CHAPTER – I

GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITION OF KANYAKUAMRI DISTRICT

Introduction

Kanyakumari District, the smallest District in Tamil Nadu is a southern most

District of India with its headquarters at Nagercoil1. The District lies between 77o05 and

77o036 and 4o03 and 8o35 of the northern latitudes with well defined boundaries2. The

first available evidence about Kanyakumari is found in Tritiya Upanishad which belongs

to 6th century B.C.It gives information about Kanyakumari and its physical

features3.Periplus of Erythreansea, a work from I century A. D also mentions the

existence of Cape Comorin which was once a part of Chera kingdom4. The total area of

Tamilnadu is 130, 058 sq. kms. Kanyakumari District occupies 1684 sq.kms. It is 1.2 9%

of the total area of Tamil nadu5.

The Kanyakumari District was a part of the ancient Travancore state. The

Malayalam literary works refer to this area as Venad, Nanjilnadu and Edanadu6.After

India’s independendance linguistic groups in several places and provinces of India carried

on agitation for the re-organisation of states on the basis of language7. On 29th December

1952 the Government of India appointed the states re organisation Commission8. On the

basis of report on 1st November 1956 the four Southern most taluks of Travancore state

such as Thovala, Agasteeswaram, Kalkulam and Vilavancode were taken out of

Trivandrum District of Travancore – Cochin province of state. These four taluks formed

the modern Kanyakumari District. Gonvenor of Madras accepted this Re-organization.

The integration of Tamil speaking areas with Madras state happened during the congress

ministry headed by Kamaraj. The newly organized state of Kerala came into existence on

1st November 19569.

1 Kanya kumari District statistcs (2002-2003) P.12 M. Gopalakrishnan Kanya Kumari District Gazatteer, Madras, 1981, P.53 Narayanavalli, Tritiya upanishad, Madras, 1981, P.4 K.N. Neelakantasastri ‘Foreign notes of south India from Megastenese to Malman, Madras 1931P.55 M. Gopalakrishnan OP. Cit, P.5.6 I.H.Hacker, Hundrad years in Travancore (1806-1906) london, 1902, P.127 Report on the state Re organization commission, 1955, p.18 Ibid9 File No: 4012 Dated 31.10.1956 Revenue section, Madras Archives Egmore –8`

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The District derived its name from goddess Kumari Bhagavathi Amman to

whom the temple is dedicated10. The famous virgin temple is situated in the Southern

most tip of the subcontinent11. The word Kanyakumari consists of two parts ‘Kanni and

Kumari and both bears the same ‘meaning virgin’. Kanyakumari District is in triangular

shape. It is the end of the Indian peninsula surrounded by Arabian Sea, in the West, Bay

of Bengal in the East and Indian ocean in the South.

Kanyakumari District was a part of ancient Travancore .Even though it is

a small District in TamilNadu. The density of population is high next to Chennai. The

thickly populated areas in the District are Nagercoil, Thuckala, Marthandam and

Thiruvattar12.

According to the census report of 2001 the population is 17, 20, 250 Kalkulam

Taluk in the first place. Vilavancode comes next to Kalkulam. Agasteeswaram and

Thovala take their place respectively The District is divided into four taluks for purpose of

revenue development and administration. There are also four Muncipal towns. Nagercoil,

Kuzhithurai, Padmanabhapuram and Colachal. For the purpose of administration, the

district has been divided into 9 community Development blocks, 224 village Panchayats

64 town panchayats and one town Ship13.

The four taluks of Kanyakumari District have cultural heritage and

religious legacy. The author of periplus of the Erythrean sea visited this region in 78

A.D14.

Thovala Taluk with its head quarters at Bhoothapandi is located nearly

western ghats of Mahendragiri. Azhakia Pandipuram was the regional capital of medival

Pandyas. It is another important place in this taluk Aramboly is an outlet, mountain pass

from Kanyakumari to other Districts of TamilNadu15.

Kalkulam, with its headquarters at Thuckala has historical heritage

“Mandakkad is the wellknown religious centre in this taluk which is famous for the annual

festival of this temple. There is a Church in the earliest capital of erst while Travancore

state, Thiruvithancode was the capital of Venattu Adikal. Indian rare earth limited factory

10 M. Immanuel, The Dravidian line ages, Nagercoil 2002 p.10611 M.Gopalakrishnan, Kanyakumari District Gazateer Madras- 1981 P. 1112 S.G. Barker, Report of Industrial survey of Travancore, Trivandrum 1937, p.207.13 District Credit plan, Madras 1978 p.7 14 N. Muhammed Husain, Padmanabhapuram through ages (A thesis from Madura Kamaraj

University) 1994. p.19 15 Ibid

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of Government of India is situated at Manavalakkuruchi16. Pechippara and Perunchani

dams are the main water reservoirs. Muttom is noted for the light house17.

Vilavancode Taluk has its head quarters at Kuzhithurai. There is a historically

famous Jain temple at Chitharal. A well known beach Thengappattanam is situated in this

Taluk. It is 7k.m away from Kuzhithurai. Kuzhithura is situated in the highways of

Trivandrum – Nagercoil route. Vavubali very famous in Kuzhithurai is celebrated once in

a year in the month of July. It is the festival of harvest.

Geographical location.

Mountains and Hills

The mountaneous region of Kanyakumari District is very extensive. The

mountains are of different elevation climate and vegetation18. The important mountains

and hills are Kattamalai, Velimalai and Thadagamalai. There is no big mountain in this

district, However there are small mountains in the northern and eastern sides.

Maruthuvamalai is situated in the National Highway of Kalkulam taluk. It contains a

number of medicinal herbs. So this mountain is full of medicinal herbs. Teak, blackwood,

ebony and vengai are found abundantly in the Mahendragiri mountain area19.

Maruthuvamalai has its height 440 feet. Another famous mountain in this District is

Mahendragiri and its height is 5427 feet20.

The western ghats run parallel to the west coast and found National Frontier in

stretching towards East upto Aramboly in the South. The hilly regions are really extensive.

The western ghats around this district are being the birth place for the most of the rivers of

the District. Mahendragiri and Agasthyarkudam are the most important peaks in the

western ghats of Kanyakumari District. However among them Velimala in the Kalkulam

taluk and Maruthuvamala in the Agasteeswaram taluks are isolated hills21. The cliffs add

to the natural beauty of the District.

