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Electric Shock Electric Shock DrowningDrowning

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DrowningDrowning——

A Silent KillerA Silent Killer

Electric Shock DrowningElectric Shock Drowning

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Thanks to the Wisconsin Marine Thanks to the Wisconsin Marine Association for the invitation to Association for the invitation to

present todaypresent today


Edward Edward "Ed""Ed" LethertLethert

Electric Shock Drowning Electric Shock Drowning Safety SpecialistSafety Specialist

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Member of the Member of the Electric Shock DrowningElectric Shock DrowningPrevention AssociationPrevention Association


Lake Minnetonka BoaterLake Minnetonka Boater

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Member of the U S Power Squadrons and Member of the U S Power Squadrons and the Minnetonka the Minnetonka Power SquadronPower Squadron

MtkaMtka PS PS has won the has won the 2016 2016 Boat U.S. National Boat U.S. National Civic Distinguished Service AwardCivic Distinguished Service Award


District 10 Electric Shock Drowning District 10 Electric Shock Drowning Awareness Initiative for 2016Awareness Initiative for 2016

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Awareness Initiative for 2016Awareness Initiative for 2016Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan UPMinnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan UP


Questions and comments Questions and comments always welcomealways welcome

Available after presentation toAvailable after presentation to

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Available after presentation to Available after presentation to address additional address additional questionsquestions

Available on web siteAvailable on web site

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James D. ShaferJames D. ShaferAcreditedAcredited Marine SurveyorMarine Surveyor

Began investigating Began investigating marine leakage marine leakage currents currents in in 19991999


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IAEI NEWS July-August 2007


USCG / ABYC – October 2008

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FPRC Foundation - November 2014 FPRC Foundation - October 2015

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Boating Magazine - May 2013

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ESD is getting a lot more attention in both ESD is getting a lot more attention in both television and print mediatelevision and print media

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WCCOWCCO--TV CH 4, 10 PM News, June TV CH 4, 10 PM News, June 28, 201628, 2016

UK Daily Mail, UK Daily Mail, May 21, 2016May 21, 2016

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Lost to ESDLost to ESD

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Marcus Colburn, age 21, died on Father’s Day, June 21, 2015 as a result of ESD


March 27, 2016

Electric shock in pool kills man, injures 5 kids

A f th i d d d hi d ht


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A father is dead and his daughter is hospitalized in critical condition after suffering an electric shock in a Palm Springs swimming pool on Easter Sunday

Four others were treated and released and a fifth remains hospitalized in stable condition


April 16, 2016

Carmen Johnson15-year-old girl drowns at Smith Lake, Alabama


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Coroner: Electrocution may have caused Priceville cheerleader's drowning, along with a 2nd injury and 2 more near-deaths

Family members had earlier reported feeling tingling sensations in the water


June 17, 2016Donna Berger

53-year-old mom dies while rescuing her son at Lake Chickamauga, Tennessee


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Chickamauga, Tennessee

Randy Freeney

74-year-old man dies while helping mom who was rescuing her son at Lake Chickamauga , Tennessee

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July 21, 2016

Dakota Watkins

24-year-old man dies while working on


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boathouse electrical wiring at Harveys Lake, Pennsylvania


September 3, 2016

Rachel Rosoff

17-year-old lifeguard drowns in North Carolina


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swimming pool

Fault in pump motor and broken ground connection resulted in death. Person attempting rescue reported feeling tingling sensations when trying to enter the water


ESD "Near Misses" ESD "Near Misses" −− May 2016

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ESD ESD IncidentsIncidents

84 Known Incidents and

49 "Near miss" Incidents

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49 Near miss Incidents

as of 02-02-17

Approximately 50% dock

wiring issues and 50%

boat wiring issues


It is believed that the actual number of ESD fatalities is much higher than reported or documented, possibly hundreds more

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Paralysis resulting from small electric currents passing through the body is generally not recognizable post-mortem as the cause of a drowning


Water and ElectricityWater and Electricity

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A Dangerous MixA Dangerous Mix

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Shore Power


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Boat Lifts


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Fountains


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Lighting

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Aerators


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"Weed Eaters"


Use of electric power at docks on lakes and rivers has increased exponentially in recent years.And yet…

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Few are even remotely aware of Electric Shock Drowning…

Say WHAT?

