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Human DiseasesA Systemic Approach
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
CHAPTER
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Introduction to Disease
1
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Chapter 1Multimedia Asset Directory
Slide 9Diagnosis Video
Slide 10PET Scans Animation
Slide 14Taking Vital Signs Video
Slide 15Taking Patient History Video
Slide 21 Immunity Video
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Learning Objectives
• Define disease and disease-related terms
• Define and discuss the manifestations of disease
• Define terms used to describe disease
• Explain diagnosis of disease
• Define and discuss the chief causes of disease
• Identify risk factors related to disease
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Disease
• Homeostasis – all cells, tissues, organs, and systems work to maintain equilibrium
• Physiology
• Disease – disequilibrium
• Pathophysiology – study of the physiological processes leading up to disease
• Pathology – study of disease in general
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Table 1-1: Ten Leading Causes of Death, 2004, U.S.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Table 1-2: Major Causes of Disease
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Manifestations of Disease
• Signs are objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or respiratory rate, fever, sweating, and pallor
• Symptoms are subjective indications of disease reported by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching. Certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently in some diseases and their combination is referred to as a syndrome.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Diagnosis
• Nature of a disease
• Includes signs and symptoms
• Syndrome – signs and symptoms occur concurrently
Diagnosis
Signs Symptoms
Syndrome
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Click here to view a video on the topic of diagnosis.
Return to Directory
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Click here to view an animation on the topic of PET scans.
Return to Directory
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Syndrome
High Blood PressureDecreased Oxygenation
Dehydration – dry mucousmembranes, poor skin turgor
DizzinessShortness of Breath
Nausea and Vomiting
Disease
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Objective Evidence of Disease
• Laboratory tests– Urinalysis, blood chemistry,
electrocardiography, and radiography– Diagnostic-imaging techniques such as
computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine allow physicians to visualize structural and functional changes.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Objective Evidence of Disease (cont.)
• Biopsy – surgical removal and analysis of tissue samples
• Physical examination
• Medical history
• Family history
• Medication history
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Click here to view a video on the topic of taking vital signs.
Return to Directory
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Return to Directory
Click here to view a video on the topic of taking patient histories.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Descriptions of Disease
• Prognosis: the predicted course and outcome of the disease – State the chances for complete recovery– Predict the permanent loss of function– Probability of survival
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Descriptions of Disease (cont.)
• The course of a disease – Acute: Quick onset, short duration, e.g.,
influenza, measles, and the common cold – Chronic: A disease may begin insidiously and
be long-lived; e.g., arthritis, hypertension– Terminal: A disease that will end in death
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Stage of Disease
• Remission – Signs and symptoms subside
• Exacerbation– Recur in all severity
• Relapse– Returns weeks or months later
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Outcome of Disease
• Complications – Diseases from diseases, e.g., kidney failure secondary to diabetes
• Sequela – Aftermath of disease, e.g., paralysis following polio
• Mortality – Measure of death attributed to disease
• Morbidity – Measure of disability
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Etiology
Causes of Disease
Pathogenesis
MicrobesGenetics
EnvironmentIdiopathic
InflammationLesion
Change in structure or function
Morbidity Mortality Sequela
Complications
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Click here to view a video on the topic of immunity.
Return to Directory
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Risk Factors
• Predispose an individual to the development of a disease.
• A risk factor is not equivalent to a cause.• May be enviornmental, chemical, physiological,
psychological or genetic.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill
Treatment of Disease
• Includes procedures for the cure or reduction of symptoms
• Depends on the nature of the disease, characteristics of the patient, and goals of the patient and physician.
• Not all diseases are curable.