child psychology module 1 intro
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Child & Adolescent DevelopmentIntroductionModule 1No Pictures
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Study guides and syllabus:
Slides will be posted on SlideShare: http://www.slideshare.net/professorjcc
IntroductionTurn to the person next to you and describe a favorite childhood memory. How old were you?Why is it your favorite memory?
Why?Stories of Ted Kaczynski & Alice WalkerChild genius becomes social misfit & murderer. Impoverished & painful childhood leads to creativity & award-winning publications.Why ?
Why Is Caring For Children Important?
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Audreyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90HhZ-pyC2Y
Emmanuel Kellyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuKl4QoHoJY
Child DevelopmentWhat are the benefits of studying Child Development?What issues might occur if people are unaware of how a child develops?HomeSchoolSociety
Child DevelopmentImportance of studying developmentImproving childrens liveshealth & well-beingchild educationLearning better parentingBetter social policies affecting children
Child DevelopmentHealth & well-beingDoes a poor diet affect a childs ability to learn?Premature infantsMassage therapy can facilitate weight gain.Why?
Child DevelopmentParentingChanging family patternsGay parentsMore working parentsIncreased use of day-care How do they influence child development?Which is preferred home or day-care?
Child DevelopmentEducationParents taking a greater role in education of their childrenAsking questions about curriculumWhy has this changed?
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT1.2
Child DevelopmentSociocultural Contexts & DiversityWhere development occursInfluenced byCultureEthnicitySocioeconomic StatusGender
(See chart)
Development Influenced by:
Biological, Cognitive, & Socioemotional DevelopmentHuman development combination of:Physical DevelopmentPhysical changes in a personCognitive DevelopmentChanges in thought, intelligence, & languagePsychosocial DevelopmentChanges in personality, emotions, relationships
What Characterizes Development?
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PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT1.3
Periods of DevelopmentDevelopmental period Time frame in a persons life that is characterized by certain features
What Characterizes Development?
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Periods of DevelopmentPrenatal periodConception to birth InfancyBirth - 18 or 24 mo.'s Early childhoodEnd of infancy to age 5 or 6Middle and late childhood6 - 11 yrs. of age
What Characterizes Development?
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Periods of DevelopmentAdolescenceTransition from childhood - early adulthoodApproximately 10 - 12 to 18 - 22 yearsEarly adulthoodLate teens or early twenties through the thirties
Historical development1.4
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT600 yrs. agoMiniature adultsProper etiquette Adult work at 7 yrs.6 yrs. May be sent to learn a tradeLocke, 1600sTabula rasaBlank slateBehavioral viewpoint
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTRousseau, 1700sInnate goodnessLet them develop naturally w/o adult interferenceDarwin, 1800sTheory of evolutionNatural selectionPass on genes
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTHall & Gesell, mid 1800s- early 1900s1st Child development Field of studyMaturationHuman timetable for growth
Theories of DevelopmentTheories on child development Psychoanalytic perspectiveLearning perspectiveCognitive perspectiveBiological & ecological perspectives
Theoretical foundations1.5
Sigmund Freud Erik EriksonPsychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalytic PerspectiveFreud
Psychoanalytic theoriesFreud born 1856 1939, AustrianTheory developed in early 1900sBehavior affected byUnderlying emotionsUnconscious mind What Characterizes Development?
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Psychoanalytic PerspectiveFreud
Freuds StagesOral: Birth to 18 months
Anal: 18 months to 3 years
Phallic: 3 to 6 years(Oedipus complex)
Latency: 6 years to puberty
Genital: Puberty onwardWhat Characterizes Development?Psychoanalytic Perspective
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Personality DevelopmentSigmund Freud
Personality developed around 3 componentsId Unconscious instinctsInfantsEgo Executive branch of mind, deals with realityAges 2 3 Conscious awareness beginsSuperegoMoral branch of mind, ones conscienceAges 3 6
Psychoanalytic PerspectiveEriksonFreud Childhood most importantErikson Change occurs throughout life
What Characterizes Development?