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… or the need for important precautions

Question to Lakeshore Property Owner:"Is the circuit that powers your electrically operated boat lift protected

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y p pby a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter?"

Response:

"I have no idea."

The NEC has required GFCI protection outdoors since 1971, in boathouses since 1987, and for boat hoists since 2005


Cultural Wall in the BrainCultural Wall in the BrainWater + ElectricityWater + Electricity

Indoors?Indoors?Be Safe!Be Safe!

OutdoorsOutdoors??

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What isWhat is ESD?ESD?

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What is What is ESD?ESD?


ESD is a unique form of drowning caused by the presence of AC electrical currents in freshwater lakes, rivers, pools, ponds…

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The current can flow through the body of a living being immersed in the electrically charged water


The current, where sufficiently intense, can paralyze the body's skeletal muscles, inhibiting the ability to swim or move one's limbs (i e electrically induced cramp)

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limbs (i.e. electrically induced cramp)

The outcome in many cases is the drowning death of an otherwise healthy individual


Depending on the magnitude, thru-the-body AC currents can:

1. Paralyze skeletal muscles

2. Cause respiratory paralysis

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2. Cause respiratory paralysis (shut down the lungs)

3. Initiate ventricular fibrillation

4. Cause full cardiac arrest (electrocution)


A victim in electrically charged water …

May become partially or totally disabled

May or may not call for help

May or may not remain conscious

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May or may not remain conscious

May or may not remain on the surface

May make situation worse while seeking a 'safe haven' by moving toward the source of the current, rather than away, from it


"The Electric Shock Drowning of Samantha Chipley"

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Article by Attorney B. Clark Batten II

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Electric Shock Drowning is not the same as death by electrocution, which usually results from direct contact with energized metal objects or surfaces

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In-water electrocutions are included in ESDPA statistics because they are the result of the same set of electrical conditions that cause an ESD fatality


Medical research has determined that an AC current of just 10 mA passing through the human body is sufficient to cause

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the human body is sufficient to cause muscular paralysis and is considered by the ESDPA as the threshold for a possible ESD incident


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A 60 watt, 120 volt incandescent light bulb draws 500 milliamperes of current… 50 times more than the 10 mA that can paralyze an individual in the water


In-Water Through-Leakage BodyCurrent Current

ESD is a Fresh Water Phenomenon

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Salt Water 6 Amps 1.1 mA

Fresh Water 0.3 Amps 23.8 mA

1/20th the leakage current ― 20 times the body current


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What about pets and other critters?


Animals are not immune to the effects of these in-water currents

ESD has claimed family pets that have entered electrically charged waters

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y g

andFamily members have fallen victim to ESD when they enter the water in an attempt to rescue the pet

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A Terrible ESD Tragedy in 2012

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Blackfoot, Idaho


A Terrible ESD Tragedy

Friday Aug 31, 2012

Track coach [woman], two men [one a relative], one dog [family pet] electrocuted in Idaho irrigation canal

Another family member attempting a rescue was shocked

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but survived

Police say: "The electrified canal could have killed more"

They [canal experts] say it is virtually impossible to know if water is electrified by sight or sound

Idaho Power shut off the power in the area so rescuers could recover the bodies


Is ESD aIs ESD aGrowingGrowing

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Growing Growing Problem?Problem?


Increase in the use of electrically operated equipment in and around recreational and non-recreational waters

Increase in Do-It-Yourself electrical work

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Increase in Do It Yourself electrical work by unqualified and untrained individuals

Use of non-approved materials, wiring methods and equipment on docks and boats


This connector was miswired by a boat owner and resulted in the ESD death ofboth his wife and daughter

L2 (HOT)

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Ground"GR"


Speaks (Badly) for Itself

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Lack of electrical inspections[ initial and recurring ]

Lack of monitoring for dangerous diti i d d th t

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conditions in and around the water

Vessels connected to shore power without basic checks to verify correct wiring


Postponing of repairs due to cost or availability of downtime (docks, boats, etc.)

L k f d t di f

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Lack of awareness or understanding of the danger by the general public

Less caution exercised by the general public


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What Creates the What Creates the Shock HazardShock Hazard

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Shock Hazard Shock Hazard Condition?Condition?