Passes

The famous Aramboly pass is located in this District at a distance of 15 kms.

from Nagercoil to Aralvaymozhi (Aramboly). The height of the Western ghats is 16 N. Muhammed Husian op.cit, p.2017 Ibid18 S.A. Rama Natha Iyer, History of Travancore, Madrass, 1981 p.2119 Husain op.cit p.520 Pillai K.. A Monograph, The Suchindram Temple, Madras 1952, p.221 Ibid P.9

3

diminished considerably they end at Aramboly. This serves as a good pass between

Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts. Being strategically important place, this pass has

played a great in the military history of Travancore22. The Aramboly pass is the shortcut

to Nedumangad of Kerala. Hence it is a connecting link between Tirunelveli and kerala.

Rivers

Rivers are the important sources of irrigation in kanyakuamri District.

Kanyakumari District has many rivers such as Thampravarani and Palayar. The only

major river in this District is Thambaravarni other wise known as Kuzhithurai river

locally. The two main tributaries of this river are Kodayar and Paraliyar23. The Pazhayar

is southernmost river of India. Number of streams, which raised from western ghats, flow

through various parts of the District and joined with pazhayar. The water of these rivers is

used for irrigation facilities24. The Kodayar rises from Moolatchal mountains in the

southern part of Muthukuzhivayal plateau. The topography of western ghats and

abundance of rainfall make pazhayar river more or less full often there is flood during the

rainy season. The Kodayar river flows at Pechipparai and its water diverted by a channel

and join the paraliyar at Ponmanai from where the combined water of two rivers are led by

net work of channels to irrigate the paddy fields in and around Agasteeswaram taluk. The

main tributaries or Kodayar are Chittar I and Chittar II. The origin of these rivers are

western ghats and it confluences with Arabian sea near Thengappattanam. The paraliyar

originate from the north of Mahendragiri peak and flows through Aruvikkarai and

Thiruvattar and it finally merged with Tambravarani river25.

The Vadaseri river popularly known as Paraliyar is one of the most important

rivers in the District. Many small streams combine to form this river. This river flows

through the Taluks of Thovala and Agasteeswaram and ends at Manakudi near

Kanyakuamri Valliar is a small river originates near Asambu hill and passes through

Kalkulam taluk and finally merged with Arabian sea.

Apart from the above rivers, there are small rivers namely ponnivaikkal, big

tanks at Therur, Azhakia Pandipuram, Parakkai, Puthery and Thazhakudy are also found in

22 Kanyakumari Mavattam, Pothuvibaram Government of Tamil Nadu. Madras 1988 p.223 Srikumaran Nair.S. Irrigation source in Kanyakuamri District, an article published in the Arinjar

AnnaCollege, Annual magazine 1987 p.8. 24 Imperial Gazatteer of India Vol. I. New Delhi, 1979 p.402 25 Leela Tamilvanan, Kanyakumari Mavattam (Tamil) Madras, 1986, p.28.

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the District26. These rivers have added fertility and beauty to the District. In order to

store water a dam was constructed at Ponmanai in 1953 above the rivers.

Dams

Kanyakumari District has sufficient dam such as Pechippara, Perunchani,

Chittar I and Chittar II. These dams were constructed by Travancore ruler Srimooalm

Tirunal27.

Important Places

Kanyakumari

Kanyakumari is the Southern most tip of Indian peninsula. It has a total area of

11.08 square miles. In Kanyakumari has many shopping centres and coffee shops, hotels

are existed here and Crafts items are sold here. This place is an important pilgrim tourist

centre of India.

Nagercoil

Nagercoil is the Southern most large town and head quarters of the District. It

has an area of 480 square miles. It consisted of places like Vadiveswaram, Ozhukinasery,

Kottar and Vadasery. Nagercoil owes much its present position and importance due to the

effort of Christian Missionaries.They started schools, hospitals, seminaries for the

improvement of town. The oldest news paper in Travancore named ‘Travancore times’

started from here. Lace industry was Introduced by Christian Missionary Mrs. Mault in

19th century28. The lace of this area had a great demand .

Neyoor

It is a village in Kalkulam taluk. It has a reputed hospital of C.S.I Diocese. It

was founded in 1852 and it has become the chief centre of medical activities of London

Missionary Society29. It has a market called Monday market. It is famous for the

vegetables fruits and fish.

Nanjinad

Nanjinad comprised of Thovala and Agasteeswaram, the two southern most

taluks of the state. The name is emerged out of paddy fields from the area. The paddy

26 Ibid27 Husain op.cit p.628 S. Hecter. The History of Christian Missionaries of South Travancore, 1965 p.4129 Ibid

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fields of this region covering nearly 55,000 acres are irrigated by Kothayar irrigation

projects. Tamil is the mother tongue of majority inhabitants. The chief cultivation of this

area is irrigated by Kothayar irrigation projects. Tamil is the mother tongue of majority

inhabitants. Jaggery – making, gardening, handloom weaving , mat weaving and pottery

are common cottage industries The majority of the lands were owned by land lords. It

supplied rice to all area of Travancore. From the early period the people of Nanjilnad

enjoyed the sympathy of Travancore rulers30.

Suchindrum

People believed that Indra took bath and got purification from Suchindrum. So

the name is called as Suchindrum. In the month of Dhanu a car festival is conducted by

temple authorities a large crowd attracting here in Suchindrum31.

Padmanabhapuram

It is the historical town with a mile north of Udayagiri fort.It is famous for

paddy fields and coconut plantations. It was the capital of Travancore state once. Here a

famous palace is existing. The wall of the palace is decorated with pictures. The palace

has a Sthanumalaya perumal temple.

Thamarakkulam

It is a village in Agasteeswaram taluk, with an area of 6.21 square miles.

Palayar flows through Tamarakkulam and reaches at Manakudi lake. It is full of paddy

fields and coconut plantations32.

Thengappattanam

This was ancient extensive commercial village and sea port in Vilavancode

Taluk, It is situated six miles west of Kuzhithurai. It is on the bank of Tampravarni and it

is enolowed with many extensive coconut grooves. Formerly timber was floated down

from the forest to interior parts of the region through this river33. It is a well known beach

attracting tourists.

Thiruvattar

It is a beautiful village in Kalkulam Taluk. It is situated at the bank of

Thampravarni. Here a popular temple is dedicated to Adikesava perumal, which is one of

30 Ibid p.4631 Ibid 32 Ibid33 Ibid

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the famous temples in South India. The temple has been decorated with pictures. It

contains fact regarding early history of the country. There is a market at Attoor in the

vicnity of Thiruvattar. Tapioco, jack, mango, pine apple etc. are sold here by the

agriculturists34.

Thiruvithamcode

It is a village in Kalkulam Taluk, situated in the South west of

Padmanabhapuram. The name derived from Srivalumcode which means goddess of

prosperity resides. Here the ruins of an old palace are found. Mostly people are merchants

in this area. They had trade with other states. A church from this place is considered as

one of the old churches in India.

