city on building sample a hill - my father's world · 2020. 4. 8. · gary demar with fred douglas...

b u i l d i n g a c i t y o n a h i l l

iii

Gary DeMar with Fred Douglas Young and Gary L. Todd

a m e r i c a n v i s i o n

p o w d e r s p r i n g s , g e o r g i a

T o P l e d g e A l l e g i a n c e

Building a City On a Hill

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First Edition, December 1997Revised Edition, January 2005

Copyright © 1997, 2005 by American Vision. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher.

American Vision, Inc.3150-a Florence RoadPowder Springs, Georgia 30127-53851-800-628-9460www.americanvision.org

isbn 0 -915815-51-6

Printed in

Cover painting:N.C. WyethThe Mayflower Compact, 1940Oil with tempera on panelFrom the Collection of the University Museums,Iowa State UniversityCover design: James E. Talmage, JET Studio, Inc., Byron, Georgia


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C O N T E N T S

PPreface / xiFoundations / A Word about Names and Dates / From Reformation to Colonization

17ENGLAND enters the RACE for AMERICA / 163England: Tangled up in Roses / Pushing off to the New World / Good Queen Bess / Sea Dogs Bark, and the Armada Has No Bite / The Pathfinders / Persuading the Queen

18VIRGINIA leads the WAY / 175Roanoke—Founded and Lost / A Family Affair / James Pitches into the New World / Calamity Jamestown / Smith to the Res-cue / A Royal Visit / The Starving Time / Jamestown’s “Lucky Strike” / The First American Legislature / King James Takes Over


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19GOING THEIR SEPARATE WAYS / 195A Reforming of the Reformation / Leave or Cleave? / Put No Confidence in Princes / Going Dutch / The Saints and the Strangers Look Westward / A Leaky Launch / Slowly and Surly / Peril on the High Seas / New Horizons

20CARVING a NEW WORLD SOCIETY / 211The Mayflower Compact / Homecoming / Death’s Grim Harvest / An Indian Spring / Harvest Hurrah / All for One, and None for All / Plymouth Self-Government

21New England’s CITY SET UPON a HILL / 225Charles in Charge / Laud Him or Leave Him / In a League of Their Own / No Kings Attached / On the Road / The Light of the World / A Bible Commonwealth / Massachusetts Body of Liberties / Reading, Writing, and Reformation / Education Goes Public / The Light Dims

22ROGUE ISLAND: Quibbles and Quirks / 243Trouble in Paradise / The Wandering Williams / Separatism Gone Bonkers / Rejecting the Reformation / Rocky Rhode Island / Hearing Voices / A Prophetess Without Honor / The Colony Matures

23SATAN Comes to PARADISE / 259Traitors in their Midst / Witchcraft and Weirdness / Trial by Error / The Clergy to the Rescue / Bewitched or Befuddled? / Setting the Record Straight


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24New England BURSTING at the SEAMS / 271Council for New England / Unfriendly Neighbors / Cutting Loose / Haven on Earth / United States of New England / War-Path Indians / The Dominion of New England / “Apostle to the Indians” / Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

25New Netherland Becomes NEW YORK / 289The Low Lands Reach New Heights / Maintaining a Monopoly / The Middle Ages Comes to America / From Monopoly to Free-dom / A Public Relations Nightmare / A Duke Gets His Own State / Regulations and Rebellion / The Two Jerseys Become One

26QUAKING in PENN’s WOODS / 305Could We Just Get a Little Peace? / Differences make a Differ-ence / Compromise Comes Calling / Paradise Lost / On the War Path / Finding Their Niche / Delaware Up For Grabs

27A Place of Refuge: BUILDING MARYLAND / 321Claiborne and Calvert / Planting the Plantation / Tussles and Toleration / Kicking out King and Calvert / The Last Proprietary Colony

28Virginia: Created in ENGLAND’s IMAGE / 333Virginia Gentlemen / Bishops Need Not Apply / A Head Start for Virginia / Berkeley Goes Berserkly / Taxes, and Plagues, and Indians, Oh My! / Berkeley Gets Egged by Bacon / Stamping out the Fires of Rebellion / Absolute Power Corrupts, Absolutely!