In-the-water shock hazards• may already exist• can occur suddenly• can continue indefinitely

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ywithout any indication or warningwherever shore-powered AC electrical equipment is located in, on, over, or near the water


The ESD condition in marinas can be caused by faulty equipment or wiring in or on …

The marina/dock electrical system


The marina/dock electrical system

One or more boats' electrical systems

Electrically operated boat lifts, lighting, etc.

60

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Similar conditions can exist or occur at private docks where electric equipment and wiring are installed and faults exist

The dock electrical system


The dock electrical system

Boat lifts, lights, receptacles, extension cords, etc.

Electrics at neighboring dock(s)

61


Two things must occur in order to

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produce dangerous levels of electrical current in the water


1st — there must be some form of electrical fault (hot to ground) at some point in the AC system or AC powered equipment (on the dock or on a boat)

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equipment (on the dock or on a boat)

2nd — There has to be a failure of the equipment grounding conductor or path(on the dock or on a boat)


High level fault currents will flow back th h th f t d d t if

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through the safety ground conductor — if present — and trip the circuit breaker

Low level fault currents will flow back through the safety ground conductor but will NOT trip the circuit breaker


AC Grnd Bus

Dock Xfmr Dock

Shore PowerOutlet

Boat Shore Power Inlet

FaultL1

N

Shore Cord

Boat

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AC Grnd Bus

DC Neg Bus


AC Grnd Bus

Dock Xfmr Dock

Shore PowerOutlet


L1

N

Shore Cord

Boat

Fault

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AC Grnd Bus

DC Neg Bus

Harmless in-water current

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An ESD condition in the water is caused, in part, by an electrical fault current that is too small to trip the circuit breaker

This is referred to as an 'undetected' fault

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An undetected fault can continue for long periods of time, even indefinitely[ unless GFCI or ELCI protection is installed ]

There are many possible fault scenarios


When a fault exists and the safety ground is missing or ineffective, the only fault current path is through water

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Dangerous levels of alternating current could now be flowing in the water


AC Grnd Bus

Dock Xfmr Dock

Shore PowerOutlet


L1

N

Shore Cord

Boat

No Ground

Fault

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AC Grnd Bus

DC Neg Bus


No Ground

AC Grnd Bus

Dock Xfmr Dock

Shore PowerOutlet


L1

N

Shore Cord

Boat

Fault

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AC Grnd Bus

DC Neg Bus

No Bond


No Ground

Motor Frame

Panel Board Shore

PowerOutlet

Dock Power Outlet

L1

N

PowerCord

Boat Lift Motor

Fault


No Bond

71

Motor Frame

Lift Frame


AC Grnd Bus

Dock Xfmr Dock

Shore PowerOutlet


L1

N

Shore Cord

Boat

No Ground

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AC Grnd Bus

DC Neg Bus

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Motor Frame

Panel Board Shore

PowerOutlet

Dock Power Outlet

L1

N

PowerCord

Boat Lift Motor

No Ground

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Motor Frame

Lift Frame


A person finding themselves in such waters may experience a dangerous AC current passing through their body

If this current through the body is high

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If this current through the body is high enough—10 or more milliamps—paralysis or worse is possible, even likely

The result is often the inability to remain afloat, followed by drowning


On-board generators and inverters, as a general case, do not create an ESD hazard

h th b t i

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when the boat is operating on the water and is not connected to a shore-based grounded electrical supply or other off-boat systems or equipment


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There are exceptions — such as a boat sharing AC electrical power with another boat while rafting or beached


Direct Current (DC) is generally not a concern, although it can be a fire or burn hazard under certain conditions

The primary electrical systems aboard boats are typically 12 or 24 volts DC

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yp y

It takes from 2 to 5 times as much DC to cause the same bodily effect as the equivalent AC

The heart is far more susceptible to disruption or injury by AC than by DC


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Charles F. Dalziel, Deleterious Effects of Electric Shock

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Battery Powered Boat Lift w/ Solar Charger


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Battery Powered Dock Lights w/ Solar Chargers


Signs That There Is Signs That There Is or Could Beor Could Be

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—— or Could Be or Could Be ——A Serious ProblemA Serious Problem


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Electrical safety goals must include