Marthandam

It is a suburb municipal town of Kuzhithura. This place has loomed into

importance recently due to the rural construction of work organized by local YMCA. It is

also a London Mission centre. Many schools, hospitals, are located here. A famous

market is also here. In this market vegetables, fruits and varieties of fish are the main

items of trade35.

Mulakumoodu

It is a village in Kalkulam Taluk. It is situated on the western side of

Thuckalai. There is a tile factory at this place. This area is a Christian Centre and has an

old Convent with orphanage attached to it36.

Kaliyakkavila

It is the border area to Kerala state. It is situated two miles South west of

Kuzhithura in Vilavancode Taluk. An important public market functions here on

Mondays and Thursdays. The bulls are sold here at Padanthalumoodu in the outskirts of

Kaliyakkavila. Kaliyakkavilai is famous for fish trade.

Alakiapandipuram

This is a small village in Thovala taluk, about ten miles of north of Nagercoil,

on the road leading to Mahendragiri. There is a rock – cut temple here which is believed

to be more than 1200 years old. The temple contains inscriptions of Chola and other

34 Ibid35 Ibid36 Ibid p.64

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kings. These inscriptions speak about Muthaliyars, a dynasty and also the inscriptions

reveal their capital was Alakiapandipuram. This place was a busy trade centre during the

reign of cholas37.

Eraniel Town

Eraniel is a place in Kalkulam taluk having an area of 4.72 sq.miles. It is a

famous weaving centre. Weavers form the majority of the population. Agriculture and

manufacture of jaggery are the other important occupations of the in habitants38.

Kadiappattanam

It has a sea-coast in Kalkuklam Taluk 5 miles South-East of Eraniel. It was

one of the Sea-ports. A light house was erected at muttom, the neighbouring coastal

hamlet for the guidance of mariners. The port however dwindled into unimportance after

inter portal convention. There is a Roman Catholic Church in this locality. Here one

crocodile rock existed on the sea39. Kadiappattanam was famous for fishing. The

merchants from other areas came here for the purchase of fish.

Kaliyal

It is a hilly area in Vilavanode taluk, having an area of 67.18 sq.km including

the hills. It is situated 7 miles north east of Kuzhithurai and 5 mile west of Kodayar 40.

Kaliyal is famous for rubber estates.

Kottar

It is a suburb of Nagercoil in Agasteeswaram taluk. It is situated on the main

road from Trivandrum to Cape Comorin. It has been a trading centre from very early days

of Chola and Pandya. It is a busy centre for trade. The inhabitants are weavers, money

changers, goldsmiths and black smiths. It is full of narrow crowd streets with number of

shops. There is a weaving colony and fine cloths texture manufactured here have been

appreciated and admired in the foreign countries. A Police station, A magistrate court and

a school are important institutions in this place41. St Xavier’s church at Kottar is very

famous among the pilgrims.

Mahendragiri

37 N. Muhammed Husain op.cit.p.2538 T.K. Velupillai Vol. IV. Op.cit.p.61939 Ibid p.62840 Ibid p.62941 Ibid p.629

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This is the southern most peak in Travancore ghats with an elevation of 5370

ft. It is in Agasteeswaram taluk. Now it is a centre for ISRO station42. This place is

famous for tea estates.

Manakudi

It is a coastal village. The palayar mingles with Arabian sea in Manakudi. It is

in Agasteeswaram taluk. It is located between the backwater and sea. Many salt pans are

found in this area43.

Mailadi

It is a village in Agasteeswaram taluk, Here the first protestant church was

started by Ringle Taubc in 181044. The place is notable for missionary works. There is an

important market in this place. Vegetables, paddy and fruits are sold here.

Channels

In Kanyakumari District the main charnels are pandyankal, Thovala charnel

and Ananda Victoria Marthandavarman (AVM) canal. These channels mainly work for

fertility and fecundity of this region.

Divisions of the District into sub – region

Kanyakumari District is divided into three homogenous sub – regions, based on

physio – geographic and socio – economic factors.

Subregion I

The sub – region consists of Thovala block of Thovala taluk, Agasteeswaram

and Rajakkamangalam block of Agsteeswaram taluk. The climate in this region is

generally hot and the average rainfall is 1,120mm. The soil is mostly red loam. The

major crops in this area are paddy tapiaco and coconut. This sub-region is however better

developed in industries than sub region II. First and Second spinning mills are situated

here and this area surrounds Nagercoil Muncipality where there are cluster on of small

industries. A chain of roads of 593 kms.it has been provided. Three rivers are flowing to

a length of 37.5 kms45.

Subregion II

This area consists of Thuckalay, Thiruvattar and Kurunthancode blocks in Kalkulam

taluk. The climate is cool and average rainfall is 1680 mm. The soil is red loam. The

42 Ibid p.63443 Ibid44 Ibid p63445 District plan, KK.Dt, Government of Tamil nadu, 1978, Madras p.1

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major crops grown in the area paddy, tapioca, coconut, palmyra and fruit trees. The area is

industrially backward. The total length of the roads passing this region is 50 kms. Five

rivers flow to a length of 60kms46.

Sub region -III

The area consists of Melpuram, Killiyoor blocks of Vilavancode Taluk. The

climate is cool and annual rainfall is 1550mm. The soils are red loam. The majority crops

grown in this area are paddy, coconut, palmyra and fruit trees. The area also industrially

backward. The total length of the roads are 39 kms. The rivers run in this area for the a

distance 14 kms47.

Plateaus and Plains

The north west part of this District is mountaneous one. The south – west part

of this region is a fertile plateau48. The western ghats are situated in the north – east part

of this District.

The mountainous terrain in the north and eastern portion of the District is a

vast plateau land in the midst of elevated hill tops. The slopes of the hills are generally

precipitous some of them are spread out, There are a number of plantations in this

region49.

The District is famous for jack, mango, and plantains.The middle part of the

District particularly Agasteeswaram taluk, is plain land suitable for cultivation. In fact the

traditional name of taluk is Agasteeswaram50.

Rock and Minerals

. The District has important minerals available in the District such as lime

stones, deposits are in Thovala and Agasteeswaram blocks. Granite is available in

Thiruvattar, Thuckala and Kurunthancode and Agasteeswaram blocks51. The Vilavancode

taluk has a deposit of mica52. Manavalakkurichi has a large deposit of rare minerals from

the sand are of that place. Thorium is the important mineral found here. It is used in

atomic plant. The clay of the District has a good content of granite deposits53.

