&2'( 6:,7&+,1,1 1 + ',1, ¶6 -(3811((5,1

CODE-SWITCHING IN N.H. DINI’S JEPUN NEGERINYA HIROKO

AND PONDOK BACA KEMBALI KE SEMARANG

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Fransisca Galih Permatasari

Student Number: 091214094

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2014

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

CODE-SWITCHING IN N.H. DINI’S JEPUN NEGERINYA HIROKO


A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By


Student Number: 091214094

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2014


iv

This thesis is dedicated to:

Papa and Mama, for their unconditional love, care, and support.

For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says the Lord,

thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a future and a hope.

(Jeremiah 29: 11, NKJV)

I can do all things through Christ, who strengthened me.

(Philippians 4: 13, NKJV)


STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGII{ALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, whiclr i have written, does not coutain the work

or parts of the work of otl-rer people, except those cited in the quotations and

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 3 I antary 2074

The writer

efrFransisca Galih Petmatasari

091214094


LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILN{IAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAI{ AKADEMIS

Yang berlanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama Fran si sca Galih Permatasari

Nomor Mahasiswa : 091214094

Demi pengembangan ihnu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dhama karya ihniah saya yang berjudul:

CODE-SWITCHING IN NH. DINI'S JEPUN NEGERINYA HIROKO


Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata

Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,

mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan

mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari

saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama

saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenamya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarla

Pada tanggal: 3 J anuai 20I 4

Yang menyatakan

vi



vii

ABSTRACT

Permatasari, Fransisca Galih. (2014). Code-switching in N.H. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Yogyakarta: English

Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

When bilingual or multilingual people communicate with each other, some

sociolinguistic cases such as code-switching will rise up. Regarding the cases, this

study was conducted to investigate the use of code-switching in N.H. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The two novels were

chosen due to the need for measuring the development of the use code-switching

in N.H. Dini’s novels.

The research has two research problems to be answered, namely 1) What

are the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? and 2) What are the reasons for using code-

switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang? Thus, there are two main objectives in this research. First, it aims to

observe the types of code-switching found in N.H. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Second, it attempts to find out

the reasons for code-switching in N.H. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Those two objectives lead the researcher to

reveal the development of the use of code-switching in N.H. Dini’s novels.

Since the research provided an in-depth description of a certain

phenomenon, the qualitative approach was used as the nature of the research.

Content analysis was conducted as the method in the study since it analyzes the

types and reasons of code-switching in N.H. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Further, the researcher also applied the

descriptive approach in which the final results of this research were intepreted in

the form of description.

The findings of the research showed that the most dominant type found in

Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang was

single-word code-switching. There were 65.80% single-word code-switching

cases of English code-switching in Nh. Dini’s two novels. However, there was no

diglossic code-switching cases in those two novels. On the other hand, there were

two common reasons for code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Those were to build good

relation with the target readers and to express some words which either did not

have Indonesian term or had Indonesian term but they were rarely used. However,

there were only 3.89% of English code-switching in Nh. Dini’s two novels whose

reason was to quote someone’s statements or expressions.

Keywords: code-switching, N.H. Dini, family conflict


viii

ABSTRAK

Permatasari, Fransisca Galih. (2014). Code-switching in N.H. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Yogyakarta:

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Ketika orang-orang penutur bilingual maupun multilingual

berkomunikasi, beberapa kasus sosiolinguistik seperti alih kode akan muncul.

Berkenaan dengan permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini diadakan untuk

menginvestigasi penggunaan alih kode dalam novel karya N.H. Dini yang

berjudul Jepun Negerinya Hiroko dan Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Dua

novel ini dipilih berdasarkan kebutuhan untuk mengukur perkembangan

penggunaan alih kode pada novel-novel karya N.H. Dini.

Penelitian ini memiliki dua permasalahan yang harus dijawab, yaitu 1)

Apa saja tipe-tipe alih kode yang terdapat pada novel karya Nh. Dini yang

berjudul Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? dan

2) Apa saja alasan-alasan alih kode yang terdapat pada novel karya Nh. Dini

yang berjudul Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang?

Maka dari itu, penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan utama. Tujuan yang pertama

adalah untuk meninjau tipe-tipe alih kode yang terdapat dalam novel Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko dan Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang karya N.H. Dini.

Tujuan yang kedua adalah untuk mencari alasan-alasan penggunaan alih kode

dalam novel Jepun Negerinya Hiroko dan Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

karya N.H. Dini. Kedua tujuan tersebut berguna untuk mengungkapkan

perkembangan penggunaan alih kode dalam novel karya N.H. Dini.

Penilitian ini memberikan deskripsi mendalam mengenai suatu fenomena,

maka dari itu peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Metode analisa isi

diadakan karena penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa berbagai tipe dan alasan

penggunaan alih kode pada novel karya N.H. Dini, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko dan

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Lebih jauh lagi, peneliti juga menggunakan

pendekatan deskriptif dimana hasil akhir dalam penelitian ini diintepretasikan

dalam suatu deskripsi.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tipe paling dominan pada

novel karya Nh. Dini, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang adalah single-word code-switching. Terdapat 65.80% kasus single-

word code-switching dalam kedua novel karya N.H. Dini tersebut. Akan tetapi

tidak ditemukan adanya kasus diglossic code-switching pada kedua novel

tersebut. Di sisi yang lain, ada dua alasan umum alih kode yang terdapat pada

kedua novel karya N.H. Dini tersebut. Kedua alasan tersebut adalah untuk

membangun relasi yang baik dengan pembaca dan untuk mengungkapkan

beberapa kata yang tidak memiliki istilah dalam bahasa Indonesia atau memiliki

istilah dalam bahasa Indonesia tetapi jarang digunakan. Akan tetapi, hanya ada

3.89% kasus alih kode dalam bahasa Inggris pada kedua novel N.H. Dini yang

alasannya adalah untuk mengutip pernyataan dan ungkapan seseorang.

Kata kunci: code-switching, N.H. Dini, family conflict


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It has been up and down that I had to face during the process of

completing this thesis. I believe this work would not have finished without

support and help from the people around me. So here I am giving my gratitude

and thankfulness to each person who strengthens me in the long-winded journey

to achieve my Sarjana Pendidikan degree.

First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ

for His never ending love and grace. I thank Him for the health and every single

thing that He has prepared for me.

I would like to express my earnest thanks to my advisor, Drs. Barli Bram,

M.Ed., Ph.D., who has patiently given me part of his precious time to read,

correct, and improve my thesis. I am deeply grateful for his suggestion, advice,

and assistance in every part of my study during the completion of this thesis.

My gratitude also goes to all lecturers of the English Language Education

Study Program who have given me valuable and everlasting knowledge during

my study. The same expression goes to the secretariat staff of the English

Language Education Study Program for helping me in the administration

procedure.

My special thanks go to my parents, Edi Harlianto and Suzanna

Idhiyati, for supporting me morally and financially, for everlasting love, care,

guidance, and prayers. My overwhelming thanks also go to my marvelous


x

brothers, Rizerius Galih Rakasiwi and Graceus Galih Ravindra, for being my

spirit when I was down.

I would like to thank Diyonisius for being a good listener, great motivator,

and great partner in happiness and sorrows. I thank him for his care, support, and

attention. He encouraged and asked me to never stop trying when I was falling.

My thankfulness goes to all friends of ELESP batch 2009 class B,

especially Dani’, Hana, Sinta, Hans, Cha-cha ‘Solo’, Mas Anggit, Agnes, and

Alice, for the great time we share. I thank ELEGY and LEATHER, for the great

process and togetherness we have passed. My thanks also go to my best friend,

Awa Merdiani for always supporting me. I would like to express my

overwhelming thanks to my best motivator ever, Jan Patrick Ostrowski for

supporting and asking me for always be an optimist person.

Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody whose name cannot be

mentioned one by one, for their support and prayers so that I can finish this thesis.

May Jesus Christ grant them peace, joy, and happiness.



xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES .......................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................... iv

STATEMENTS OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................. v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ vii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... xi

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Research Background ......................................................................... 1

B. Research Problem ............................................................................... 3

C. Problem Limitation ............................................................................. 3

D. Research Objectives ........................................................................... 4

E. Research Benefits ............................................................................... 4

F. Definition of Terms ............................................................................ 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................. 8

A. Theoretical Description ..................................................................... 8

B. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................... 16


xii

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................... 18

A. Research Method .......................................................................... 18

B. Research Subject ........................................................................... 19

C. Research Instrument ..................................................................... 21

D. Data Gathering Technique ............................................................ 21

E. Data Analysis Technique .............................................................. 22

F. Research Procedure ....................................................................... 23

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION ....................... 24

A. The Types of Code-Switching ...................................................... 24

B. The Reasons for Using Code-Switching ...................................... 31

C. The Development of the Use of Code-Switching ......................... 35

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 42

A. Conclusions .................................................................................. 42

B. Recommendations ........................................................................ 44

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 46

APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 49

D. Other Findings ............................................................................. 40


xiii

LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Number of Cases of Single-Word Code-Switching ...................................... 25

4.2 Number of Cases of Phrase Code-Switching ................................................ 27

4.3 Number of Cases of Clause Code-Switching ................................................ 28

4.4 Number of Cases of Sentence Code-Switching ............................................ 29

4.5 Number of Cases of Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching ....................... 30

4.6 Number of Cases of Diglossic Code-Switching ........................................... 31

4.7 Number of Cases of Building Good Relation with the Target Reader ......... 32

4.8 Number of Cases of Expressing some Words which did not have

Indonesian Terms ......................................................................................... 33

4.9 Number of Cases of Quoting Someone’s Statements or Expressions .......... 34

4.10 Number of Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh.Dini’s novels. ............. 36

4.11 Number of Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Nh. Dini’s novels ........ 39

A.1. Types of Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko ............................... 54

A.2. Types of Code-Switching in Pondok Baca ................................................. 67

B.1. Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko ................ 76

B.2. Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Pondok Baca .................................. 87

C.1. Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching .................................... 93

C.2. Summarized Data of the Reasons for Using Code-Switching..................... 94


xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 (An Overview of Nh. Dini) ............................................................. 50

Appendix 2 (The Synopsis of Jepun Negerinya Hiroko) .................................... 51

Appendix 3 (The Synopsis of Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang).................. 53

Appendix 4 (Types of Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko) ................ 54

Appendix 5 (Types of Code-Switching in Pondok Baca) ................................... 67

Appendix 6 (Reasons of Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko) ............. 76

Appendix 7 (Reasons of Code-Switching in Pondok Baca) ............................... 87

Appendix 8 (Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching) ..................... 93

Appendix 9 (Summarized Data of the Reasons of Code-Switching) .................. 94


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the research background, research problem, problem

limitation, research objective, reseach benefits, and definitions of terms. The

research background consists of the researcher’s reasons for choosing the topic.