Enforceable safety standards

Quality and skilled workmanship

Inspection by competent authority

E

Q

I

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p y p y

Recurring inspection

Continuous monitoring

Routine testing and maintenance

EDUCATION OF THE PUBLIC

R

C

R

E

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AwarenessAwareness

Electric Shock Drowning Electric Shock Drowning Prevention AssociationPrevention Association

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AwarenessAwareness

PreventionPrevention

Founded on July 15th 2011Founded on July 15th 2011


EducationEducation

Electric Shock Drowning Electric Shock Drowning Prevention AssociationPrevention Association

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EducationEducation

MitigationMitigation


Proactive EDUCATION includes

Warning signs

Informational brochures

Safety guidelines

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y g

Emergency response protocols

Marina staff training

Marina customer education

Education of the general public


NO SWIMMING OFF OF BOATS OR

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Minnetonka Power SquadronIsland Facility, Lake Minnetonka

OR DOCKS


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Tonka Bay Marina, Lake Minnetonka


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Harbor Cove Marina, Duluth, MN03/25/2009

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Proactive MITIGATION is essential for

those in the water unintentionally

the uninformed

the misinformed

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the misinformed

the disbelieving

those careless regarding their well-being and the well-being of others

trespassers


FPRC Foundation - January 2017

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A Terrible ESD Tragedy in 2012

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National National ElectricalElectrical

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Electrical Electrical CodeCode


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ABYC E-11NFPA 70 — NEC

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Marina Power

Shore Cord

NFPA 302NFPA 303


Ground fault protection for marinas, thus for shore power service to boats, was added to the 2011 National Electrical Code

MAIN FEEDER BRANCH(Pedestal)

… or … … or …

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555.3 Ground-Fault Protection. The main overcurrentprotective device that feeds the marina shall have ground-fault protection not exceeding 100 mA. Ground-fault protection of each individual branch or feeder circuit shall be permitted as a suitable alternative.

100 mA 100 mA 100 mA


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2017 National Electrical Code

1

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2

3


Docks for one-family, two-family, and multifamily dwellings are now subject to Article 555.

1

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Docks for one-family, two-family, and multifamily dwellings were exempted from Article 555 by the 2002 NEC


Ground-fault protection not exceeding 30 mArequired at all circuit breakers [ except for those circuits that are limited to 5 mA ]

2

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… or … … or …MAIN FEEDER BRANCH(Pedestal)

… and … … and …

Ground-fault protection not exceeding 30 mArequired at all circuit breakers


100 mA 100 mA 100 mA

109

555.3 Ground-Fault Protection. The overcurrent protective devices that supply the marina, boatyards, and commercial and noncommercial docking facilities shall have ground-faultprotection not exceeding 30 mA. Ground-fault protection of each individual branch or feeder circuit shall be permitted as a suitable alternative.

30 mA 30 mA 30 mA


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Alternative ground fault protection for marinas, thus for shore power service to boats, does notcomply with the 2017 National Electrical Code


G‐FMON

G‐FMON

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Adjustable 30 mAAdjustable Feeds Multiple Outlets

FEEDER BRANCH(Pedestal)

30 mA

MAIN

Adjustable

G‐FMON

Feeds Single Outlet


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i


Warning Signs required stating"WARNING - POTENTIAL SHOCK HAZARD -ELECTRICAL CURRENTS MAY BE PRESENT IN THE WATER."

3

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Stricter requirements have been or are being enacted in some states

West Virginia

Tennesee

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Tennesee

Kentucky

Missouri

Arkansas


Testing for ESDTesting for ESD

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Testing for ESDTesting for ESD


There are electrical tests that can be performed on a regular basis to:

• Identify and evaluate existing conditions

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Identify and evaluate existing conditions

• Identify actions required to reduce or minimize (but not necessarily eliminate) the risk of in-water shock hazards


These tests requires specialized testing equipment and training

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GroundGround--Fault Fault

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ProtectionProtection


On-Boat ELCI (30 mA Trip)

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Required on boats built after 12-31-2012


Ground fault (GFCI) protection required for h i t b t ith d ti

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shore power service to boats with adoption of the 2011 National Electrical Code


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Ground Fault Protection in Pedestals


Ground-fault (GFCI) protection required for 125V, 15 and 20 amp receptacle outlets:

Located Outdoors (1971) (Res)

Boat Houses (1987) (Res)

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( ) ( )

Boat Hoists – incl hardwired (2005) (Res)

Marinas and boatyards (2002)

The standard for GFCIs require monthly testing of GFCI receptacles and GFCI circuit breakers

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Ground Fault Protection

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Class A GFCI Breaker (5 mA Trip)


Ground Fault Protection

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Class A GFCI Receptacle (5 mA Trip)


In-Line ELCI

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(30 mA Trip)


When Is It "When Is It "SafeSafe" to " to

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Go Into the Water?Go Into the Water?


