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Page 1: Choque (shock) Eléctrico electrico1.pdf · Electric Shock Symptoms A person who has suffered an electric shock may have very little external evidence of injury or may have obvious

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Choque (shock) Eléctrico

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1. Los efectos físicos perceptibles de la corriente eléctrica sobre elcuerpo pueden variar desde una breve sacudida brusca causada porelectricidad estática, por ejemplo después de caminar sobre unaalfombra en un día seco y tocar un objeto metálico, hasta unadescarga letal de una línea de alimentación eléctrica.

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Electricidad estática

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Una apreciable mayoría de accidentes y muertes ocurren en elentorno doméstico, a frecuencias de 50 o 60 Hz y voltajes de220 o 120 volts. Esto no significa que los voltajes mayoressean menos peligrosos, simplemente están presentes enaparatos o líneas de alimentación que por lo general no estánal alcance del público en general, operados por empresas quecuentan con personal debidamente entrenado para teneracceso a ellas.

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Los efectos de una descarga eléctrica[1] sobre el cuerpo humano dependen de la corriente que fluya y de los órganos a través de los cuales fluye. La diferencia entre si lo que causa más daño, o eventualmente la muerte, es el voltaje o la corriente es un tema algo controvertido, pues el voltaje y la corriente están relacionados por la ley de Ohm y no es fácil hacer distinciones como intentaremos aclarar en párrafos posteriores.

[1] También suele utilizarse el término en inglés shock.

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La resistencia eléctrica del cuerpo humano es muy variable y puede alterarse considerablemente durante el paso de una descarga eléctrica, por lo que da lugar a dificultades en la investigación de accidentes. El ingeniero normalmente se expresa en términos del voltaje aplicado, pero el médico tiende más a expresarse en términos de la corriente, aunque el accidente por lo general es el resultado tanto del voltaje como de la corriente.

Una persona de manos callosas y piel dura puede presentar unaresistencia cercana a 1 M entre las manos, pero si suda laresistencia puede llegar a valores inferiores a 100 k. Una personade piel, digamos suave, puede tener una resistencia de cerca de100 k y sudado, puede bajar a alrededor de 1000 .

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Una consideración importante es la trayectoria que sigue la corriente a través del cuerpo, si consideramos que éste se comporta como una solución de electrolitos en un envase de piel. La máxima densidad de flujo de corriente ocurre, por consecuencia, a lo largo de la línea que une los puntos de contacto. A distancias perpendiculares a esta línea la densidad de flujo de corriente disminuye rápidamente, de modo que los órganos más susceptibles de ser afectados son los que se encuentran cercanos a la dirección de máxima densidad de corriente. La mayor parte de los accidentes domésticos se deben a la circulación de corriente entre un brazo, generalmente el derecho en las personas diestras y las piernas. Si el brazo es el izquierdo la situación puede complicarse seriamente si la corriente llega a circular por el corazón,

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1-10 mA Sensación de cosquilleo

10 mA Contracción muscular

20-30 mA La contracción muscular puede producir parálisis respiratoria

70 mA Letal si circula por el corazón durante más de 1 seg.

70-100 mA Fibrilación cardíaca

500 mA Paro cardiaco inmediato: Muerte.

Efectos:

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Máquina de “calambres”

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Límites de voltaje:

• Condiciones normales, ambiente seco: 50 V

• Ambiente húmedo: 25 V

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Zone 1 Usually no reaction effectsZone 2 Usually no harmful physiological effectsZone 3 Usaully no organic damage to be expected. Likelihood of muscular contraction and difficulty in breathing,reversible disturbances of formation and conduction of impulse in the heart and transient cardiac arrest without ventricular fibrillation increases with current magnitude and time.Zone 4 In addition to the effects of Zone 3, probability if ventricular fabriliation increased upto 5% (curve C 2) upto 50%(curve C 3) and above 50% beyond curve C 3. It increases with magnitude and time, and pathophysiological effects such as cardiac arrest, breathing arrest and heavy burns may occur.

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Macrochoque:

La corriente a través de la piel intacta y a través del cuerpo.

Corriente de brazo o mano a brazo o mano.

Corriente de brazo a pie o rodilla.

Mucho más peligrosa que la corriente entre una pierna y tierra

Para un macrochoque la corriente debe circular en el interior del cuerpo a través de la piel.

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Un desfibrilador es un aparato que hace circular una corriente de corta duración, de varios amperes, en la proximidad del corazón, causando la contracción súbita de éste para hacerlo regresar a un funcionamiento normal

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Desfibriladores

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CPR involves chest compressions at a rate of at least 100 per minute in an effort to create artificial circulation by manually pumping blood through the heart. In addition the rescuer may provide breaths by either exhaling into their mouth or utilizing a device that pushes air into the lungs. The process of externally providing ventilation is termed artificial respiration. Current recommendations place emphasis on high quality chest compressions over artificial respirations and a method involving only chest compressions is recommended for untrained rescuers.

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La letalidad de un shock eléctrico depende de varias variables:

1. Corriente: A mayor corriente mayor riesgo.

2. Duración: A mayor duración, mayor riesgo.

3. Trayectoria: Si la corriente fluye a través de corazón el riesgo es mayor

4. Voltaje.

5. Frecuencia

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Quemaduras

Un efecto frecuente del choque eléctrico son las quemaduras, que se producen en los puntos de contacto con la fuente de energía eléctrica. Los puntos de contacto más frecuentes son las manos, talones o plantas de los pies y la cabeza.

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Other issues affecting lethality are frequency, which is an issue in causing cardiac arrest or muscular spasms, and pathway—if the current passes through the chest or head there is an increased chance of death. From a main circuit or power distribution panel the damage is more likely to be internal, leading to cardiac arrest.

The comparison between the dangers of alternating current and direct currenthas been a subject of debate ever since the War of Currents in the 1880s.It is sometimes suggested that human lethality is most common with alternating current at 100–250 volts; however, death has occurred below this range, with supplies as low as 32 volts. Shocks above 2700 volts are often fatal, with those above 11000 volts being usually fatal. Shocks with voltages over 40,000 volts are almost invariably fatal. However, Harry F. Mcgrew came into direct contact with a 340,000 volt transmission line in Huntington Canyon, Utah, and survived. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, this is the largest known electric shock that was survived. Brian Latasa also survived a 230,000 volt shock in Griffith Park, Los Angeles, according to Guinness.

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Electric Shock SymptomsA person who has suffered an electric shock may have very little external evidence of injury or may have obvious severe burns. The person could even be in cardiac arrest. Burns are usually most severe at the points of contact with the electrical source and the ground. The hands, heels, and head are common points of contact.

In addition to burns, other injuries are possible if the person has been thrown clear of the electrical source by forceful muscular contraction. Consideration should be given to the possibility of a spine injury. The person may have internal injuries especially if he or she is experiencing any shortness of breath, chest pain, or abdominal pain.

Pain in a hand or foot or a deformity of a part of the body may indicate a possible broken bone resulting from the electric shock.

In children, the typical electrical mouth burn from biting an electric cord appears as a burn on the lip. The area has a red or dark, charred appearance.

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Look first. Don't touch. The person may still be in contact with the electrical source. Touching the person may pass the current through you.

Turn off the source of electricity if possible. If not, move the source away from both you and the injured person using a dry, nonconducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.

Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately.

Prevent shock. Lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk, if possible, and the legs elevated.

Cover the affected areas. If the person is breathing, cover any burned areas with a sterile gauze bandage, if available, or a clean cloth. Don't use a blanket or towel, because loose fibers can stick to the burns.

Medidas de urgencia

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