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29Carolina: The LAND of CHARLES / 347A Slow Start / A Foundation is Laid / A New Foundation is Laid / Cracks in the Foundation / Indians, Pirates, and Span-iards Attack

30Georgia: The LAST COLONY / 359A Land In Between / Poor Man’s Land / Making Friends / A Mission Land / An Unhappy Land / The Diversions of War / Salvaging the Colony

Acknowledgments

Glossary

Index


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c h a p t e r s e v e n t e e n

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OldDeluderSatanAct KingPhilip’sWar PennsylvaniaFounded SalemWitchTrials GeorgiaFounded

1647 1649 1675-6 1680 1681 1688 1692 1701 1733 1740-43 CharlesiofEnglandBeheaded FoundingofCharlesTown GloriousRevolution YaleCollegeFounded GreatAwakening

England: Tangled up in RosesFor many years, England had eyed the New World with eager interest. In the fifteenth century, King Henry vii (1485‒1509) of England learned of Columbus’s plan to reach the East by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean when the explorer’s brother, Bar-tholomew, appealed to Henry for money to make the voyage. At the time, the king had problems of his own.

For about thirty years, there had been a constant struggle between the House of Lancaster (whose emblem was a red rose) and the House of York (whose emblem was a white rose) in what was called the War of the Roses. Both of these royal families wanted to rule the country. The conflict finally ended in 1485 when Henry, who was from the House of Lancaster, defeated the forces of King Richard iii of the House of York. As soon as Henry was crowned king in Westminster Abbey, he announced that he was starting a new royal line, the Tudors, which would unite the houses of Lancaster and York. From that moment on, Henry was dedicated to two goals: building up the royal treasury and making his throne secure for his successor.

17C H A P T E R

Henry vii

ENGLAND enters the RACE for AMERICA

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ReignofQueenElizabethiBegins SpanishArmadaDestroyed SigningofMayflowerCompact MassachusettsBayFounded RhodeIslandFounded

1558 1585 1588 1607 1620 1624 1629 1634 1636 1643 FirstRoanoakSettlement Jamestown,VirginiaFounded DutchFoundNewNetherland MarylandFounded FirstRulesofHarvard

Pushing off to the New WorldEven though Henry vii had refused to support Christopher Columbus, he was interested in reports of the Admiral’s voyages. When John Cabot (1450‒1498), an Italian map-maker and navigator, told the king that he could find a passage around the New World to the Indies, Henry was intrigued. Faced with the lure of eastern wealth, Henry decided that sea exploration might be a wise investment.

When Cabot set sail on May 20, 1497, he left without any financial support from Henry. True, the king had agreed to sponsor the voyage, but funding it was a different matter. Cabot left the English shores aboard one tiny vessel with a crew of only eighteen men, including his three sons. John Cabot in London

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The expedition was blessed with smooth sailing and reached the coast of North America on the morning of June 24, 1497.

Like Columbus, Cabot believed that he had sailed to the Indies. He named the place where he landed Newfound-

land and claimed it for England. After briefly exploring its coast, he returned to England in record-breaking time for a small sailing ship—only fifteen days. The entire trip had taken only eleven weeks.

Henry vii was pleased with the results of Cabot’s expedition, but he paid him a mere £10 for his ef-forts and sent him packing on a second expedition in 1498. This time, Cabot set out with five ships loaded with goods and instructions to start a trading post in Japan. One ship returned. Neither Cabot nor the four remaining ships were ever seen again.

When Henry vii died in 1509, he was succeeded

Disappearing without a Trace… AlmostA few years after John Cabot

disappeared into the unknown,

another explorer made his way to

the New World where he captured

57 Indians to take back to Europe.

The captives had a couple of

strange items in their possession:

an Italian sword and a pair of

earrings. It has been suggested

that these items once belonged to

Cabot. If so, the Genoese explorer

probably experienced a nasty run-

in with the natives.