46 Ibid p.247 Ibid48 M. Gopala Krishnan op.cit p.549 Ibid p.450 Ibid51 Credit plan op.cit , p.752 T.K.Velupilla, Travancore state manual vol – VI, TVM, 1906, p.5053 Ibid

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Flora and Fauna

The special characterstics of this District are the flora and fauna diversity,

beauty and economic value. The flora combines the charresteristics features of Kerala and

eastern coast. The sea coast with it Sandy, Alluvial soil is suited for cultivation of

Coconut palm54. In the northern and eastern part of the District, immense growth of

palmyra trees, tamarined tree, Mango tree etc. Portia and banyan tree are seen everywhere

in the District with abundance in Agasteeswaram and Thovala taluks. The trees like goose

berry, coconut rubber, pepper, supporta, teakwood etc. also found here.

There are fifty four varieties of Mango trees, three varieties of guava trees in

the interior. Plantain and tapiaca of different varieties are cultivated on a large scale

except in the sand tract along the sea – coast55.

All type of vegetables, especially brinjal, tomato, chilly lady’s finger,

drumstick etc. are also found in the District. Cotton is cultivated in and around

Aralvaymozhi and Thovalai. Thovala is also famous for different varieties of flowers like

jasmine, pavizhamalli. From Thovala a large quantity of flowers including all varieities

are exported to neighbouring state.

The Flora of this division is highly good. There is a variation on nature of

vegetation.

Flora of the Cape Comorin

The vegetation is typically xerophytic. Association of many trees including

acacia vegetation consisting of number of typical xerophytic herbs including grasses as

perots, eragrostis, clors and elusive.

Fauna

The fauna of the District belonging to the great Indo – Malay oriental region.

The fauna is equal to hilly regions56. The faura of the District may be divided in to two

division.

1. The Low country from the north as for as Nagercoil

2. The low country south of Nagercoil.

54 Nagam Aiya op.cit, .12355 T.K. Velupillai Vol 3. Op.cit.P.58656 M. Gopalakrishnan, op.cit p.27

11

The fauna of this division resembles in general that of the east coast loris gracilis is fairly

common in the low land of Agasteeswaram taluk.

Panthon (felis paradus)is found in this district. In and around Kanyakumari are

found the while throated munia, the grey patridge the small while sevengre culture the

little brown clove, the Indian ring dove, brown headed gull and palm swift. There are also

several species of darco, wild animal like elephant, tiger, monkey etc. found in the forest.

Crows, green parrots and other ordinary varieties are found. This District is

notable for special domestication of cattle like cows, buffallows, goats and sheep.

As per annual report, Kanyakumari in the year 1998, there are 168791 cows

and 85682 buffaloes and sheep in the District57.

Trees

Varieties of tree available in this District.

Teak

This is called as king of woods as it is most highly priced under favourable

circumstances and perhaps the most useful timber trees of India. It generally grows to the

height of 80 to 100 feet. It grows in open forest and every nook and corrner of the

District. Its strength and durability are well known for house building and for furniture58.

Anjili (Jungle jack)

The lofty and hard some tree(height 100 – 150 feet) are grown in District

forest. It is also an economically profitable tree. It grows very rapidly on yellow loam

with a rainfall exceeding 60 inches, reaching it manufacturing 25 to 4 inches its wood is

bright yellow turning to brown. The ark yields brown and fruit is edible. The tree is good

for making furniture and building construction.

Jack

This is a valuable fruit and timber is much planted and grows largely all over

the District. It grows best in rich red soil with a rainfall of not less than 50 inches. It lives

more than 200 years. It is cultivated in low lands for fruits and along the roads for shadow.

It attains a height about 80 -100 feet with thick spreading branches. The green fruits are

used in curries. It is a tree for building construction59.

Mango tree

57 Kanyakumari Mavattam Pothuvibaran, 1988 Op.citp.1958 Nagam Aiya V. Vol.IV Op.cit.p.3159 Ibid p.86

12

It is also economically valuable tree. This tree found all over the District. In

the low elevation much planted. It’s flowering season is January. It’s fruit ripes in May to

July. It is used to make canoes it beans the action of salt water well60. It gives annual

income to the people.

Cotton tree

This large and stately tree with very large and showy flowers. Its wood is

whitish course grained and used for floating boats.

So it is used for making canoes. Cotton or wool is used for stuffing pillows

cushion c. It is also an income giving tree. Silk worms make its leaves as food. Large

honey bee makes it nest safely in this tree61.

Tamarind

It is planted largely for its fruits. Its fruits has a high market, it has grown in forest and in

villages. The timber which is hard, heavy and durable, is converted to many useful

purposes, in building, for mills, it has also medicinal use.

The Laurel

It is another beautiful tree common on the banks of river. Its seed is used for

making oils. It has a market value.

Cashew nut

It originally belongs to west Indies. Now it is common all over India. Two

kinds of oils can be prepared from hard fruits. The wood is used for fuel. It has a market

value and cashew industries flourish in this District.

Bamboo

The Bamboo is the gigantic grass. It has seven varieties. It is used for making

flute and ladder etc. So it has a marketing among the people.

Reed

It can be found throughout the District. Mostly this shrubs grow in forests. It

is using for thatching huts, freeing basket making. It is used as a fibre62.

The Government took efforts to cultivate teak trees in an area of 800 acres and

a match factory in this District. A big area in the form this District is alloted for beedi

60 Ibid p.8661 Ibid62 Ibid

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cultivation63. The Forest Department has a Timber Dept. at Nagercoil and many other

saw mills throughout the district. A portion of the available wood is utilized for wooden

electrical accessories furniture and construction materials. Most of portion of woods like

jungle jack and teak are sent to outside of the District.

Medicinal trees and plants.

The number of medicinal plants are seen in this district. It is used in medicines

this plants have economic value. The native doctors use very large variety shrubs as

medicine. Some trees are more poisonous Kanjiram or Yetinarum comes first. It is

middle size tree. It is also available in the District. The seeds of this trees are most values

in native and European medicines and well known for clearing muddy water. It is also

used for remedy for diabates.

Nirmuli

It is a plant commonly by the side of paddy fields. This plant is used for curing

many diseases.

Kuppameni

It is also a medicinal plant which is found throughout the District. It is a

medicine for many diseases especially for children64.

Elumichai (Lemon Plant)

Lime juice is much used in the medicine by native practitioners. It is used as a

drink. This fruit is used as a vegetable for making pickles.

Veliparuthi

This plant is used not only for milky juice but also for medicine. The juice of

this leaves mixed with chunam is applied extremely in rheumantic swelling of limbs65.

