chapter 9 cell respiration. one gram of _______ “burned” (oxidized) in presence of _______ =...
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Chapter 9Cell Respiration
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How much energy is in food?
One gram of _______ “burned” (oxidized) in presence of _______ = 3811 calories of heat energy
A _______ is the amount of _______ needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.
Kilocalorie on food labels (1 Calorie = 1000 calories) When cells “burn” glucose, they release
the _______ contained within its _______ bonds.
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Oxygen or not? Anaerobic: “not in air”
Does not require _______• Glycolysis and fermentation
Aerobic pathways in cell respiration need _______ to release _______ from food.• Krebs cycle and ETC
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Overview of Cell Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process that releases _______ by breaking down _______ in the presence of _______.
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy
Respiration Overview (3:50)
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Study diagram on page 222.
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The MIGHTY Mitochondrion
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Glycolysis Process in which one molecule of _______ is broken
in half, producing two molecules of ________ _______ (pyruvate)
Energy input of ___ _____; ___ _____ produced; net gain of ___ _____.
2NAD+
4 ADP 4 ATP2 ADP2 ATP
22 Pyruvicacid
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Two high-energy _______ and ____ picked up by NAD+ to make _______Energy in NADH carried to _____
No _______ needed and high _______ are the advantages.It’s a form of _____ production in O2-deprived cells
(muscle) and red blood cells (no mitochondria)
Glycolysis
2NAD+
4 ADP 4 ATP2 ADP2 ATP
2 2 PyruvicacidOverview of Glycolysis (3:00)
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Fermentation
If there is no _______ present, cell will go through _____________
Cells convert _______ to NAD+ by passing high energy _______ back to _________, allowing glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of _____.
__________ discovered it’s carried out by microbes
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Alcoholic Fermentation Forms _____________ and _____ as wastes. Occurs mainly in _______ and a few other
microorganisms Causes bread dough to _______
• When yeast in dough run out of _______, they begin to ferment, giving off bubbles of ______.
• Small amount of alcohol evaporates. Process explained in 1897 by German
chemist Eduard Buchner – The birth of biochemistry!!!
C6H12O6 + zymase 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
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Lactic Acid Fermentation Regenerates NAD+ so _______ can continue. Produced during vigorous exercise in _______
• Rapid production of ATP Lactic acid (lactate) is a _______ product
• Buildup of lactic acid in _____________ causes a painful, burning sensation, but only temporarily
• Broken down into ____ and _____ by liver Moves the metabolic burden from
___________ to ___________
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Metabolism of Lactic Acid – The Cori Cycle
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• Cheese, yogurt, sour cream, pickles, and sauerkraut are all produced using lactic acid fermentation.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Review The first step of cellular respiration
is…
Where does glycolysis occur?
What occurs if there no oxygen present after glycolysis?
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Review What are the two types of
fermentation?
This type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells: ________________
Two types of phosphorylation in mitochondrion?
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Glycolysis (review) Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken
in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
Energy input of 2 ATP
2NAD+
4 ADP 4 ATP2 ADP2 ATP
22 Pyruvicacid
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Krebs Cycle During the Krebs
cycle, _________ is broken down into CO2 in a series of ________-extracting reactions.
Occurs in the _______ of mitochondrion.
First described by ______ _________ (1937)
aka: The Citric Acid Cycle
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Krebs Cycle
Begins when __________ enters. One carbon from pyruvate becomes a part of _____ and is released from the cell.
At the same time, 2 _______ are combined with 1 H+ ion changing NAD+ into _____.
Next, _________ A joins the remaining 2 carbon molecules from pyruvate to form ________-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA adds its two- carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound (oxaloacetate) producing ________ acid (citrate).
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Krebs Cycle
_______ is broken down into a 5-carbon compound (alpha-ketoglutarate) and more _____ is released.
Again, 2 electrons and 1 H+ ion convert NAD+
to NADH. Then, another carbon
atom leaves in ____ as a waste product, leaving the 4-carbon compound _______ acid (malate).
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Krebs Cycle Following that, NAD+
picks up 2 __________ and an ____ ion and becomes __________.
Also, ADP is converted into _____.
Next, ______ picks up 2 __________ and 2 _____ ions and becomes __________
Finally, another ______ picks up 2 __________ and an _____ ion and oxaloacetate moves on to start the cycle again.
Krebs Overview (1:55)
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Where do the products of the Krebs Cycle go?
CO2 released into the _______ ATP used for cell activities NADH and FADH2 used to generate large
amounts of ATP in the ______.
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Review Where does the Krebs cycle take
place?
Number of ATPs generated by Krebs for each molecule of glucose?
Two electron carriers generated by Krebs?
Waste product of Krebs?
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Electron Transport Chain The ETC uses high-energy _______ from the _______
_______ to convert 32 ADPs to 32 ATPs. Series of carrier proteins located in inner ____________ of
______________.
ADP
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High-energy _______ from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one carrier to the next.
At the end, an enzyme combines these electrons with H+ ions and oxygen to form _______.
________ serves as the final electron acceptor of the ETC.
ADP
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Electron Transport Chain Each time 2 ________ travel down the ETC, their energy is
used to pump _____ ions across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the ____________.
_____ ions build up in the intermembrane space, making it __________ charged and the outside __________ charged.
ADP
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Electron Transport Chain This imbalance of _______ between the matrix and the
intermembrane space causes H+ ions to move through _____ ___________.
ATP synthase turns when this happens, converting _____ to _____
Average of 3 ATPs for every pair of _________
ADP
ETC Review (2:02)
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Review Number of ATPs produced in ETC?
Waste product of ETC?
Purpose of energetic electrons?
Location of ETC in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
What enables ATP synthase to produce ATP?
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So What’s the Point?? The overall goals of the four
pathways are:a. Glycolysis: to convert ________into ______ for fermentation or _______b. Fermentation: to produce ______
to keep _______ goingc. Krebs: to produce _______ and
_______ for the _____ d. ETC: to produce large amounts of _____ for the cell
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How much energy does a single molecule of glucose provide?
Glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP ETC = 32 ATP
TOTAL = 36 ATP 18 times more ATP
produced with _______ Respiration extracts about
38 percent of total _______ of _______.
Remaining 62 percent released as ______
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What happens when you need a burst of energy?
Your body contains enough _____ for only a few seconds of intense activity.
When you participate in vigorous ________, after a few seconds your body will begin to produce _____ by _______ _______ fermentation.
This type of ATP production will last about 90 _______.
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What happens if you need energy for longer than 90 seconds?
________ respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ______.
Releases ________ slower than fermentation.• Which means athletes need to train and pace
themselves. Body stores energy in muscle and other tissues
in the form of the carb ___________, which can supply energy for 15-20 mins.
After that, body breaks down stored molecules, like ________ &_______ for energy.
• This is why running, swimming, etc. are so good for weight control.
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Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration
_______ flow takes place in ________ directions• Photosynthesis
________energy; respiration ___________ energy
Cell respiration occurs in all eukaryotes and nearly all prokaryotes.
Photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
What happens to O2 and CO2 in plant cell?