The research problem deals with the main problem or the main point that the

researcher wants to deeply uncover. The problem limitation is the limitation of the

problem in this research, so it will not be too broad. The research objective is

about the reason why this research was conducted. The research benefits deals

with the beneficial effect for the English Language Education Study Program

students, readers, and other researchers. The definition of terms deals with the

definition of terms related to this research.

A. Research Background

Globalization influences many aspects in human life, especially in social

aspect. In social aspect, globalization demands people around the world to interact

with each other. Due to that reason, many people tend to be either bilingual or

multilingual. When bilingual or multilingual people communicate with each other,

some sociolinguistic cases such as code-switching will rise up. Regarding the

cases, this study was conducted to investigate the use of code-switching in N.H.

Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The two


2

novels were chosen because N.H. Dini’s novels contain a lot of cases of code-

switching that the researcher wants to measure.

The researcher chose Nh. Dini’s novels to be observed since Nh. Dini is a

popular novelist in Indonesia. Besides, she had ever lived abroad for many years.

Due to those reasons, the researcher wanted to know how big the effects of being

a multilingual person for Nh. Dini to her work, especially her style of writing.

The researcher also chose the two novels of Nh. Dini which were published in

different years since she wanted to investigate whether there were some

developments of the use of code-switching or not. She also wanted to know

whether the settings of the country in the novel influenced the use of code-

switching or not. Therefore, the researcher chose Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel

which was published in 2000 and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel

which was published in 2011. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel’s setting is abroad,

mostly in Japan, while Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel’s setting is in

Indonesia, especially in Semarang, Central Java.

One interesting language feature that can be found in novels is the

prominent alternation of words, phrases, or even sentences from English put

together with Indonesian to construct interesting language expression. For

example, the word shopping is used frequently in novels. In fact, in Indonesian

language, people can say belanja but Indonesians tend to use the word shopping

than the word belanja.

This phenomenon of alternation between languages was defined by

linguists as code-switching, “these code-switches can take place between or even


3

within sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of words” (Spolsky,

1998). People often switch between the two languages in the middle of their

conversation. Code switching also often happens in the written texts.

Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher would like to focus her

attention on the development of the use of code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The researcher wants

to investigate the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang and the reasons for using code-

switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang.

B. Research Problem

This research aims to answer two main problems. The two main problems

are stated as follows:

1. What are the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang?

2. What are the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang?

C. Problem Limitation

In this research, the researcher will only focus on the types of code-

switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali

ke Semarang and the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun


4

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. This research

involves the switching between Indonesian and English language. In addition, it is

limited to observe two of Nh. Dini’s memory series novels, Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. This decision was based on the

need to adequate data and time efficiency consideration.

D. Research Objectives

This research aims to answer the problem formulation as follows:

1. To observe the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

2. To find out the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

E. Research Benefits

This research is expected to give contributions to the English Language

Education Study Program students, readers, and other researchers.

1. English Language Education Study Program Students

By conducting this research, the researcher hopes that this research can

give clear explanation about the implications of code-switching in English

teaching and learning so that the teacher can anticipate it when it occurs. Besides,

the understanding of code-switching will help the English Language Education

Study Program students, as the future teachers, to obtain better foreign language

instruction in the classroom discourse.


5

2. Readers

First, the research may expectantly give the readers who learn English as a

second language to know whether the use of code-switching can either help or

hinder learning. Second, it is expected that this research will also enrich the

readers to have broader knowledge of the common phenomenon that occurs

around them, that is code-switching.

3. Other researchers

The researher also hopes that this study will enable the other researchers to

have a further study of code-switching. In addition, this study is expected to

inspire other researchers to conduct research on the other language phenomena

which exist in society.

F. Definition of Terms

In order to get better understanding, the researcher clarifies some words

which have become the main idea of this research. These are:

1. Code switching

According to Wardaugh (2010: 1), a code is a system used when two or

more people communicate with each other in speech. Moreover, Valdes-Fallis

(1977: 111), as cited by Duran states that code-switching means the use of two

languages concurrently or interchangeably. It shows the degree of competence in

the languages. Code-switching usually happens when bilingual people access to

two codes and for one reason or another shift back and forth between the two

languages. In this research, code-switching refers to the juxtaposition of English


6

language to Indonesian language context in Indonesian novels, Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

2. Memory Series Novels

Nh. Dini wrote many novels, such as memory series novels. There were

around 12 novels which are included in memory series novels. They were Sebuah

Lorong di Kotaku (1978), Pada Ilalang di Belakang Rumah (1979), Langit dan

Bumi Sahabat Kami (1979), Sekayu (1981), Kuncup Berseri (1982), Kemayoran

(2000), Jepun Negerinya Hiroko (2000), Dari Parangik ke Kampuchea (2003),

Dari Fontenay ke Magallianes (2005), La Grande Bourne (2007), Argenteuil:

Hidup Memisahkan Diri (2008), and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang (2011).

The stories in Nh. Dini’s memory series novels were continuous. These novels

told about Dini’s life from her youth until her old age.

3. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published in 2000. It is one of the

memory series novels written by Nh. Dini. The setting of place of this novels was

abroad, mostly in Japan. Besides Japan, there were some other setting of places

like Hongkong, Kampuchea, and Indonesia. The characters in this novels were

mostly educated men. Since Dini was married to Yves Coffin, a French diplomat,

therefore she met a lot of Yves’ colleagues who were all educated.

4. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

The Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel was published in 2011,

eleven years after the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published. This novel is

the sequel of Nh. Dini’s Memory series novels. Since this novel is about Dini’s


7

life after coming back to Indonesia in 1980, therefore the setting of place in this

novel was in Semarang, Indonesia. In Semarang, Dini lived in a small village

named Sekayu. There she lived with her family and some local people. Therefore

the characters in the novel were Indonesian local people.


8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss some theories used in the research. The theories

are used to support the research. This chapter aims to give basic principles related

to the formulated problems. This chapter consists of two major sections,

theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description will

give explanation of theoretical review related to code-switching. In addition, the

theoretical framework will discuss the theories that are used as the framework of

this research.

A. Theoretical Description

This section will elaborate some theories. The theories that will be

elaborated are sociolinguistics, code switching, and brief descriptions of Nh.

Dini’s memory series novels.

This research deals with a phenomenon that exists in society. As

Nababan (1991) states that there are three fields of examining language in society,

(1) Influence of society toward language, (2) Language function in society, and

(3) Ways of language use in society. Meanwhile, Nababan also argued that

sociolingustics has influence in educational context, in which sociolinguistics has

interrelationship to language learning.


9

1. Sociolinguistics

According to Lehman (1972), sociolinguistics is the study of the use of

language in society. There are some factors that influence the use of language in

society. One of those factors is bilingualism. Bilingualism is when a person has a

tendency to use more that one language to communicate with others. One of the

common products of bilingualism is code-switching.

In the condition of bilingualism, people will often alter language or

language style. Bilingualism depends on the condition and the needs of using the

language itself. As an example, when a speaker uses “A” language to talk with a

second speaker. Afterwards, a third speaker who is not able to use “A” language

comes and joins the conversation situation. Therefore, the first speaker switched

into “B” language which is understandable by the third speaker. In this situation

code-switching is employed. Code-switching has a significant relevance to

sociolinguistics.

Sociolinguistics does not only examine the language use in society. It

also has function within the society itself. The use of more than one language can

enable people create a good ambience of communication people may act towards

the language. The act depends on the context, situation or people they

communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with language and society who use the

language and social background of the language user – the speaker and the

listener. For that reason, the relationship between speaker and addressee, the

context and manner of the interaction are important factors to maintain good

communication.


10

2. Code-switching

Asher (1994) states that “the term “code” refers to variety of a language.”

Asher defined code switching as the switching from one variety to another, either

of the same language or of different languages, in speech or writing.

There are some different arguments which were proposed by linguists in

order to define the terms code-switching and borrowing. Some linguistics

differentiate these two terms. However, many linguists tend to see that code-

switching and borrowing as a continuum. In this research, the researcher sees

code-switching as similar process. It has been supported by Rezaeian (2009: 16)

views that “code-switching and borrowing have similar processes which fall along

a single continuum”

a. The Nature of Code-Switching

According to Gardner (1997: 36), code-switching can be defined as “the

use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterance” Such kind of

behavior occurs in situations where the people are bilingualism or

multilingualism, situations of immigrations, and regional minorities. Therefore,

code-switching is a common thing in the society. Gardner adds that behavior

involved in the phenomenon relies on the sociolinguistics circumstances and the

language combination as well.

Gardner’s idea is supported by Wardaugh (2010: 103) who states that

“utilizing several varieties of any languages they speak is a common thing found

in bilingual or multilingual person rather than unlingual person. He found that it is

unusual thing to have command of only a single variety of language. Therefore,


11

people who live in a multilingual country have the tendency to choose the

varieties or codes they want to talk with.

Hoffmann (1991: 110) states that the wide-ranging description of code-

switching is that “it involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistics

varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation.” She adds

that the switching could consist of changing languages. Bilinguals are typically

able to switch their language. She also adds that older people have capability in

controlling the amount of code-switching they do rather than younger people.

Some factors influence how they switch their language, such as contextual,

situatioal, and personal factors.

From the point of view of some linguists previously, it can be concluded

that code-switching is the language’s change in the same utterances. Additionally,

the switching can be in the primary utterance, in the middle utterance, or in the

last utterance.

b. The Types of Code-Switching

Gumperz (1982), as cited in Gardner (1997), classifies the types of code-

switching into three, namely, situational code-switching, conversational code-

switching, and metaphorical code-switching. Gumperz also (1982) identifies a

distinction between situationl and conversational code-switching as well.