Orilatamara

The leaves and tender stalks and are used as decotion and electuary. It has a

marketing for medicine. It is also mixed with oil as cooling liment for head

Thottavadi (Touch – me – not)

This is a common sensitive plant. It is mixed with gingerly for many disease.

Kariveppila (Bay leaf)

63 Kanyakumari mavatta, Pothuvibaram op.cit p.264 Nagam Aiya.V. Vol. I Op.cit. p.9965 Ibid p.103

14

It is used for making curry as well as medicinal use. It has a high marketing.

Its another uses making oil to the growing of hair, some other disease cured by this bay

leaf.

Nelli (Gooseberry)

This is one of the common trees in the District. This is also used for making

pickles. It has also demand among the people. It it is mixed with honey it will cure many

disease66.

Ginger

It can rarely be found in the District. It has good demand among the people. It

is used for pickles and many other side dishes. Especially it is used for curing fever and

stomachache problems67.

Flowering and ornamental plants

Palsa or Povarasu

This is a middle sized tree. Its flower has a very stricking appearance bright

scarlet coralas.

Saralkonnai (Cassia fistula)

This is easily recognised. It is found all over the District. It’s flowers are very

attractive one.

Sankupushpam (Clitroealerkerandata)

This is a common creeper with pretty blue or white flowers. It has medicinal

use. It can be found in garden68.

Muraunga (Erythrira indica)

A small tree with scarlet flowers much growing in this area. It has good

demand among the people. It is used for support of betel vines and serving as an excellent

hedge plane. It is used for all kind of side dishes.

Kashurimanjal (Curcumamatica)

An ornamental beautiful plant is found in abundance in the District forest with

flowers. It is a medicine. It has a good market among the people.

Kattumallika (Jasminun agastifolium)

The flowers of this twining shrub are large we can be found this plant in forest

and nearer places. It is used for medicine.

66 Ibid p.110.67 Ibid68 Ibid

15

Kattujiraka mulla (Jasmiminum histum)

This is a fine – looking plant and very desirable in gardens in gardens from its

white fragrant flowers. It is found in gardens.

Lotus

The large white or rose coloured flowers lotus is common in tanks and ponds

of the part of the District. It has a high market.

Parijatham or Pavizhamalli

The bright and red flowers of this small tree give very lovely and attractive

appearance, especially in the evening and nights. It gives very delicious fragrance.

Forests

Kanyakumari District has a number of wild animals found in this forest.

The temperature and the land in this District is favourable for the growth of

valuable trees in the forest namely teak wood, black wood, rose wood, Vengai, ebony

bamboo, canes, reed and other tress in an area of 800 acres and match wood in 600 acres 69.

The forest also contains trees like sillam, arpisi, it using for making boats. Rubber trees

are growing plenty in the forest. The important forest products of this District are honey,

wax, mango, cashew, palmyrah etc. A number of cashew, Cardamoms estates are found in

the hills at Thovala and Kalkulam taluks. The forest is under the control of forest

department. The forest has shrubs, bushes decidous species and grass46.

There is a reserved forest which includes areas of 44,799 hectres. An extent

area 3605 hectres unclassed forests 19,000 hectre found here70.

Most of the forests area are of numerous streams and rivers. The jungles have

6000 species of gigantic timber tree and 3500 other plants. Many of which have economic

value. Plantations of cardamom and tea are seen in the higher elevation, ginger, turmeric,

flourish in the lower elevation71.

Southern tropical dry deciduous forests

69 Kanyakumari Mavattam Pothuvibaram, Government of TamilNadu, madras, 1988 p.24

70 Ibid . p. 5071 Ibid

16

The forest is ranging from an altitude or 200 to 600 mm. Stretching in

Keerippara, Mangalomottai, (lower Kodayar) Maruphuparu near Kulasekharam72.

Alakiapandipuram range and Kuttiyar region of Pechippara are located here. Some areas

were cleared in this region for plantation by forest department.

Southern tropical most decidous forests.

These forests can be found Kilayirumala, Balamore and Vellachithode at

lower Kodayar. This forest gives dense appearance. Many variety timbers can be seen in

the forest. In this region there are jack tree, mango tree tamarind, anjili (jungle jack),

cashew and other similar trees. Plantain topes and tapioca fields of different varieties

found here73.

Wild animals

The District is rich in wild life. The hilly forests of the district exhibit varieties

of wild life in the District. Spotted deer and barking deer are comparitively rare. Jackals,

mangoose, hare are found in the District74.

Deer

Deer are represented by four species the sambur (cervus unicolor) found all

elevations where there is a forest. Spotted deer also are found in the District.

Domestic animals

There are many domestic animals like cow, bull buffaloes etc. are common in

the District. Horses are kept in important towns75.

Birds

There are many birds in the District. Some people domesticated doves,

sparrows etc. They give much profit to the owners. Various species of parrots are found in

Kaliyal pakuthi in Vilavancode Taluk.

Sparrow, lark, kingfisher, bulbul, Madras – bush – lark wood pecker are the

important birds in the District. It added beauty to the District and it attracted the tourist 76.

Through domestication of these birds people get income.

Mammals

72 K.K. Dt Gazatter Op.cit p.2573 Ibid74 M. Gopalakrishnan op.cit p.27 75 Nagam Aiya Vol. IV op.cit.p.59176 T. K. Velupillia Vol. IV op. cit. p. 527

17

There is limited mammals peculiar in the District. Toque monkey, mangoose

(Herbts) are seen in the District.

There are species of monkey and toque monkey are found in the low elevation.

The other two species, the lion tailed monkey and the Nilgirilangur which are found in the

elevation 200 feet.

Tigers are not uncommon in the forests. The jungle cat is common in low

country and in villages77.

Insectivores

The next group of mammals Muskarat one among the insectivores are found

throughout the District.

Bats, Squirrels, are another mammals. Bat are grey in colour. It can found

throughout the district. Squirrel is another mammal in this district. This added more

beauty to the fauna of the District78.

Milagiri wild goat

It is rarely found in the district on hilly elevations. It can be found grassy

slopes and perciptous rocks79.

Natural divisions, elevations, configuration

The shape of the District may approximate a rhombus through all its side full

of turn curves. The promonotary of Kanyakumari is in the south point of the District. The

sea – shore which is the southern border of the District. The sea – shore which is the

southern border of the District and it runs from this point. It some what general course in

the direction becomes more marked bay in Kadiappattanam.

The District is divided into three natural divisions as

1) A mountains terrain which is the north eastern portion of the District. It includes

the northern ports of Vilavancode and Kalkulam taluks. This terrain has a number

of admirable hilltops it is the continuation of laftier mountain range in the north80.