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ReignofQueenElizabethiBegins SpanishArmadaDestroyed SigningofMayflowerCompact MassachusettsBayFounded RhodeIslandFounded

1558 1585 1588 1607 1620 1624 1629 1634 1636 1643 FirstRoanoakSettlement Jamestown,VirginiaFounded DutchFoundNewNetherland MarylandFounded FirstRulesofHarvard

by his second son, Henry viii. Henry’s attention was so focused on his series of wives and producing a male heir that he gave little notice to overseas exploration. After the death of Henry, his daughter Mary took the throne. During her reign, she focused on bringing England back to the Roman Catholic Church.

She attempted to form an al-liance with Catholic Spain by marrying Philip ii (1556‒1598), son

of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles v. With these concerns, and a war with France occupying her time, overseas expeditions were far from her mind.

Good Queen BessIt was under Henry’s other daughter, Elizabeth i,

that England entered the race for a new world empire. When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth became queen. She was twenty-five years old. Elizabeth’s reign was a

long and prosperous one for England; it was a gold-en age for industry, art, literature, and exploration. Her nation, and in particular the members of her court, admired the strength of their shrewd

female monarch, whom they called the Virgin Queen because she never married. She said of herself: “I know I have

the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart … of a king.” The common people affectionately called her “Good Queen Bess.”

Elizabeth’s father and grandfather had left her a full treasury and a secure throne, and England was now strong enough to look beyond her shores. Under Elizabeth, England became the

most powerful Protestant country in Europe.

A Spanish Claim on EnglandDuring the mid-1550s, Philip iiwas

married to Queen Maryiof

England, the daughter of King

Henryviiiand his first wife

Catherine of Aragon. On that

basis, Philip believed that he was

the rightful heir to the English

throne when Mary died.

Henry viii

Philip ii of

Spain

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Frobisher’s

departure

Don’t Bank on ItEnglish explorers were just as con-

vinced as the Spanish and French

that they could find a Northwest

Passage through the New World

to the Orient. Martin Frobisher,

who served under Hawkins and

Drake in several expeditions, was

commissioned by Sir Humphrey

Gilbert, an English soldier,

navigator, and pioneer colonist

in America, to explore the islands

and mainland of North America

in search of a route to China.

After traveling through what later

became known as Hudson Strait,

Frobisher was certain that he

had found his passage—and his

fortune. He returned to England

with two hundred tons of “gold

ore” that turned out to be nothing

more than worthless rock.

Mirror, Mirror on the WallQueen Elizabeth surrounded herself with

flattering courtiers, although she never

married. She was an extremely vain

woman, clothing herself in the most

magnificent, extravagant garments.

She dyed her hair red, plucked her

eyebrows, and painted her face white.

Despite all this pampering, she did

not grow old gracefully. For one thing,

her excessive indulgence in candies like

comfits and marchpane eventually black-

ened her teeth. As she aged, she banned all

mirrors from her court.

Daring and venturesome men such as Sir Francis Drake (c. 1542‒1596), John Hawkins (1532‒1595), and Martin Frobisher (1535‒1595) became known as the Elizabethan Sea Dogs. These men owned private fleets and regularly looted Spanish ships laden with gold and silver, faithfully giving Elizabeth a portion of the plun-der. Drake even raided Spanish colonies in America, a leading source of Spanish wealth. On one expedition in 1572, his plunder included thirty tons of silver seized from a Spanish mule train on the Isthmus of Panama. The queen encouraged Drake to disrupt Spanish dominance of the South American coast. The Spanish ambassador protested that it was wicked for the queen to participate in such theft. Elizabeth angrily denied that she was accountable for the actions of the Sea Dogs. After all, they were not English naval officers, but private citizens!

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city on building sample a hill - my father's world · 2020. 4. 8. · gary demar with fred douglas...

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