“Situational code-switching refers to language shifting which related to a change

of interlocutor, setting, or topic” (Gardner, 1997). Conversely, “conversational

code-switching does not necessarily coincide with those changes but is prompted

by factors within the conversation itself” (Gardner, 1997). Other than that, “when


12

the switching carried a particular evocative purpose for example, speaking about a

place in the variety which is used there, it is called metaphorical switching”

(Gardner, 1997). “A possible reason in distinguishing those different types of

code-switching is that they tend to occur in the same context and often involve the

same speakers” (1997: 361). Instead of that, speakers also involve two varieties of

language in order to preserve their monolingual character. This type of code-

switching is called code-mixing. Gardner (1997) cites from Harmers and Blanc

(1989) that this code-mixing term is sometimes called as interference.

Hoffmann (1991) illustrates some evidence that there are many types of

code-switching. From the examples she has made, she concludes that the first type

of code-switching is occured when the switching is within the sentence or it is

called intra-sentential switches. Second, the switches happen between sentences or

inter-sentential switches. The third is called emblematic switching. This type

includes items such as tags or exclamations which serve as an emblem of the

bilingual character. Moreover, the last type of switching involves a change of

pronunciation feature. Those types typically occur at the phonological level.

According to McCormick (1994), as cited in Asher’s Encyclopedia of

Language and Linguistics, there are six types of code-switching. The

classification is based on the length of juxtaposed elements of utterance. Those

types are single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, sentence code-

switching, clause code-switching, integrated loanwords, and diglossic code-

switching. Since this research deals with written form of code-switching, the

researcher took McCormick’s theory which are suitable to the research.


13

Single-word code-switching is the type of code-switching in which the

writer inserts another language between the utterances she writes. The length of

juxtaposed utterance is words. McCormick (1994) in Asher’s The Encyclopedia of

Language and Linguistics, states that chunks within utterance is called phrase

code-switching. Meanwhile, sentence code-switching is happenned when the

juxtaposed element is a whole sentence in length. Moreover, when the length of

juxtaposed element is clause, it is called clause code-switching. The next type is

integrated loanwords which involves both languages in one word. The length of

juxtaposed utterances is morphemes. The last type of code-switching proposed by

McCormick (1994) is diglossic code-switching. In this research, diglossic code-

switching deals with the whole discourse length of juxtaposed elements.

The researcher acknowledges that there are similar types of code-

switching proposed by those linguists. Situational, metaphorical, and contextual

code-switching are asserted almost by all linguists. However, those types of code-

switching occur when people have a conversation.

c. Reasons for Using Code-Switching

Code-switching is the phenomenon when someone is bilingual or

multilingual and using language besides their mother tongue. Thus, they are

mastering and employing more than one language. In speaking with others,

especially with bilingual or multilingual, both language can be utilized. Although

people do not have awareness when they switch language, but there are some

reasons within. Some linguistics do research to investigate the people’ motives


14

switch their languages when they are speaking to others. Moreover, this part

provides a various reasons for code-switching according to some linguists.

According to Wardaugh (2010), there are three reasons why people do

the code-switching. Those reasons are “the solidarity with listeners, choice of

topic, and perceived social and cultural distant” (2010: 106). He concludes that

motivation is the most crucial factor which influences the selection of the type of

code-switching. He adds that “such motivation need not be at all conscious since

some people are not aware that they have switched their language into a particular

language” (2010: 10).

Crystal (1987), as cited in Skiba (1997) defines a number of reasons for

the switching from one language to another language. The first one is because the

speaker may not be able to express his or her expression in one language. In this

case, the speakers switch to compensate for deficiency. The second reason is that

the speakers want to share some solidarity with a particular social group.

Relationship is established when the listeners respond by employing a similar

switch. The last reason according to Crystal (1987) is that the speakers want to

convey his or her attitude towards the listeners. It is because when the

monolingual speakers communicate using certain level of formality, the bilingual

speakers can convey the same by switching the language.

Hoffmann (1991: 115), in her book An Introduction to Bilingualism,

states that “the reason for code-switching is diverse and many of the reasons are

of a contextual, situational, and personal sort”. The first reason pople switch the

language appears when the speaker is quoting somebody else. The second reason


15

is that the speakers are being emphatic about something. To show emphaty, the

speakers take a form of either interjection or a repetition. The form of those

expressions illustrates that the speakers have personal involvement and desire to

be well understood. The next reason is contributed by Oksaar (1974), Poplack

(1980), and Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984) as cited by Wardaugh (1991: 116) who

said that code-switching is used to express group identity as well as solidarity

with a certain groups. Additionally, the last reason proposed by McClure (1977)

as cited by Wardaugh (1991) who did research on children’s code-switch. The

result shows that children at age eight or nine begins to code-switch in order to

focus on certain topic (1991: 116). The conclusion she made is that code-

switching is a habitual and frequently used as a part of social interaction among

bilinguals (Wardaugh, 1991). Bilingual speaker can also employ other language in

four ways choice compared to the monolingual speaker.

3. Brief Description of Nh. Dini’s Memory Series Novels

Nh. Dini is a productive writer. She writes many novels. Some of her

novels are included in Memory Series novels. They are called Memory Series

novels because the story from a novel to the other novels are continued. The

Memory Series novels are Sebuah Lorong di Kotaku (1978), Pada Ilalang di

Belakang Rumah (1979), Langit Dan Bumi Sahabat Kami (1979), Sekayu (1981),

Kuncup Berseri (1982), Kemayoran (2000), Jepun Negerinya Hiroko (2000), Dari

Parangik ke Kampuchea (2003), Dari Fontenay ke Magallianes (2005), La

Grande Bourne (2007), Argenteuil : Hidup Memisahkan Diri (2008), and Pondok


16

Baca Kembali ke Semarang (2011). These Memory Series novels tells about an

Indonesian woman’s life. The woman is named Dini, just the same with the

author’s name. In the story, the author tells Dini’s life such as about her house, her

marriage, her family, her problems, her travelling abroad, her divorce, and also

her life after come back to Indonesia. The story in Memory Series novels is almost

the same with the author’s life story. The characters in the story are also the same

with the people around her. Some sources also said that the Memory Series novels

tells the author’s life story, therefore it is just like Nh. Dini’s biography.

B. Theoretical Framework

In order to conduct systematic research, the researcher organizes this

theoretical framework that will be the base to accomplish this research. Here are

the basic theories in this theoretical framework.

1. Types of code-switching

In answering the first research question which deals with the common

types exist in Nh. Dini’s two editions of Memory Series novels, the researcher

bases the theory which was proposed by McCormick (1994). He classifies the

types of code-switching into six types. The researcher adopts that theory to form

the types of code-switching which is appropriate for this research. Those six types

are single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, sentence code-switching,

clause code-switching, integrated loanwords, and diglossic code-switching. This

theory will be used as the base to discuss common types of code-switching exist

in Nh. Dini’s Memory Series novels.


17

2. Reasons for using code switching

In answering the second research question which deals with the reasons

for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Memory Series novels, the researcher

adopts some reasons asserted by Crystal (1987) as cited in Skiba’s Code-

switching as a Countenance of Language Interference. The first reason is that the

writer expects to build good relation with the target readers. The second reason is

that the writer wants to express some words which either did not have Indonesian

terms or had Indonesian terms but it was rarely used. The third reason is that the

writer wants to quote someone’s statements or expressions. This theory will be

used as the base to discuss the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s

Memory Series novels.


18

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used in this research. It consists of

research method, research subject, research instruments, data gathering technique,

data analysis technique, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

The researcher used certain methodology as a guidance to conduct the

research. Since the researcher discussed about code-switching which deals with

the phenomenon in a society, thus the researcher used qualitative research as the

nature of this research. Hancock (2002: 6) states that “qualitative research is

concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. That is to say, it

aims to help us to understand the world in which we live and why things are the

way they are.” From Hancock‟s theory, qualitative research tends to answer “why

things”. Moreover, Taylor (2000: 16) explains the purpose of qualitative research

as “to provide rich narrative descriptions of phenomena that enhances

understanding with words.” Thus, the qualitative could help the researcher to have

in-depth understanding about code-switching phenomenon in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Besides, qualitative

research equips the researcher to be able to explore feeling, opinion, and

experience of people who are involved in it.


19

In analyzing the research questions which deal with the types and reasons

of code-switching found in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang, the researcher used content analysis. A content analysis

was considered as the most appropriate method to be used in the research because

the research deals with the analysis of a phenomenon in written context, that is

English code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang. Content analysis helps the researcher to analyze and

interpret the data. According to Leedy and Ormord (2005: 142), a content analysis

is “a detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of

material for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes, and biases. It is typically

performed on forms of human communication, including books, newspapers,

films, television, art, music, videotapes of human interactions, and transcripts of

conversation.” Their argument is supported by Ary, et al, “the procedure for

systematically analyzing written materials is called document analysis or content

analysis” (Ary, et al, 2002: 385). Therefore, the researcher conducted the research

to analyze the resources from Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok

Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

B. Research Subject

Since this research focuses on investigating code-switching phenomenon

in written context, therefore the researcher chose Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang as the subject of this research.

Nh. Dini‟s novels were chosen because Nh. Dini was considered as one of the


20

famous and talented female Indonesian writers. Besides, Nh. Dini has proven her

talent in writing by receiving some awards, such as SEA Write Award and

Achmad Bakrie Award. Although she is getting older, Nh. Dini‟s passion in

writing never receded. She keeps on writing whenever and wherever she can do it.

Her writing is various, such as short stories, novels, and also biografies. Writing

seems to be Nh. Dini‟s way of life. From writing, she can live her life. From

writing also, she can tell the readers about the reality of life, her life experiences,

and also her care to the environment. Writing seems to be Nh. Dini‟s best friend in

telling her unspoken stories and desires. Since most of Nh. Dini‟s writing is about

her life stories, therefore Nh. Dini‟s writing style can be considered as feminist

style. In addition, Nh. Dini also provides many code-switching cases in her

writing which become a space for readers to learn English by enriching new

vocabularies used in the novel. The researcher analyzed the novel first, and then

she obtained the proof of the existence of code-switching by examining words,

phrases, and sentences which combined two languages (English and Bahasa

Indonesia).