2) The natural division which is fertile sea coast on the South – eastern southern and

south – western parts of the district this low land is though here there are few

slightly elevated patches of the cliff.

77 Ibid p.12178 Ibid p.12379 Ibid80 M. Gopalakrishnan op.cit. p.3

18

3) The third division is consisting of the undulating villages and the plains between

the mountain terrain and the sea-coast. Also there are few streams in this region81.

In general the district gently towards west. In the northern mountains range of the District

is situated very beautiful. Sanatarium of Muthukuzivayal (1374 ms) south peermala only

here the range of any signification breath82.

Maruthuvamalai (37m) about 7kms is in the North West of Kanyakumari. The

Velimala in the Kulasekharam and the Maruthuvamala in the Agasteesaram taluk are

known for important isolated hills. Tadakamala reserved forests Maruthathoor G.T.S.

(956m) is the border of Thovala and Kalkulam taluks, South Velimala reserved forests.

The differences in attitudes and climate of hilly tract of the district have made

the vegetation area greatly varied with characteristic representation types of land. The

highest hill in the district is Mahendragiri (105m) in Thovala taluk.

Botanical divisions

A various type of Nerophytic flora is seen on the side of hills range of the

District. It is dominated by large grasses towards top and shrubby forms at the base of

prominent grasses are species of Andropegn (Ramachan) Panicium (inchipul) lemon grass

and fodder grass. Large clumbs of bamboo and dense growth of Ochlandran (Eral)

belonging to the bamboo family which are found here in abundance.

In low lands and the lands and the valley sheltered by the hill ridges, paddy the

main food crop is grown,tapioca is the second important food crop cultivated mostly in

Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks. These are extensive palmyrah topes in the plains in the

Kalkulam and Vilavancode Taluk and a lesser scale in Agastteswaram and Thovala taluks.

In Thengappattinam have beautiful cocnut grooves, the sandy sea borders along with the

bank rivers, bank and estuaries Jungle jack, Portia tree, tamerined, laurel, cashewnut are

important trees in the region83. Among the trees producing edible fruits the common are

mango, jack fruit, casterdapple, different varieties of plantains, pine apple, Cashewnut,

guava papaya and bread jack fruit. The mangoes and jack fruits are grown even in the

villages. Agasteeswaram taluk is noted for excellent bananas, aracanut is gorwn in

Kalkulam and Thovala taluks. A large varieties medicinal plants are grown here.

81 Ibid82 Ibid p.483 M. Gopalakrishnan op.cit p.15

19

Cardamum, black pepper, turmeric, chillies, tamerinad, garlic, corianders

cumin seed, clove, mustered are important species grows in the hilly areas84. Among the

turberous plants which yield edible roots, varieties worth mentioning are sweet potatoe,

arrow – root and other edible items.

The hedges are composed of variety of thorony succlet shrubs such as

screwpine, prickly – pear jetropha (Kattavanakku) casurina (Kattadi) Sessbania (agattu)

eithrine (mullamkeerai) are also hedge plant. The important plants showy or scented

flower like hena, jasmine, are cultivatated in gardens. In most of the tanks lotus and water

lilly are growing.

The vegetation in the cape area is typically xerophytic associations of acacia

plantations and other trees found here. All sea – weeds grow in the sea – rocks and many

other algaes found here.

Grassy swords

At the higher elevation of Mutnukuzivayal and upper Kodayar this type of

grass land are grown. The grasses like chrysopogen are available in this region.

The District is one of the botanically rich areas of peninsular India. The

richness and diversity of these region are due to the variation in this elevation from the

level about 1800 meter tropical climate, heavy rainfall and mountainous configuration.

Vast forest areas have been cleared in Keeriparai, Pechippara, Perunchani and regions for

raising rubber plantations85 which are further extended. It is every essential to protect the

rich flora of the District.

Due to the scandy rainfall even the ordinary hardy mesophytic shrubs do not

thrive well. The hillocks are mostly clothed with low – growing species especially grasses

and some thorny shrubs. The variety of procumbent plant is greater and they represent

many families86.

Towards the east area services of hill range varying in the height from 800 to

1500 ft the side of which show a different type of xerophytic flora dominated by the large

grasses are towards top and shrubby forms at base.

The shrubby forms are constituted by species of phoenix which of ten from

pure association at the foot of the same hills. In the valleys sheltered by hill ridges are

composed of small trees.

84 Ibid p.1785 Ibid p.2686 T.K. Velupillai Vol. III Op.cit.p.587

20

Climate

The District has a normal and pleasant climate. The factors that influences this

climatic condition are the South – West and North – East monsoons and seas in three sides

and the Western ghats on the other side87.Extreme temperature is seldom experienced in

lowland portion. On the mountain ranges there is a cool climate88.

The summer begins in the month of March and ends in May .It is followed by

West monsoon which starts in June and ends in September. The summer From March to

May is followed by South West monsoon. From March to May temperature is almost by

33oC. The nights are cool except summer season89. The lowest temperature is recorded in

the months of November to January.

Next to Nilgiris, this District received highest rainfall in TamilNadu. From

June to September the District experiences Monsoon. In the Remaining months there is

clear bright weather generally.

Humidity

Humidity is highly through out the District. January to March is the driest part

of the year the relative humidites in afternoons90.

Ground Water potential:

As the District received good rain fall, it has good canal irrgation facillites. The

farmers have been struggling much for ground water, since it is expensive when

compared to low price canal water 91.

Rainfall

The District receives a good rainfall spreading throughout the year. The District is

benefited by South – West monsoon (June to September) and North – East monsoon

(October to December). . The forest areas in the northern part of Melpuram and

Thiruvattar blocks received highest rainfall of 200mm. Agasteeswaram and Thovalai

blocks less than 100 mm. Major parts of this District get rain fall 100 mm to 200 mm92. 87 Nagam Aiya.Y. Op.cit Vol.p.68.88 T.K. Velupillai Op.cit vol.IV p.59089 District Gazatteer op.cit, p.3890 M. Gopalakrishnan Op.cit p.3791 Credit plan op.cit, p.492 Credit plan op.cit.p.9

21

Another rain Shadow regions are Vilavancode, Agasteeswaram, Erenial

Rajakkamangalam and Padmanabhapuram. The rain fall of this District when comparing

with Tirunelveli District is higher, but lower than the Districts of Kerala. Through out the

year except two months the District gets rainfall.The District is endowed with clean

drinking water . The South – West monsoon and North – East monsoon provide pleasant

climate93. However the distribution of rainfall throughout the year is very useful for

agricultural operation of the Kanyakumari District94.