'Safe' is defined in Noah Webster's 1828 Dictionary as

1. Free from danger of any kind

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g y

2. Free from hurt, injury or damage

5. Placed beyond the power of doing harm


The term "safe" to enter the water can be misleading and should never be used in the context of water safety where electric equipment and wiring are installed

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equipment and wiring are installed

The phrase "degree of risk" would be more suitable and avoids any inference that absolute safety is assured

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When is the risk of ESD "very low"?

The Electric Shock Drowning Prevention Association recommends maintaining a minimum distance of 150 feet from all AC

l t i l i t d i i

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electrical equipment and wiring

This separation should reduce the risk of an ESD accident to a very low level for any in-the-water recreational and non-recreational activities


150 feet

Electric Shock Drowning Prevention Association

Electrical equipment or wiring


Very Low Risk of ESD Accident

Conditions are always subject to change134


Risk increases as one approaches closer that 150 ft


Known condition / Change always a possibility

Very Low Risk Very High

Risk

135


10 feet

Electrical equipment or wiring

Electric Shock Drowning Prevention Association


Very High Risk of ESD

Accident

Conditions are always subject to change136


July 4, 2014Lake of the Ozarks, MO, 7 mile marker

Several people were swimming at a private dock when they started feeling tingles. Turning off the power at the dock did not

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solve the problem. A contractor found an electrical short at an abandoned boat ramp about 100 yards away. The power was disconnected and the electricity [tingles] in the water ceased.

"Near Miss" Case No. 5


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Sutton Lake Marina, Sutton, WV

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It might be considered "low risk" to enter the water (for inspection, maintenance and repair purposes) where ALL nearby shore power and dock equipment is

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switched off, and locked off, at the power source

This would include securing ALL nearby on-board generators and inverters


A RecommendationA Recommendation

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A RecommendationA Recommendation


A Proposed Minimum Requirement

All facilities, from the largest marina to the smallest residential dock, should have

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instructions posted in a conspicuous location that indicate where and how to disconnect the power to all equipment in, on, over, or near the water


A Proposed Minimum Requirement

Marinas should have an emergency response plan and all staff should be familiarized with that plan and trained in

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familiarized with that plan and trained in proper response procedures

Marinas should familiarize their customers with ESD hazards along with other items of importance


Responding to an ESD incident

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Responding to an ESD incident


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Remember & Remind:In-the-water shock hazards can exist—or occur suddenly

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without notice or warning—wherever shore-powered AC electrical equipment is located in, on, over, or near the water!


The Cardinal Rule:DO NOT enter the water in the vicinity of shore powered

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watercraft or equipment, for any reason — EVER!Stay at least 150 feet away from all electrical equipment and wiring !


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EPO Switch for Marinas and Docks?


"That’s a great idea to have an emergency pushbutton at all docks with electricity, …

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Mike Holt, Electrical Trainer, Consultant, Author, Publisher

Private communication – 05-30-2016


"That’s a great idea to have an emergency pushbutton at all docks with electricity, better yet NO a/c power on any boat dock!"

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better yet, NO a/c power on any boat dock!

"I would NEVER put ac power on my boat dock and I don’t have a pool light in my pool."

Mike Holt, Electrical trainer, Consultant, Author, Publisher

Private communication – 05-30-2016

Recommended for private docks


More InformationMore Information

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More InformationMore Information

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www.electricshockdrowningmn.com

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ELECTRIC SHOCK DROWNING PREVENTION ASSOCIATION

www.electricshockdrowning.org

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Electric Shock Drowning Resource Center

www.boatus.com/seaworthy/ESD.asp


Questions ?Questions ?


Questions ?Questions ?

154

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