Since the researcher wants to analyze the development of code-switching

phenomena in Nh. Dini‟s of Memory Series novels, so the researcher employed

the two novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

This consideration was based on the need of adequate data, where the chosen

novels have provided the sufficient evidence of the occurrence of a code-

switching phenomenon to analyze. After analyzing the data, the researcher found


21

that the code-switching phenomenon in Nh. Dini‟s Memory Series novels is

influenced by the setting of place of the novels.

C. Research Instruments

The characteristic of qualitative research is that the researcher is the main

instrument in collecting and analyzing the data. Lincoln and Guba (1985), as cited

in Introduction to Research in Education: Sixth Edition by Ary, Jacobs, and

Razavich (2002: 424), states that „in qualitative research which dealt with human

and situations, researcher needed a flexible instrument who could read the

documents, or talk with people or in other words studied the human experience.”

Moreover, Lang (1993: 2) states that one of the distinguishing characteristics of

qualitative enquiry is that “the investigator is the principal „instrument‟ for data

collection.” From the statements, it can be said that only human instrument was

competent in this undertaking. Then, human instrument and the document itself

were utilized to gain the data in this research.

D. Data Gathering Technique

In gathering data for this research, the researcher used library research.

The technique used to help the researcher to gain the data. The researcher

employed library research which was based on theories proposed by some

linguists to describe the types and reasons for code-switching. These theories then

would be used as the foundation to analyze the data which deal with the types and

reasons for code-switching.


22

E. Data Analysis Technique

After gathering the data, then the data was analyzed. Since it was

qualitative research, the nature of the data was in the form of words. In gaining a

qualified finding, the researcher followed the organized step in analyzing and

organizing the qualitative research which were constructed by Creswell. Creswell

(1998), as cited by Leedy and Ormord (2005) described a spiral data analysis

which covered four steps, namely organizing the data, examining the data,

identifying general categories and classifying each piece of data, and integrating

and summarizing the data. Then, the researcher adapted those steps to this

research.

1. Organizing the data

The researcher scanned Nh. Dini‟s two editions of Memory Series

novels, which are Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang to identify words, phrase, clause, and sentence which contained code-

switching. Before listing the data into observation checklist, the researcher

highlighted the code-switching cases from those two novels.

2. Examining the data

After reading and examining thoroughly the code-switching cases that

had been put in observation checklist, the researcher might have an early

interpretation toward the phenomenon being discussed in this research.

3. Identifying general categories and classifying each piece of data

In this step, the researcher went through a detailed analysis.


23

4. Integrating and summarizing the data

After finishing identification step, then the researcher summarized and

made conclusion toward code-switching phenomenon which was based on the

data analysis. Since it was qualitative research, the researcher drew conclusion by

her personal interpretation which was based on some theoretical theories proposed

by linguists.

F. Research Procedure

In this part, the researcher would describe the procedure of how the

researcher organized the research. There are some steps which were done to

accomplish this research. Those steps are:

1. Selecting the problem

There were some reason that bring the researcher conducted the research.

Since most of the previous studies deals with readers‟ opinion on code-switching

in written context, this became one of the reasons of why the researcher conducted

this research.

2. Selecting the sample of novels

The researcher decided to use Nh. Dini‟s two editions of Memory Series

novels as the research subject that was observed. Furthermore, since this research

deals with the development of the use code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Memory

Series novels, the researcher chose Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang. This consideration was based on the need of adequate data,


24

in which the chosen novels has provided sufficient evidence of the occurrence of

the code-switching phenomenon.

3. Designing observation checklist

This step might come up with the specific data which have been obtained

from the observation checklist and the interview result. In the third step, the

researcher went through detailed analysis. Dealing with the first research question

in this research, the researcher classified code-switching data into description

based on each types. Meanwhile, for the second research questions, the researcher

classified the result of it in the table too.

4. Identifying code-switching cases and listing into observation checklist

After designing observation checklist and interview guide, the researcher

identified every code-switching case which occured in the chosen edition of Nh.

Dini‟s Memory Series novels by highlighting the code-switching cases there.

Afterwards, they were listed into observation checklist.

5. Summarizing the result and making conclusion based on the finding

In this step, the researcher drew a conclusion which was based on the

findings that have been obtained. The researcher‟s interpretation toward the

phenomenon being discussed played important role to make the conclusion. The

conclusion is related to the two problems which were discussed in this research,

which focus on the types and the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s

two editions of Memory Series novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang.


25

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research results and discussion. This section is

divided into two sections, namely the types of code switching found in Nh. Dini‟s

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang and the reasons

for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang.

A. The Types of Code-Switching

The researcher sorted the types of code-switching in this research based

on McCormick‟s theory (1994). After that, the researcher categorized code-

switching into six types. Those types were single-word code-switching, phrase

code-switching, clause code-switching, sentence code-switching, integrated

loanwords, and diglossic code-switching.

1. Single-Word Code-Switching

The first type of code-switching was single-word code-switching. This

type of code-switching had only a word to be substituted. The number of the

single-word of code-switching cases was shown in table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Number of Cases of Single-Word Code-Switching

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 116

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36


26

Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko had more single-word code-

switching cases than Nh. Dini‟s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The number

of single-word code-switching cases in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko was 116 cases.

From the data, the researcher found that some words appeared frequently, not only

once. Therefore, the researcher tried to rank the single-word code-switching cases

based on its frequency. In this case, the word lift had the biggest number of

frequency which appeared 22 times. The word freezer was appeared five times.

The third place was the word cocktail which appeared four times, whereas VIP,

buffet, scarf, times, amber, and stand were the words which were used three

times. The words pullover, cardigan, chic, champagne, rontgen, Newsweek,

rose, pancake, steak, and jive were appeared two times. Then, the left words,

around 43 words, were used only once.

Nh. Dini‟s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang had 36 cases of single-

word code-switching. The most frequent word was AC which appeared four times.

The second place was the words dollar, pizza, seafood, and ginger which

appeared two times. Then, the left 23 words, such as the words souvenir, fitness,

sandwich, voucher, and snack were used only once.

2. Phrase Code-Switching

The second type of code-switching was phrase code-switching. In these

code-switching cases, all of the English phrases which were found in the novels

were categorized as phrase-code-switching. The phrase could be a verb phrase,

noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial place, or prepositional phrase. In this


27

case, the researcher would provide some examples of the cases which were taken

randomly from each novel. The number of cases of phrase code-switching was

shown in table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Number of Cases of Phrase Code-Switching




In the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, there were 31 cases of phrase

code-switching. These cases were less than the cases of phrase code-switching in

the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The researcher found that in this type of

code-switching there were some categories of phrase. Based on the data, the

researcher found out that in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, the most frequent

phrases were noun phrase. Twin set, standing reception, baby lotion, cream

butter, and mashed potato were some examples of phrase code switching found in

the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel.

Moreover, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel had 32 cases of

phrase code-switching. That was utmost amount compared to the other novel,

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko. This novel also contained some phrase categories which

emerged frequently. The most frequent phrase category was noun phrase. Video

player, full time woman writer, family planning, real estate, student exchange,

and five minutes talk were some examples of noun phrases appeared in the

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel.


28

3. Clause Code-Switching

The third type of code-switching was clause code-switching. This type of

code-switching could be identified by seeking the conjunctions preceding the

clause, such as but, or, and. Moreover, the number of clause code-switching cases

was represented in table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Number of Cases of Clause Code-Switching



2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang -

The first novel was Jepun Negerinya Hiroko. From table 4.3, it could be

seen that Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel only had a case of clause code-switching.

The case was shown in this example, “Sana! Pulanglah! Go home! Take a cold

shower and one big glass of black coffee. Itu akan menjernihkan pikiran Anda.”

(Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 310)

The second novel was Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. In this novel,

there was no case of clause code-switching. This type of code-switching seemed

unpopular to be used in this novel.

4. Sentence Code-Switching

The fourth type of code-switching was sentence code-switching. This

type of code-switching could be recognized by some signs such as full stop (.),

comma (,), question mark (?), or exclamation mark (!). The researcher should

investigate the preceding and the following sentence of the sentence being

observed to distinguish whether it was sentence code-switching or diglossic code-


29

switching. Sentence code-switching could be determined by followed and

preceded Indonesia sentences. The table 4.4 implied the number of cases in each

category of each novel.

Table 4.4 Number of Cases of Sentence Code-Switching




The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more cases of sentence code-

switching than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. This novel had seven

cases of sentence code-switching. There were three examples of sentence code-

switching in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel.

1). “Welcome to our country Japan, Mam,” kata lelaki itu dengan tekanan yang

jelas asing. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8)

2). Lalu dia menoleh kepadaku meneruskan dengan nada suara lain, “I am sorry,

Dini …” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 309)

3). “Then you have to behave like a lady!” suara Yves lantang menembus

kelengangan jalan. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 310)

The second novel, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, only had one

case of sentence code-switching. The sentence code-switching was “I don’t have

any shower, so you have to pour the water directly from the small bucket to your

body.” kataku. (Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p. 123)


30

5. Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching

The fifth type of code-switching was integrated loanwords. This type of

code-switching usually combined English word with Indonesia affixes, such as –

nya, meng-, di-,and -ku. This sort of code-switching was not much found in

articles. Moreover, the number of integrated loanwords found in two novels was

represented by table 4.5.

Table 4.5 Number of Cases of Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching




The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more integrated loanwords code-

switching cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. There were two

cases of integrated loanwords in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel. Those cases

were shown in the following example.

4). “Pengaturan bangunan, rumah makan, dan café-nya sama seperti di jalan-jalan

kota negeri itu.” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 5)

5). “Siang itu Tuan Hoo berjanji akan menjadi supplier-ku.” (Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko, p. 60)

The second novel was Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. In this novel,

there were no cases of integrated loanwords code-switching.

6. Diglossic Code-Switching

The fifth or the last type of code-switching was diglossic code-switching.