Soil

In Kanyakumari District the soil is mostly red in colour. The District has

fertile soil throughout the area. Fertile red soil is available in most of the places in this

District especially at Thovalai, Maravankudi Irrippu and Ethamozhi. Ilminite sands are

found between Lipuram, Vattakkottai and Manavalakurichi along the West Coast. Small

deposits of shellime stone occur near Capecomorine and Lipuram95. The soil in the district

is suitable for the cultivation of different crops.

Laterite types of soils also occure in the blocks of Thiruvattar, Kurunthancode,

Rajakkamangalam and Melpuram. Mixed type of red and black soil is found in

Agasteeswaram and Thovala blocks96.

Soils are mostly red loam and lateritic in nature with coastal alluvium in the

Western side, The lateritic and red loam soils are poor to medium in fertility and the

coastal alluvium is high in fertility. The soils are sandy loam texture. Lime status is nill

due to the occurrence of more area under acitic condition. The high acidity prevalent in

the District is mainly due to the heavy rain fall97.

The soil is black in colour, rich in organic matter, nitrogen and pottash. In the

midland, the soil is loam of lateritte origin with admixture gravel and sand. The valleys in

the mid land have loamy soil with a larger admixture of sand. The coastal strip is sandy

with a pronounced red forroginous consumption98.

In Thuckala soil is with the content of nitrogen, potash and lime99. Paddy is the

chief product, tapioca comes next, the District has variety of trees such as mango, jack

93 Milkam Perumal, The truth about Travancore, Madras, 1939 p.394 Husian Op.cit, p.695 Geological Survey of India, Know your District Kanyakumari 1976, pp.78 96 Credit Plan Op.cit , p.1597 I bid P. 1798 Second Five year, plan, KK.Dt, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras 1978, p.15.99 K.K Dt Gazatteer Op.cit, p.25

22

etc. There are three soil groups in the District Black Soil, mixed type red and alluvial soil,

lateretic soil block soil can be found in Thiruvattar, Kurunthancode, Rajakkamangalam,

Thuckala and Melpuram Soils are mostly red loam and lateritic in nature with coastal

alluvium in Southern side. The lateretic and loam soils are poor to medium high fertility.100

The soils are sandyloam in texture in major area of Kalkulam and Vilavancode.

Due to the rain soil in this District is fertile one.

Sea – coast

The sea has been a permanent and decision factoring in the history of

Kanyakumari District. The District has 68 km. sea coast. The coast line is regular one.

The Kanyakumari coast has attracted foreign traders Europe and Asia from very early

days. Kanyakumari has sea in three sides. Cape Comorine is only place in the world one

can witness sun rise and sunset101. The sea coast of Kanyakumari, Muttom and

Eramianthurai has a projection towards sea. An amount natural port named Collechel is

situated here. Manakudi and Kadippattanam are other important sea shores of the District.

Changudura and Chothavila are the important beaches of this District.

Winds

Winds are generally to moderate with mansoon season. During the period

December to February March to November the winds mainly from the north –eastly or

westly directions. The south west breeze keeps the temperature normal through out day

and night102.

Agriculture

The region from Kanagapuram in the east to Villukari in west from

Agasteeswaram, in the South Thadakamala and Velihills in the north is expanded with

paddy fields which present a pleasant and attractive greenish appearance during April to

June. The coast Kovalam to Colachal the river valley side (the river Valliyaru and

Kuzhithurai) covered with coconut groves. In Manakudi estuary region has a wide

expanse of coconut belt east ward upto Agasteeswaram and west ward upto

100 Ibid p. 197 101 M. Gopalakrishnan Op.cit. p.5102 T.K. Somarvel knite and life of India , London p.147.

23

Rajakkamangalam across Ethamozhi103. Almost river valleys are enriched with coconut

groves. The important food grains rice, millet and ragi are also grown.

The land between rivers has massive growth of fruit bearing trees like

mangoes, jack and cashew trees except Thovalai. From the month March Cashew season

begins jack and Mango fruits flood in the market and selling outlets. Banana and plantain

cultivation is expanding and distributed all over the District, plantain cultivation centres

area of 12,000 hectares. The plantain varieties like palayamkottai, white varieties of

banana, ethan are locally popular. Robesta and Karpuravalli are varieties imported. All

varieties of plantains flood the weekly market whole and retail marketing104.

Occupational structure

According to1971 census nearly half of the workers derive employment from

the agriculture. Among the workers women constitute only 10% among them one – fourth

are working as agricultural labourers.

CategoryNumber of

persons

Percentage of workers a

total workers

District State

I. Cultivation 58120 16.6 31.3

Agricultural Labourers 126447 36 30.5

Live stock, Forestry

Fishing , Hunting plantations, orchards and allied

activities

27349

18857

7.8

5.4

2.7

4.5

II. Mining, Quaring 632 0.2 0.3

Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and repairs

A house hold industry 18857 5.4 4.5

Other house hold industry 8.7 8.8

III Construction 9829 2.8 1.6

103 M. Gopalakrishnan OP.cit. p.197104 Ibid

24

Trade and Commerce 2662 7.6 7.8

III. Transport Storage and communication 9375 2.7 3.2

Other services 42767 12.2 9.3

Total 350494 10.00 100.00105

The District has relatively more agricultural labourers but less cultivators state

as a whole. More workers derive employment from forestry and other allied activities

and services106.

Pattern of Land use

A little more than half of total area was cultivated with crops 35% of the

cultivated area was sum more than once as compared to only 15% for the state compared

to the state average 50.9% . The District had only 737 hectres cultivable waste land, 400

hectares of current follows and 253 hectares of follow lands. Together, these account for

less than one percent of total area showed very high level land use in the district. Further

details of land utization.

(1975 following table)

Area Total area

Particular Acres Hectres District State

Forest 124884 50,540 30.3 15.7

Land for not cultivation

a) Permanently barren uncultivated

land

18,499 7486 4.5 5.4

b) Land putton non agricultural 48,292 19,544 11.7 12.3

Cultivable waste 1818 736 0.5 0.3

Ferment pastures and other gazing

land

554 224 01 1.6

Land under miscellaneous tree crops

grand grove not include in the net

4,195 1690 1.0 1.8

105 Ibid p.10106 Ibid

25

area sown

Current follows 989 400 0.2 13.3

Other follows 626 1253 0.2 4.6

Net area sown 212,641 86,055 51.5 42.6

Total Geographical area 4,12,498 16,936 100.00 100.00

Area sown more than once 74,416 30,115

Gross cropled area 2,87057 1,16,170 0107

Land holding size

The distribution of cultivating house holds by size of house holding (1974-75)

reveals that over 90% of the cultivators are small and marginal farmers who cultivable

nearly 57 percent of the cultivated area. Further details given below

.

