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Six Principles of Classical Conditioning Spontaneous Recovery Extinction Stimulus Discrimination Higher-Order Conditioning Stimulus Generalization Acquisition VISUAL SUMMARY Chapter Six Classical Conditioning Principles of Classical Conditioning Beginnings of Classical Conditioning Harness (to restrict movement by subject) Tube for collecting saliva from subject’s mouth Amount of saliva recorded here CS (White rat) US (Loud noise) CER (Fear) UR Operant Conditioning Principles of Operant Conditioning Comparing Operant & Classical Conditioning Beginnings of Operant Conditioning Lever Speaker Signal lights Electric grid To food storage Food pellet dispenser Wire to shock generator Reinforcement Vs. Punishment e c n e u q e s n o C r o i v a h e B Tendency to study increases (An example of reinforcement) Tendency to study decreases (An example of punishment) Effects on Behavior (Studing) t S ( ) e d a r G ( udying increases or decreases) e • Primary & secondary reinforcers • Positive reinforcement (stimulus added & behavior increases) • Negative reinforcement (stimulus removed & behavior increases) • Schedules of reinforcement (continuous versus partial) • Positive punishment (stimulus added & behavior decreases) • Negative punishment (stimulus removed & behavior decreases) Reinforcement (strengthening a response) Punishment (weakening a response) VS-Ch.6-2 c06_VS.indd 2 24-07-2014 10:23:14

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Page 1: Chapter Six SUMMARY · Classical Conditioning Spontaneous Recovery Extinction Stimulus Discrimination Higher-Order Conditioning Stimulus Generalization Acquisition VISUAL Chapter

Six Principles

of Classical

Conditioning

SpontaneousRecovery

ExtinctionStimulus

Discrimination

Higher-OrderConditioning

Stimulus Generalization

Acquisition

V I S U A L

S U M M A R YChapter Six Classical Conditioning

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Beginnings of Classical Conditioning

Ben

jam

in H

arri

s

Harness (to restrictmovement by subject)

Tube for collecting saliva from subject’s mouth

Amount of saliva recorded here

CS(White rat)

US(Loud noise)

CER

(Fear)UR

Operant Conditioning

Principles of Operant Conditioning

Comparing Operant & Classical

Conditioning

Beginnings of Operant Conditioning

LeverSpeaker

Signallights

Electricgrid

To foodstorage

Food pelletdispenser

Wire toshockgenerator

Reinforcement Vs. Punishment

1. a b c d2. a b c d3. a b c d4. a b c d5. a b c d

7. a b c d8. a b c d9. a b c d10. a b c d11. a b c d12. a b c d13. a b c d14. a b c d15. a b c d16. a b c d17. a b c d18. a b c d

Geology Final Exam

Name:

19. a b c d20. a b c d21. a b c d22. a b c d23. a b c d24. a b c d25. a b c d26. a b c d27. a b c d28. a b c d29. a b c d30. a b c d31. a b c d32. a b c d33. a b c d34. a b c d35. a b c d36. a b c d

37. a b c d38. a b c d39. a b c d40. a b c d

6. a b c d

1. a b c d2. a b c d3. a b c d4. a b c d5. a b c d

7. a b c d8. a b c d9. a b c d10. a b c d11. a b c d12. a b c d13. a b c d14. a b c d15. a b c d16. a b c d17. a b c d18. a b c d

Geology Final Exam

Name:

19. a b c d20. a b c d21. a b c d22. a b c d23. a b c d24. a b c d25. a b c d26. a b c d27. a b c d28. a b c d29. a b c d30. a b c d31. a b c d32. a b c d33. a b c d34. a b c d35. a b c d36. a b c d

37. a b c d38. a b c d39. a b c d40. a b c d

6. a b c d

ecneuqesnoCroivaheB

Tendency tostudy

increases(An example ofreinforcement)

Tendency tostudy

decreases(An example of

punishment)

Effectson

Behavior(Studing) tS()edarG( udying increases

or decreases)

e

• Primary & secondary reinforcers• Positive reinforcement (stimulus added &

behavior increases) • Negative reinforcement (stimulus removed &

behavior increases)• Schedules of reinforcement (continuous versus

partial)

• Positive punishment (stimulus added & behavior decreases)

• Negative punishment (stimulus removed & behavior decreases)

Reinforcement(strengthening a

response)

Punishment(weakening a response)

VS-Ch.6-2

c06_VS.indd 2 24-07-2014 10:23:14

Page 2: Chapter Six SUMMARY · Classical Conditioning Spontaneous Recovery Extinction Stimulus Discrimination Higher-Order Conditioning Stimulus Generalization Acquisition VISUAL Chapter

Cognitive-Social Learning

Insight & Latent Learning Observational Learning

Biology of Learning

Neuroscience & Learning

Mirror Neurons & Imitation

Evolution & Learning

• Taste aversion• Biological preparedness• Instinctive drift

a. AttentionObservational learning requires attention. This is why teachers insist on havingstudents watch their demonstrations.

A b. RetentionTo learn new behaviors, we need tocarefully note and remember the model’sdirections and demonstrations.

B

d. MotivationWe are more likely to repeat a modeled behaviorif the model is reinforced for the behavior (forexample, with applause or other recognition).

Dc. ReproductionObservational learning requires thatwe imitate the model.

C

Top-Pet-Pics/Alamy

Fro

m A

.N. M

eltz

off

& M

.K. M

oo

re, “

Imit

atio

no

f Fa

cial

and

Man

ual G

estu

res

by

Hum

anN

eona

tes”

Sci

ence

, 197

7, 1

98, 7

5-78

Rep

rint

ed w

ith

per

mis

sio

n fr

om

AA

AS

VS-Ch.6-3

c06_VS.indd 3 24-07-2014 10:23:21


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