Diglossic code-switching includes all linguistic units (as a conversation or story)


31

which are larger than a sentence. Hence, the form of diglossic code-switching

could be the whole page of an article, a phrase, a sentence, or even a paragraph.

The number of diglossic code-switching cases was presented by table 4.6.

Table 4.6 Number of Cases of Diglossic Code-Switching


1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko -


From the table 4.6, it could be seen that there were no diglossic code-

switching cases in both novels. Nh. Dini did not write any diglossic code-

switching cases in her two novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang. This type of code-switching seemed unpopular to be used.

B. The Reasons for Using Code-Switching

In determining the reasons of code-switching, the researcher utilized an

approach based on the theory proposed by Crystal (1987) and Hoffmann (1991).

Based on Crystal‟s theory, the researcher concluded that there were three reason

of code-switching. Those reasons were to build good relation with the target

readers, to express some words which either did not have Indonesian term or had

Indonesian terms but it was rarely used, and to quote someone‟s statements or

expressions.

1. To build good relation with the target readers

The first reason of code-switching was to build good relation with the

target readers. The number of cases for the first reason was presented in table 4.7.


32

Table 4.7 Number of Cases of Building Good Relation with the Target Reader




The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more building good relation with

the target readers‟ cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The

novel has 41 cases of the reason to build good relation with the target readers. The

cases of it were presented in the following example.

6). “Untuk menjadi istri seorang diplomat Prancis, aku diwajibkan melewati

beberapa wawancara yang di masa itu disebut tanya-jawab atau interview.”


7). “Yang terakhir itu ternyata merupakan yang paling praktis, karena terdiri dari

semacam t-shirt berlengan pendek …” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 5)

8). “Di dalam suratnya, Yves juga menyuruhku membeli satu jas hujan yang

tebal dan waterproof, karena bulan Mei di Kobe …” (Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko, p. 5)

In the second novel, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, there were 36

cases of the reasons for building good relations with the target readers. The cases

of it were also presented in the following three examples.

9). “Di Indonesia, kukira aku sendirian sebagai perempuan pengarang penuh. Di

forum internasional disebut full time woman writer.” (Pondok Baca Kembali

ke Semarang, p. 35)

10). “Kami sepakat akan memilih Colt L-300 saja, walaupun tidak ber-AC.”

(Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p. 45)


33

11). “Kata souvenir mengganti kata asli cendera mata, mengarah kepada benda-

benda kerajinan yang unik dari tempat wisata tertentu.” (Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang, p. 47)

2. To express some words which did not have Indonesian terms

The second reason of code-switching was to express some words which

did not have Indonesian terms. The number of cases for the second reason was

presented in table 4.8.

Table 4.8 Number of Cases of Expressing some Words which did not have

Indonesian Terms




The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more expressing some words

which did not have Indonesian terms cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang novel. The novel has 101 cases of the reason to express some words

which did not have Indonesian terms. The cases of it were presented in the

following example.

12). “… dengan wadah-wadah kecil lain yang berisi garam dan saus mustard.”


13). “Di kota itu aku menginap semalam di hotel Caravelle, dimana untuk pertama

kalinya aku mengenal sebuah penemuan manusia modern yang disebut lift.”



34

14). “Pengaturan bangunan, rumah makan, dan café-nya sama seperti di jalan-

jalan kota negeri itu.” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 5)

In the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel, there were 32 cases of

the reason to express some words which did not have Indonesian terms. The cases

of it were also presented in the following three examples.

15). “Di masa itu perkataan fitness mulai dikenal secara umum.” (Pondok Baca


16). “Istilah drop-out mulai popular pada masa itu, yang kemudian diterjemahkan

dengan kata-kata „putus sekolah‟.” (Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p.

94)

17). “Pada saat pengarang yang diundang harus pulang ke negerinya, di bandara

dia dikenakan baggage yang juga tidak sedikit.” (Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang, p. 117)

3. To quote someone’s statements or expressions

The third reason of code-switching was to quote someone‟s statements or

expressions. The number of cases for the third reason was presented in table 4.9.

Table 4.9 Number of Cases of Quoting Someone’s Statements or Expressions




The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more the third cases than Pondok

Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The novel has eight cases of the reason to


35

quote someone‟s statements or expressions. The cases of it were presented in the

following example.

18). “Welcome to our country Japan, Mam,” kata lelaki itu dengan tekanan yang

jelas asing. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8)

19). “Oh, it’s nothing. It’s nothing. No trouble at all,” sahutnya sambil

membungkukkan badan. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8)

20). “Itu berarti bayi yang Anda kandung mempunyai pilihan. Good. It’s very

good because that means he has a character,” kata Hilda lagi dalam bahasa

Inggris. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 36)

In the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel, there was only a case

of the reason to quote someone‟s statements or expressions. The case of it was

presented in this example, “I don’t have any shower, so you have to pour the

water directly from the small bucket to your body.” kataku. (Pondok Baca


C. The Development of the Use of Code-Switching

From the types and reasons for using code-switching that the researcher

found out from the data, the researcher used the data to see the development of the

use of code-switching cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory Series

novel, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published in 2000. Besides, the Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang novel was published in 2011. Therefore, the researcher

wanted to investigate the development of the use code-switching of those Nh.


36

Dini‟s novel during 11 years. The development of the use code-switching in those

novels was divided into two sections, the development of the types of code-

switching cases in Nh. Dini‟s novels and the development of the reasons for using

code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s novels.

1. The Development of the Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s

Novels

As has been discussed previously, the researcher used McCormick‟s

theory in investigated the types of code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s novel. Based on

McCormick‟s theory, the researcher then categorized the types of code-switching

into six types. Those types were single-word code-switching (SW), phrase code-

switching (PH), clause code-switching (CL), sentence code-switching (SN),

integrated loanwords (IL), and diglossic code-switching (DG). Then, the

development of the types of code-switching was represented in table 4.10.

Table 4.10 Number of Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh.Dini’s novels.

No Novel The Number of Cases

SW PH CL SN IL DG

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 116 31 1 7 2 -

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang 36 37 - 1 - -

From the table 4.10, it could be seen that single-word code-switching

(SW) cases in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel were 116 cases. On the other

hand, the single-word code-switching (SW) cases in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang novel were only 36. It means that single-word code-switching (SW)


37

cases in those two novels were decreased year by year. Nh. Dini used more single-

word code-switching (SW) in her Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel more often than

in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. It could be seen from the table

4.10 that the single-word code-switching cases decreased 80 cases by 11 years.

The second was phrase code-switching (PH). The Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko novel had 31 cases of phrase code-switching (PH), while the second novel,

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, had 32 phrase code-switching cases (PH). It

means that phrase code-switching (PH) increased by 11 years, although it was

only a case.

In clause code-switching (CL), the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had a

case of clause code-switching (CL). On the other hand, the researcher could not

find any clause code-switching (CL) cases in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang novel. Therefore, the researcher concluded that during 11 years, clause

code-switching (CL) cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory Series novels

decreased and disappeared anymore.

The next was sentence code-switching. The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

novel had seven cases of sentence code-switching (SN), while the Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang novel only had one case. It means that during 11 years,

sentence code-switching (SN) cases decreased.

In integrated loanwords code-switching, the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

novel had two cases of integrated loanwords code-switching (IL). On the other

hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel did not have any integrated

loanwords code-switching (IL) cases. It could be concluded that integrated


38

loanwords code-switching (IL) cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory

Series novel decreased and disappeared anymore during 11 years.

The last type of code-switching was diglossic code-switching (DG). The

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had no diglossic code-switching (DG) case. The

same case also happened in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. This

novel also did not have any diglossic code-switching case. It means that this type

of code-switching was unpopular to Nh. Dini‟s writing style.

Overall, the researcher found that the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had

more code-switching cases than the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel.

The finding was based on some evidences. The setting of place and the characters

in the novels influence the code-switching cases found in Nh. Dini‟s novels. The

Jepun Negeriya Hiroko had more code-switching cases because the setting of

place in the novel was mostly abroad, in Japan. Besides, the characters in the

novel were mostly multilingual, therefore they tend to use code-switching in their

utterances. On the other hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang had fewer

code-switching cases because the setting of place in the novel was in Semarang,

Indonesia. The characters in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang were also

indigeneous people who rarely switched their utterances to English.

2. The Development of the Reason for Using Code-Switching in Nh. Dini’s

Novels

Previously, the researcher stated that she used an approach based on the

theory proposed by Crystal (1987) in determining the reason of code-switching.


39

Based on Crystal‟s theory (1987), the researcher concluded that there were three

reason of code-switching. Those reasons were to build good relation with the

target readers (GR), to express some words which did not have Indonesian term

(EW), and to quote someone‟s statements or expressions (QS). Then, the

development of the reason of code-switching was represented in table 4.11.

Table 4.11 Number of Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Nh. Dini’s novels


GR EW QS

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 41 101 8

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36 32 1

In the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, there were 41 cases of code-

switching‟s reasons for building good relation with the target readers (GR).

Besides, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had 36 cases of code-

switching‟s reasons for building good relation with the target readers (GR). It

meant that during 11 years the code-switching‟s reasons for building good relation

with the target readers (GR) cases decreased up to five cases.

The second was the code-switching‟s reason for expressing some words

which did not have Indonesian term (EW). The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel

had more cases of it than the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had 101 cases of code-switching‟s reasons for

expressing some words which did not have Indonesian term (EW), while the

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had 32 cases. From the result, it

could be seen that code-switching‟s reasons for expressing some words which did

not have Indonesian term (EW) in those novels decreased up to 69 cases during 11

years.


40

The last reason for using code-switching was to quote someone‟s

statements or expressions (QS). In the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, there were

eight cases of it. On the other hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel

only had one case of code-switching‟s reasons for quoting someone‟s statements

or expressions (QS). It means that code-switching‟s reasons for quoting

someone‟s statements or expressions (QS) in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the

Memory Series novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang, decreased and was almost lost during 11 years.

D. Other Findings

The researcher found that there were other minor findings in this

research. These findings were found when the researcher listed the code-switching

cases found in both novels, the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel and the Pondok

Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The first finding discovered by the researcher

was that there was code-switching case that seemed awkward in Nh. Dini‟s novel.