Size Number of

Holdings

Area Hold

Average

Average

Holding

Hectares Number Percent Hectare Percent

0.01-0.49 1,91,437 78 33126 34.9 0.173

0.50-0.99 31,087 12.6 21698 228 0.697

1.00-1.99 17,605 7.2 23447 247 1.331

2.0-2.99 3306 1.3 7261 8.80 23.05

4.00-4.99 158 0.1 668 1.5 6.78

5.00-5.99 2.14 0.1 1442 1.5 1330

10.00-19.99 118 0.1 1574 17 13.8

20.00-29.99 13 - 34 6.4 262

30.00 and above

245,415 100 95017 100.00

107 Ibid p.11

26

98% of the cultivators own less than 2 hectres each and they hold 82% and marginal

farmers with less than 0.50 hectres constitute 78% and they cultivate 35% of the land, the

average size of hold by him is only one six that a hectre or 43 cents. 20% of the

cultivators are small farmers who cultivate 48% of the average holding is les than a hectre

or 2.3 acres108. Beside the tenancy cultivation and the absentee land lordism are much

prevalent in the district as in the neighbouring state kerala from 3 hectres constitute less

than a percent of the total number of holdings.

Castes

The district is inhabited by different castes. The important castes are

Brahmins, Nanchilnattu vellalas, Nadars and Krishnavakakkars. Among the Nadars there

are Hindus and Christians. Their culture, belief talent etc. are different from others. Tamil

and Malayalam are their main languages. Before the re – orgnaisation of state Tamil and

Malayalam were main languages. Before the re-orgnanization of states. Malayalam was

their main language since Tamil is the predominant medium of communication,

particularly Thovala and Agasteeswaram. But in Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks

Malayalam speaking people are there.

Nadars form one of the major communities in District. They are well built and

hardworking people. They engage in palmyra industry. Some of them agriculturist and

traders. The community changes brought under the fold of Christianity through the

European Missionaries109.

Vellalas form another influential community in the district. They are largely in

the Thovala and Agasteeswaram taluks. The rulers of Travancore gave much respect to

this community people. They were appointed as accountants generals and treasurers in the

government.

Paravas are another important community in the district. They follow

Catholicism. They are close to the sea – shore ‘paravai’ means paravas being the

traditional sea – faring caste, they have acquired name. The community is converted to

Catholicism by Portuguese missionaries110. Mukkuvas are also like them. They are also

fishermen. They were also converted by Portuguese missionaries towards Christianity.

108 Credit plan op.cit p.140109 Hector op.cit.p.45110 Thirsturn, castes and creeds of south India., 1935p.35

27

The parayas form one of the oboriginal tribe of south India. They occupy

lowest in social hierarchy and claim superiority over any other caste. Most of them are

agricultural labourers and also engaged in the manufacture of wicker baskes, bamboo etc.

The Kammalars are also known as Visvakarmas. They are divided into five

occupational classes. Viz. Asari, Thattan, Kollan, Kallasari and Mussari111.

Yadhavas another community followed Vaishavares and engaged in

agriculture112.

Apart from the above castes Vannam, Kanikkara are found in the District.

They are primitive tribe, simple and straight forward and live among picturesquare

surrounding in the western ghats.

Nayars belong to a high class of the district. They are engaged in agriculture,

Government service and professions. The Marumakkatayam system and the family

system were peculiar in the district. The Marumakkathayam determined through female

Line. Kshatriyas, Ambalavasis, Nayars, Ezhavas, Vellalas followed the system113. They

followed joint family system, where the members lived under the same roof without

partition and eldest male member of the family called “Karanavar’ exercised full power

over the affairs of the family. It was also peculiar to this land. Among the

Marumakkathayas it was the custom that wife and children are the members. During the

last three decades there has been intensive legislative activity against both system. As

various result various communities had been given legislative sanction partition from joint

families and adopt Marumakkathayam.

In Kanyakumari District Brahmins, Nairs, Nanchinad, Vellalas were

considered as high class. Their economic status was also very high. They owned all

lands. They had much relations with Travancore king.

But the low class communities like Ezhava, Nadars, Paryas, Pulayas were

considered as slaves. They would work for the satisfaction of high class. Their life was

miserable. But after the advent of Christian missionaries, and the emergence of local

leaders there is a social awakening among the poor people who are more concerned about

their social justice.

Industry

111 Ibid112 Ibid113 M. Gopala Krishnan op.cit p.100

28

This District has many industries. Rubber manufacturing, coir industry

Manavalakkurichi Indian rare Earth factory are famous industries in this District.

Fishing

Fishing is also one of important occupations in the District. The sea shore

people engaged in the fishing. Kanyakumari, Colachel, Kadiappattanam, Muttam are the

important fishing centres. Several fishes are found in the District. Two kind of sawfish,

prists, cuspidatus and peroti are found. The sea – shells are often found in Cape Comorin.

The fisher men have good catches from the sea114. Almost 370 kinds of fish are found

here. The topfishes, sharks, sawfishes, oyaster, and wales are in abundance in the Cape

Comorin.

Tourism

Kanyakumari District is one of the important tourist centres in India. In Cape

Comorin morning sun rise and evening sun set are enjoyed by the tourist . Many dams

like Pechippara, Perunchani are here. They attract tourist, Tripparappu water falls,

Olakkaruvi are also important water falls. Mathoor high bridge is Asia’s largest one. So

Tourism flourishing in the District.

Trade and Commerce

Trade and commerce flourished from the reign of Cholas. Nagercoil,

Marthandam are the important trading centres in the District. The District had trade with

Dutch, the Chinese, and Arabs.

Social and Economic condition

The District is predominantly agricultural. Agriculture is the main occupation

of the people . In hilly areas plantations crops like rubber, tea and coffee are grown some

of them owning rubber estates and other plantation. Some of the estates are given for

lease. The small land holders and the average tenants are hardly able to obtain the best

result on account of the limited availability of the factors of production. Many of the

classes eke out hand to mouth existence. The district is however predominantly one of

the resident agriculturists with small parcels, consisting of the lower middle class115.

Increase in agricultural production can be achieved only by the introduction of

cultivation and extended facilities for irrigation. Excessive subdivision and fragmentation

of land are also seen. The size of average family holding is very small116.

114 Nagam Aiya Vol.I op.cit.p.129.115 Second five year plan op.cit.p.3116 Ibid p.5

29

The agricultural indebtedness is also a problem of cultivators. The standard of

literacy is high as the percentage of the educated and unemployed. The District needs

developments in agriculture and in industries.

30