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Psychoanalytic PerspectiveEriksonPsychosocial theory (Eric Erikson)German, 1902 - 19948 stagesEach stageUnique crisis to resolveDevelopmental task
Psychoanalytic Perspective EriksonInitiative vs. guiltGenerativity vs. stagnationEarly childhoodIntegrity vs. despairIntimacy vs. isolationIndustry vs. inferiorityAutonomy vs. shame and doubtInfancy: 1 to 3 yearsMiddle adulthoodLate adulthoodMiddle and late childhoodEarly adulthoodTrust vs. mistrustInfancy: 1st year of lifeIdentity vs. identity confusionAdolescence
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Psychoanalytic Perspective EriksonLearn from Eriksons stages:Nurture infants to:Develop trustEncourage & monitor autonomyEncourage initiativeFreedom to explore their worldPromote industry in elementary yearsNurture motivation for mastery & curiosityStimulate adolescent identity explorationSelf-explorationCaring for Children
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Learning Theory Pavlov Watson Skinner Bandura
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
Behaviorism Development is observable Behavior learned from experiencesReinforced or punishedScientific measurements possible
Caring for Children
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Learning PerspectiveClassical Conditioning, 1901I. Pavlov, Russian physiologist, 1849 - 1936Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce response originally produced by another stimulusDogs salivated to foodPairing food with bell produces salivationSound of bell will produce salivation without foodCaring for Children
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Pavlov Cont.Serendipity Noticed dogs salivated before food presentedSounded bell before feeding dogsDogs salivated at sound of bell whether food or not.Ringing a bell alone would not ordinarily produce salivation.Classical conditioning has been demonstrated in all species.8/29/201639
Stimulus Response Learning8/29/201640
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
Classical conditioningJ. Watson, American, 1878 - 1958Experiment: Little Albert & white ratGeneralizing fear as an involuntary responseCaring for Children
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Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
Operant ConditioningB.F. Skinner, American, 1904 - 1990Consequences of behavior Change probability of behaviors occurrenceUse of punishments & rewardsShapes behavior & development
Behavioral and Social Cognitive TheoriesSocial Cognitive TheoryA. Bandura, American, 1925 - Observational learningModeling ImitationBehavior, environment, & cognition Key factors in developmentFather aggressiveEffect development?Caring for Children
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Bandura
Bandura4 stepsAttention- Most important infoRetention-Translate into something can rememberReproduction-Appropriate behaviorMotivation-Reinforced?
Cognitive PerspectivePiaget
Cognitive TheoriesPiaget Born in Switzerland 1896 - 1980Cognitive development theoryChildren actively construct their understanding of the world4 stages of cognitive developmentCaring for Children
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Cognitive Development TheoryPiagetSallys Pretty Cat FartedBirth to 2 yrsSensorimotorUses senses and motor skills, items known by use; object permanence 2 - 7 yrsPre-operationalSymbolic thinking, language used; egocentric thinking, imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers7 - 11 yrsConcrete operationalLogic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications11 yrs onFormal operationalThinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored
Caring for Children
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I Information Processing Theory
Sensory information
economicshistoryreligionculture
scienceliterature
Information is taken into brainInformation gets processed, analyzed, and stored until useRETRIEVALInformation is used as basis of behaviors and interactions
INPUT
math
STORAGE
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CONTEXUAL PERSPECTIVE
Bronfenbrenner
Bioecological TheoryU. Bronfenbrenner (1917- 2005)Focus on nurtureChild is affected by context in which they live.GovernmentSchoolsHealth SchoolsSocial
Bronfenbrenners Bio-Ecological ModelThe microsystem - immediate surroundings: parents, school, friends, etc.The mesosystem - relationships among the entities involved in the child's microsystem: parents' interactions with teachers, a school's interactions with the daycare providerThe exosystem - social institutions which affect children indirectly: the parents' work settings and policies, extended family networks, mass media, community resourcesThe macrosystem - broader cultural values, laws and governmental resourcesThe chronosystem - changes which occur during a child's life, both personally, like the birth of a sibling and culturally, like the Iraqi war.
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Bioecological TheoryMicrosystem: Individual helps form (Inside Group)Includes family, peers, school, & neighborhood.
Mesosystem: Interrelationship between microsystems Family to school experiences
Bioecological TheoryExosystem: Links between a social setting (no control)& Individual's immediate context. Child's influenced, mother's workRequiring travel, might cause conflict with husband & change interaction with child.
Bioecological TheoryMacrosystem: Culture in which individuals live. Developing & industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, & ethnicity.
India: Millions live this way
Bioecological TheoryChronosystem: Patterning of environmental events & transitions over life, as well as sociohistorical (how society is affected by history) Divorces
Ecological Map
Your influences in life?
BiologicalPerspectiveNoted Ethologists:
LorenzBowlby
Ethological Theory
Ethology (Comparative Psychology) Examines: Origins or causes of behavior Evolutionary Psychologists use this information to attempt to compare our behavior to other species Behavior strongly influenced by biologyTied to evolutionCharacterized by critical or sensitive periods
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Bowlby
Ethological theory Behavior influenced by biologyCritical (sensitive) periods for learningLorenz experiment: ImprintingAttached to 1st object moving object seenBowlby: Attachment to caretaker important 1st yr of lifeAffects entire lifeCan be + or -Caring for Children
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DYNAMIC SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE
Focuses on interaction of:
DYNAMIC SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE
Contemporary approachMicrodevelopmentFocus is on howHow can the boy stand?
What allows child to pull self up to stand?
What About Happiness?