That case was shown in the sentence “Pendapatan event-event seperti itu masuk

kas kelompok Rotary organisator.” (Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p. 57).

The researcher thought that the repetition of the use „event‟ in that case was

awkward because in English there was no event-event. If someone wanted to

express that there was more than one event (plural) in English, he or she should

use events not event-event. The phrase event-event in Nh. Dini‟s Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang novel was seemed to be mixed with Indonesia style in

writing, which sometimes repeat the word used. The second finding was that some


41

English words had been absorbed into the Indonesian language. The way to prove

and check it was by using Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Every English word

which could be looked up in that dictionary meant that it has been absorbed into

the Indonesian language. The examples of the borrowing words were the word

lift, blazer, and oven.


42

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is aimed to conclude the final results and some

recommendations from the whole research. The final results were the answer of

the research problem, namely 1) What are the types of code-switching found in

Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? 2)

What are the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? The recommendations were

intended for those who wish to conduct research on the same issue.

A. Conclusions

After examining the whole data, the researcher concluded two main

points. The first is about the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The second is about

the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

Dealing with the types of code-switching, the researcher found that there

were five types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s two editions of the Memory

Series Novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

They were single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-

switching, sentence code-switching and integrated loanwords code-switching.

Meanwhile the type that was not found in Nh. Dini’s two editions of the Memory


43

Series Novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

was diglossic code-switching.

The most dominant type found in Nh. Dini’s two editions of the Memory

Series Novel, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

was single-word code-switching. There were 65.80% of single-word code-

switching cases in Nh. Dini’s two novels. However, the least frequent cases

occuring in Nh. Dini’s two novels was diglossic code-switching. There were no

diglossic code-switching cases in those two novels.

The result of the data analysis showed that there were two common

reasons for using code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s two editions of the Memory

Series Novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

Those were to build good relation with the target readers and to express some

words which either did not have Indonesian term or had Indonesian term but it

was rarely used. However, there were only 3.89% of English code-switching

cases in Nh. Dini’s two novels whose reason was to quote someone’s statements

or expressions.

From the two objectives of the research, the researcher found out the

development of the use code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The result indicated that there was a type of

code-switching which was developed during eleven years. The type of code-

switching which was developed was phrase code-switching. Meanwhile, the other

types of code-switching, such as single-word code-switching and sentence code-

switching, still exists, but they have decreased. In contrast, the types of code-


44

switching like clause code-switching and integrated loanwords code-switching,

disappeared anymore. On the other hand, the reasons for using code-switching in

Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang all

decreased. The reason to quote someone’s statements or expressions significantly

decreased among the other reason.

B. Recommendations

After analyzing the data and discovering the findings, the researcher

would like to give some recommendations to the readers of Nh. Dini’s novels,

other researchers who are interested in code-switching phenomena, and the code-

switching users.

From the research findings, the researcher found that there are some

ungrammatical input which may obstruct language learning process for the second

language learners, especially the readers of Nh. Dini’s novels. Therefore the

researcher suggests that second language learners should be careful when

borrowing English words, phrases, sentence, or clause. The second language

learners may check the correct form of English words or phrases before producing

English sentences. Besides, second language teachers should encourage the

students to be more aware of the features related to the target language, in this

case, English.

Other researchers may conduct a study on code-switching in another

scope, for instance code-switching phenomenon in a spoken context, which is the

research on communication among English Department students in their society.


45

In addition, the research can involve many participants. The researcher may also

analyze reasons and opinion of the English Department students on a code-

switching phenomenon. These research recommendations are to expand

knowledge in terms of contribution of code-switching in language learning.

The last, the researcher would like to recommend the code-switching

users to minimalize the use of code-switching in formal context. The use of code-

switching could indirectly obstruct the users’ first language, especially their

grammar.


46

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49

APPENDICES


50

An Overview of Nh. Dini

Nurhayati Sri Hardini, well known as Nh. Dini, is a

Nurhayati Sri Hardini, well known as Nh. Dini, is a

productive Indonesian novelist. She began writing in 1951,

when she was on the second grade of junior high school.

Her first story, “Pendurhaka”, was published in Kisah

magazine and was awarded by H.B. Yasin. Her second

story, Dua Dunia, was published in 1956, when she was on

senior high school. After graduating from senior high school, she did not continue

her study to university.

Nh. Dini used to work as a stewardess in Garuda Indonesia Airways.

Then, she was married to Yves Coffin, a French diplomat. She has two children

from her marriage, Marrie Claire Lintang and Pierre Louis Padang.

After more than 20 years living abroad with her family, such as living in

Japan, Kampuchea, Philippine, the United States, Holland, and France, Nh. Dini

came back to Indonesia in 1980. Six years later, in 1986, Dini established Pondok

Baca Nh. Dini, a colportage for children which is developed until now.

Nh. Dini wrote many novels, such as Memory Series novels: Sebuah

Lorong di Kotaku (1978), Pada Ilalang di Belakang Rumah (1979), Langit dan

Bumi Sahabat Kami (1979), Sekayu (1981), Kuncup Berseri (1982), Kemayoran

(2000), Jepun Negerinya Hiroko (2000), Dari Parangik ke Kampuchea (2003),

Dari Fontenay ke Magallianes (2005), La Grande Bourne (2007), Argenteuil :

Hidup Memisahkan Diri (2008), and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang (2011).

Besides writing Memory series novels, Nh. Dini also wrote some short stories and

biography.

Appendix 1: An Overview of Nh. Dini


51

The Synopsis of Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published in

2000. It is one of the Memory Series novels written by Nh.

Dini. This novel is about an Indonesian woman named Dini

who married Yves, a French diplomat. In the first two years

of her marriage, Dini accompanied her husband on his duty

in Japan. In Japan, both of them lived in a Japan traditional

house.

Previously, Dini knew Yves as a man who was so kind, caring, and loving.

After her marriage, Dini realized that her thought about his man was wrong. Yves

was totally changed. Yves truly loved Dini, but Dini did not like some of his

man’s attitudes and characters. Yves was stingy, even to his wife. He was selfish

and stubborn. Yves did not like when people argued with him. Sometimes, he was

also being rude to his household assistant. However, his attitude changed when he

met his guests and colleagues. When he met his guests and colleagues, he would

become so nice that they praised him for his hospitality.

A year after her marriage, Dini gave birth to a baby girl. The cute baby girl

was named Marie Claire Lintang then. Fortunately, when the cute baby girl was

born, the family had a new household assistant named Hiroko. Hiroko was a

Japanese girl who was cute and still young. Besides, Dini also had a best friend

named Hiroko. Dini and her best friend, Hiroko, firstly met and knew each other

when Dini joined a cooking class. Since Dini got pregnant, both of them were

getting closer. Sometimes, Hiroko bought something for Dini because she knew

that Dini’s husband was very stingy.

Lintang grew up to be a nice, beautiful, and cheerful kid. Therefore, Dini’s

friends who were also diplomat’s wives love Lintang very much. Some of Dini’s

friends knew that Yves was stingy, so sometimes they gave something for Dini

and Lintang, such as money, milk, and the other stuff. One day, Yves was angry

Appendix 2: The Synopsis of Jepun Negerinya Hiroko


52

with Hiroko, the household assistant, because of a little mistake. The following

day, Hiroko excused herself from Dini’s house. Dini gave her a necklace and

money for the keepsake. Two years living in Japan, Yves’ duty in Japan would be

ended. Therefore, they held a farewell party for their colleagues.

Before coming back to Indonesia, Yves and Dini visited Hongkong and

Kampuchea. They really enjoyed their trip there. They visited Angkor Vat,

Angkor Thom, and Bayon which are wonderful. Dini also bought some souvenir

for her family in Indonesia, but she sent it by post because she knew that Yves

would not like it, even though Dini spent her own money. When they arrived in

Indonesia, this little family were greeted by Dini’s family. All people in Dini’s

village really admired and praised them. Lintang’s beauty also enchanted Dini’s

family.


53

The Synopsis of Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

The Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel

was published in 2011, eleven years after the Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko novel was published. This novel is

the sequel of Nh. Dini’s Memory series novels. This

novel is about Dini’s life after coming back to Indonesia

in 1980. After several years pacing back and forth, Dini

came back to her hometown in Sekayu and lived there in

1985. There, she built a colportage named Pondok Baca

Nh. Dini. Because of her friends and kinsmen help, Dini’s non-profit venture ran

well. While supervising Pondok Baca’s members who were reading and doing

language exercises, Dini continued her activity of writing novel and short story.

However life did not run smoothly as she expected. The natural disasters

forced Dini to resettle up to three times: from Kampung Sekayu to Griya Pandana

Merdeka in Ngalian, then refuging again to Sekayu, then to Perumahan Beringin

Indah in Ngalian too. She could survive from those disasters because of the help

of New Zealand embassy, her family, and also the members of Rotary Club

Kunthi Semarang. Dini became the member of Rotary Club since she lived in

Sekayu.

Because of her activity of being the manager of Pondok Baca, Dini was

called and was invited by Plan International to have cooperation. All was well.

Everything seemed to be running smoothly and peacefully. However, there would

be changes in human life. By the year 1998, Dini was also affected that change.

An era called Reformation swept her and the environment.

Appendix 3: The Synopsis of Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang


54

Table A.1. Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

Types of Code-Switching (McCormick):

1. Single Word Code-Switching (SW)

2. Phrase Code-Switching (PH)

3. Sentence Code-Switching (SN)

4. Clause Code-Switching (CL)

5. Integrated Loanwords (IL)

6. Diglossic Code-Switching (DG)

No. Code-Switching Cases Types of Code-Switching

Page SW PH SN CL IL DG

1. “… dengan wadah-wadah kecil lain yang berisi garam

dan saus mustard.” √ 2

2. “Untuk menjadi istri seorang diplomat Prancis, aku

diwajibkan melewati beberapa wawancara yang di

masa itu disebut tanya-jawab atau interview.”

√ 2

3. “Di kota itu aku menginap semalam di hotel Caravelle,

dimana untuk pertama kalinya aku mengenal sebuah

penemuan manusia modern yang disebut lift.”

