -lain cau&e lo" -re&&ure area&that induce mo(ement of the mon&oon. +he tem-erature begin& to ri&e in ,ebruary and -ea*&

in May$une. 6ot bree?e& *no"n locally a& looare common during thi& -eriod.

+he rainfall di&tribution -attern i& irregular "ith a--ro:imately D0K of all rainfall in the

region cau&ed by the mon&oon falling from une to ctober. A(erage rainfall -er year i& 800$

D00mm but mo&t i& lo&t to runoff. uly and Augu&t are the month& of ma:imum rainfall "hile

No(ember and A-ril are the drie&t month& of the year. +he &cant "inter rainfall i& u&eful for

the culti(ation of OrabiJ cro-& but it i& u&ually inade>uate "ithout acce&& to &u--lementary

irrigation &ource&.

=.0.@ P&1u"a*%&n and hu-an d$)$"&1-$n*

+he Bundel*hand region i& characteri?ed by &ome of the lo"e&t le(el& of -er ca-ita income

and human de(elo-ment in the country. iteracy le(el& are -oor e&-ecially among "omen

and infant mortality i& relati(e

claro energy training report

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