√ 5

4. “Pengaturan bangunan, rumah makan, dan café-nya

sama seperti di jalan-jalan kota negeri itu.” √ 5

5. “Dia mengantarku membeli beberapa baju hangat √ 5

Appendix 4: Table of Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko


55

seperti pullover, cardigan, atau sweater dan lebih-lebih

twin set.”

6. “Dia mengantarku membeli beberapa baju hangat


twin set.”

√ 5



twin set.”

√ 5



twin set.”

√ 5

9. “Yang terakhir itu ternyata merupakan yang paling

praktis, karena terdiri dari semacam t-shirt berlengan

pendek …”

√ 5

10. “Bahannya benang dirajut, sama seperti pullover dan

lain-lainnya.” √ 5

11. “Waktu itu pula untuk pertama kalinya aku mengenal

lembutnya benang wol jenis kashmir yang hangat dan

tidak gatal di kulitku.”

√ 5

12. “ Di dalam suratnya, Yves juga menyuruhku membeli

satu jas hujan yang tebal dan waterproof, karena bulan

Mei di Kobe …”

√ 5

13. “Karena jabatannya sebagai diplomat, Yves berhak

masuk airport sampai ke dalam ruang imigrasi.” √ 7

14. “Welcome to our country Japan, Mam,” kata lelaki

itu dengan tekanan yang jelas asing. √ 8

15. “It’s good,” aku menanggapi. ”I thank you very much

and I apologize to cause you so much trouble.” √ 8

16 “It’s good,” aku menanggapi. ”I thank you very much

and I apologize to cause you so much trouble.” √ 8


56

17. “Oh, it’s nothing. It’s nothing. No trouble at all,”

sahutnya sambil membungkukkan badan. √ 8

18. “Bak mandinya tetap bergaya Jepang, hanya cukup

untuk satu orang tetapi ditambah pancuran atau

shower.”

√ 19

19. “Bertentangan dengan jendela, arah ke pintu depan

yang jarang dibuka terdapat tokonoma yang dalam

bahasa Inggris disebut alcove.”

√ 21

20. “Selama dua pekan aku menikmati honeymoon.” √ 23

21. “Sedangkan ornamen yang terletak paling atas atau di

ujung batang kayu tersebut dinamakan hoju,…Dalam

bahasa Inggris disebut a relic of saint.”

√ 24

22. “Bukan dia yang memasak, melainkan chef konsulat

yang digaji kantor.” √ 35

23. “Itu berarti bayi yang Anda kandung mempunyai

pilihan. Good. It’s very good because that means he

has a character,” kata Hilda lagi dalam bahasa Inggris.

√ 36

24. “Apalagi di kemudian hari aku mengetahui bahwa

selada udang dan buah avokad merupakan hidangan

kelas VIP.”

√ 37

25. “Baju-baju mahal dan chic, salon-salon pengguntingan

dan tata rias rambut, semua itu diperkenalkan

kepadaku.”

√ 37

26. “… dapat bergaul dekat dengan dia karena cita rasanya

yang serba lux tidak sesuai denganku.” √ 38

27. “Di konsulat diselenggarakan cocktail di mana

diundang semua perwakilan asing dan para pejabat

Pemerintah Daerah Kobe.”

√ 41

28. “… oleh orang-orang senegaranya yang menyukai

minuman keras, lebih-lebih anggur Champagne yang √ 41


57

tersohor itu.”

29. “Cocktail merupakan standing reception.” √ 41


31. “Pada acara-acara makan siang atau makan malam

ketika kami diundang, aku harus kelihatan sekurang-

kurangnya pantas. Atau lebih baik lagi chic.”

√ 46

32. “Ini pas sekali buat orang sedang ber-honeymoon,”

kata tamu dan kenalan baruku yang belum kuketahui

namanya itu.”

√ 47

33. “Sejak malam cocktail 14 Juli itu, kenalanku

bertambah banyak.” √ 48

34. “Untuk resepsi dan undangan cocktail aku harus

mengenakan baju yang terbuat dari bahan bagus.” √ 49

35. “Lalu kukatakan gagasanku akan membikinkan rok

batik, tetapi diberi veering kain sutra tipis sekali yang

harganya dapat kujangkau.”

√ 49

36. “Semuanya kami simpan di dalam freezer.” √ 54

37. “Semua suster-suster yang datang siang itu

mengenakan rok sampai di bawah lutut, memakai

stocking biru tua, sewarna dengan kerudungnya.”

√ 54

38. “Commandant akan segera bergabung.” √ 58

39. “Siang itu Tuan Hoo berjanji akan menjadi supplier-

ku.” √ 60

40. “Andre tidak sabar lagi, mematah-matahkan roti

baguette dengan tangannya.” √ 62

41. “Istri Anda juga menyukai camembert!” Christine

berseru membelalakkan mata ke arah Yves. √ 64

42. “… juga mengenakan jas atau blazer di atas baju

ringan musim panasnya.” √ 78

43. “… aku keluar rumah dan naik kendaraan umum √ 79


58

sesudah waktu rush, yaitu setelah orang-orang

berangkat bekerja dan anak-anak ke sekolah.”

44. “… bahkan sering pula buah-buahan segar atau kering,

misalnya prunaux atau orange.” √ 80

45. “Ya, Dini itu dinihari. Sebelum dawn.” √ 86

46. “Aku menyukai musik klasik dan folklore, tapi tidak

disiarkan keras-keras.” √ 94

47. “Pada suatu siang aku ke department store Daimaru

melihat-lihat dua lantai dimana telah dipasang pakaian

musim gugur dan musim dingin pada boneka-boneka

manekin.”

√ 97

48. “Kutunggu lift yang naik.” √ 97

49. “Tiga orang keluar dari lift, aku menyisih membiarkan

berlalu.” √ 97

50. “… gadis bersarung tangan dan berpeci mungil di

dalam lift menyambutku.” √ 97

51. “Gadis penjaga lift melongokkan kepala keluar,

memandang ke kanan dan ke sebelah lain.” √ 98

52. “Dia ucapkan kalimat penjelasan bahwa tingkat itu

sudah dilalui, kini lift menuju ke tingkat sepuluh.” √ 98

53. “Ketika kalimat itu hamper selesai keluar dari bibirnya,

lift yang baru bergerak, tiba-tiba berhenti.” √ 98

54. “Aku terlempar ke sudut, terguling di lantai satu kali,

berhimpitan dengan penjaga lift, dua kali. √ 98

55. “Sekilas kulihat gadis penjaga lift yang tersungkur di

lantai itu mencoba meniruku, tapi tidak berdaya karena

lengannya terlalu pendek.”

√ 98

56. “Dan grrreggg. Lift berhenti.” √ 98

57. “Gadis penjaga lift itu mendorongku supaya

menyingkir.” √ 99


59

58. “Aku hanya ingin segera keluar dari lift, dengan cepat

dan utuh.” √ 99

59. “Rambutnya yang pendek tidak lagi berbentuk bulat

seperti yang terlihat olehku ketika aku memasuki lift

tadi.”

√ 99

60. “Sepatuku terlepas, kucari, tergeletak tidak jauh dari

peci mungil yang tadi bertengger di atas kerapian

rambut gadis penjaga lift.”

√ 99

61. “Suara manusia, suara rantai, benda yang dipukulkan

pada sesuatu bagian lift.” √ 99

62. “Gadis penjaga lift melanjutkan pesanku dan entah

berbicara apa lagi dengan sangat ramai, …” √ 100

63. “Ketika pintu lift berhasil dibuka paksa, aku terheran-

heran melihat seseorang melompat perlahan ke tempat

kami.”

√ 100

64. “Rupanya lift terhenti di antara dua tingkat, yaitu

tingkat delapan dan sembilan.” √ 100

65. “Tanpa kusadari, aku sudah berada di sebuah lift

bersama orang-orang yang sama yang sejak beberapa

menit itu selalu mengelilingiku.”

√ 100

66. “Tentulah itu akibat guncangan-guncangan di dalam

lift tadi.” √ 101

67. “Dia pasti marah jika terjadi sesuatu yang gawat,

seperti kecelakaan lift, dan aku tidak cepat

memberitahukan kepadanya.”

√ 101

68. “Aku berdiri di pintu, memandangi dia mengeluarkan

irisan roti dari freezer.” √ 102

69. “Di koran ada berita tentang lift yang rusak di

Daimaru.” √ 106

70. “Yang menjadi kebanggaan Jepang adalah pohon √ 107


60

momeji atau dalam bahasa Inggris maple.”

71. “Gaya penataan bunga juga bermacam-macam, tidak

hanya bouquet atau buket.” √ 108

72. “Mengingat pengalaman di dalam lift, sekeluar dari

perhentian bis, aku menepi dan menempel pada pagar

besi sebuah bangunan.”

√ 111

73. “Kalau tidak, aku keluar mencari kedai atau kafe di

department store, lalu menonton film.” √ 118

74. “Yves sudah membelikan sebuah mesin jahit Singer

portable, warnanya hitam, klasik. √ 118

75. “Di tempat itu biasanya juga tersedia beberapa jenis

makanan siap saji seperti telur rebus, dadar atau mata

sapi, roti isi atau sandwich, sup dan spageti.”

√ 122

76. “Itu digunakan suamiku untuk kamar gelap atau dark

room.” √ 125

77. “Jamuannya diatur cara buffet atau prasmanan.” √ 129

78. “Ketika dia diberitahu bahwa Madame Coffin diantar

suaminya masuk kamar VIP, pagi-pagi sekali dia

menengokku.”

√ 130

79. “Mengapa harus di-rontgen, ma Mere?” √ 130

80. “Tapi untuk meyakinkan, lebih baik di-rontgen.” √ 130

81. “Lalu bagian dalam telinga itu kubersihkan dengan

cotton buds dan campuran alkohol serta air.” √ 134

82. “Suamiku memanfaatkan hari semacam itu untuk

menjepret puluhan foto untuk slide dan foto hitam-

putih.”

√ 151

83. “Memang aku mempunyai banyak selendang atau

scarf persegi lebar untuk dikerudungkan di kepala, …” √ 151

84. “Untunglah aku selalu mempunyai simpanan masakan

Indonesia di dalam freezer, tinggal kutambah dengan √ 153


61

…”

85. “Di kamar VIP itu disediakan lemari es kecil yang

nyaris kosong, karena aku tidak menyukai buah

dingin.”

√ 163

86. “Itu termasuk buku terlaris atau best-seller sehingga

ada orang ternama yang mengatakan bahwa …” √ 168

87. “… mengambil bantal dari ranjang, lalu menikmati

Newsweek dan musiknya bersama-sama.” √ 172

88. “Lalu pada suatu siang, aku membaca sebuah artikel di

majalah Times mengenai orang-orang yang hidup di

dekat perokok.”

√ 174

89. “Tentu sudah kaubaca artikel di Times tentang resiko

yang kutanggung sebagai orang yang hidup

bersamamu.

√ 174

90. “Dari dalam freezer kukeluarkan beberapa tusuk jeroan

yang sudah kumasak ungkep dan kusajikan seperti sate

pendek-pendek.”

√ 180

91. “Aku masih harus mengupas scotch-tape yang

merekatkan kertas-kertas menjadi satu.” √ 181

92. “Kebetulan di saat itu aku mengenakan pull over turtle

neck hitam.” √ 182

93. “Di masa itu, merek-merek besar pembuat bahan

make-up belum ada yang mengeluarkan bahan rias

berwarna lebih gelap dari rose dan amber.”

√ 190




√ 190




√ 190


62

96. “Nyonya dan nona di konsulat pada penasaran ingin

mengetahui merek kosmetika apa yang Madame

gunakan.”

√ 190

97. “Tapi yang sebenarnya, aku selalu menggunakan baby

lotion.” √ 190

98. “Kemudian kupoleskan pancake Max Factor warna

amber dengan kapas basah.” √ 190

99. “Kemudian kupoleskan pancake Max Factor warna

amber dengan kapas basah.” √ 190

100. “Lalu sebagai riasan paling akhir, kuratakan bedak dari

merek yang sama, kucampurkan warna rose dan

amber.”

√ 191

101. “Lalu sebagai riasan paling akhir, kuratakan bedak dari

merek yang sama, kucampurkan warna rose dan

amber.”

√ 191

102. “… bersamaan dengan kembalinya matahari,

kuselubungkan kain tulle halus pada kereta tersebut.” √ 193

103. “Bersama kulitnya, kumasukkan pisang ke dalam

oven.” √ 194

104. “… lalu kuputar di dalam alat pembuat kentang puree

atau mashed potato yang kubeli khusu hanya untuk

makanan bayi, …”

√ 194

105. “Nyaris sekilo harga steak daging has yang kita

makan!” suaranya kasar dan keras.” √ 195

106. “Ketika Yves di rumah, aku tidak memberikan susu

kaleng yang harganya konon sama dengan satu

kilogram harga steak daging haas.”

√ 196

107. “Aku punya langganan drugstore yang memberi

potongan harga sangat lumayan.” √ 197

108. “Untuk menjaga anak, kau harus membayar baby sitter √ 200


63

secara harian.”

109. “Tiga kotak lainnya kemarin malam langsung

kusimpan ke dalam freezer.” √ 204

110. “… berbagai sayur mentah yang kubumbui dengan

vinaigrette.” √ 206

111. “… kumasukkan ke dalam topi atau saputangan besar

berwarna atau scarf.” √ 212

112. “Bila tidak dingin, kubiarkan saja memanjang dan

kuikat dengan scarf agak kecil atau kujepit di

tengkukku.”

√ 212

113. “Bukan jalan besar, melainkan jalan yang besarnya

tengahan, karena pemandangan lebih menarik daripada

jika kami mengambil highway.”

√ 215

114. “Kuinginkan perjalanan berdua selama lebih dari

sepekan itu menjadi semacam honeymoon kedua

kami.”

√ 216

115. “Sedangkan di kota pertama yang kami singgahi di

Kyushu, namanya Oita, aku terpaksa mengenakan

cardigan berlengan panjang.”

√ 220

116. “Resepsi cara Prancis tidak sah jika tidak diakhiri

dengan minum champagne, anggur khas negeri itu.” √ 221

117. “Itu cukup untuk suguhan buffet atau prasmanan yang

tentu tidak bakal terjadi di rumah kami yang sempit.” √ 222

118. “… kami bisa melarutkan pil kecil-kecil yang dibikin

dari sari daun camomille.” √ 228

119. “Maklum, di sini tidak ada salon yang dapat

membantunya, karena coiffure Jawa tidak dikenal.” √ 229

120. “Ditambah lagi dengan kebisingan radio hi-fi atau

piringan hitam yang dia putar.” √ 231

121. “Ibu kubelikan biscuit cream butter yang pasti dia √ 236


64

sukai dan beberapa bahan buat kebaya.”

122. “Kamu bisa minta uang kepada Nyonya Kato, karena

ini dapat dimasukkan sebagai biaya hotel dan

konsumsi team Daniel.”

√ 236

123. “Hanggar tempatnya dulu bekerja disulap menjadi

sebuah stasiun kereta bawah tanah atau metro, …” √ 239

124.

`

“Dan setelah resepsi selesai, ruangan itu dijadikan

tempat makan malam yang disuguhkan secara banquet

atau prasmanan.”

√ 239

125. “Sementara ini saya habiskan dulu champagne saya.” √ 240

126. “Untuk mengayunkan langkah-langkah slow aku tidak

keberatan.” √ 240

127. “… yang sangat menarik karena memperagakan

gerakan jive, dansa tahun lima puluhan yang amat

popular dengan kelincahan yang mengagumkan.”

√ 240

128. “Sejak malam itu, suamiku menambah ketenarannya

dengan satu hal lagi, yaitu sebagai pedansa jive dan

twist yang patut dipuji.”

√ 240

129. “Sejak malam itu, suamiku menambah ketenarannya

dengan satu hal lagi, yaitu sebagai pedansa jive dan

twist yang patut dipuji.”

√ 240

130. “… sama seperti berita-berita tentang berbagai event

olahraga atau kebudayaan.” √ 241

131. “Aku tidak mempunyai perasaan apa-apa mengenai the

other wife.” √ 245

132. “Dia sudah mempunyai anak dengan the other wife,

namun ingin mempunyai lagi denganku.” √ 246

133. “Suamiku terlalu asyik mendengarkan music sambil

membaca Times dan Newsweek sehingga tidak

mempedulikanku.”

√ 253


65

134. “Suamiku terlalu asyik mendengarkan music sambil

membaca Times dan Newsweek sehingga tidak

mempedulikanku.”

√ 253

135. “Dia tidak mau minum selain Coca Cola.” √ 260

136. “Di lantai teras berjejer entah berapa Coca Cola yang

sudah ataupun akan dikocok.” √ 260

137. “Tetapi rasanya tidak seperti Coca Cola.” √ 261

138. “… misalnya yang tergabung dalam International

Women’s Club kurasa banyak yang menyukaiku.” √ 269

139. “Yves menelepon Toko Roti Donq memberi instruksi

agar menambah kiriman brioche ke rumah kami setiap

hari bersama roti Prancis seperti sedia

kala…Teksturnya mirip roti sobek tetapi lebih gurih.”

√ 274

140. “Hiroko pamit untuk mencari Tante Un dan Mbakyu

Miskum ke stand Indonesia.” √ 288

141. “Aku digandeng Hilda ke kafe Prancis yang

berdampingan dengan stand konsulat.” √ 288

142. “Make-up-mu terlalu coklat, ma Din.” √ 289

143. “Belum sempat berpikir mengapa suamiku justru

mengkritik make-up-ku dan tidak menyambutku

dengan tanda-tanda kasih lain …”

√ 289

144. “Mereka bersama para muda-mudi lain di stand

konsulat, bersiap-siap akan menarikan tari Kipas dari

Sulawesi.”

√ 289

145.. “Kamu mencampur lulur dan pancake dengan pas

sekali.” √ 290

146. “Lemari es dan oven serta beberapa perkakas listrik

lain yang besar-besar akan dibeli oleh Nakajima-san

tetangga kami.”

√ 296

147. “Memasukkan kunci untuk start dibarengi dengan √ 298


66

injakan gas yang halus, …”

148. “Kupilih jalur paling kiri, kuhentikan mobil di

belakang mobil pick-up.” √ 299

149. “Dengan celana panjang dan pullover tebal aku tidak

merasakan dinginnya udara di akhir Januari.” √ 300

150. “Tamu dijamu secara prasmanan atau buffet dengan

suguhan makanan Prancis yang berlimpahan.” √ 302

151. Lalu dia menoleh kepadaku meneruskan dengan nada

suara lain, “I am sorry, Dini …” √ 309

152. “Anda katakana saya swine, peminum, pela… Apakah

begitu caranya berbicara kepada seorang lady?!” √ 310

153. “Anda katakana saya swine, peminum, pela… Apakah

begitu caranya berbicara kepada seorang lady?!” √ 310

154. “Then you have to behave like a lady!” suara Yves

lantang menembus kelengangan jalan. √ 310

155. “Sana! Pulanglah! Go home! Take a cold shower and

one big glass of black coffee. Itu akan menjernihkan

pikiran Anda.”

√ 310

156. “… kami lebih sering berada di halaman, berteduh di

gazebo atau berjalan-jalan melihat tanaman, bunga,

serta ikan koi di kolam.”

√ 315

157. “Baby sitter begitu pasti mahal upahnya, tidak

mungkin Yves mau mengeluarkan uang hanya untuk

menyewa pengasuh Lintang.”

√ 317

TOTAL CASES 116 31 7 1 2 -


67

Table A.2. Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

Types of Code-Switching (McCormick):

1. Single Word Code-Switching (SW)

2. Phrase Code-Switching (PH)

3. Sentence Code-Switching (SN)

4. Clause Code-Switching (CL)

5. Integrated Loanwords (IL)

6. Diglossic Code-Switching (DG)

No Code-Switching Cases

Types of Code-Switching Page

SW PH SN CL IL DG

1. “Uang dari Prancis masih tersisa di bank seribu

dollar Amerika.” √ 8

2. “Tabanas berisi dollar Amerika kututup, uang

kugunakan untuk membuat rak-rak penampung

buku bacaan anak dan remaja.”

√ 8

3. “Biasanya mereka dating sebagai tamu, menghadiri

District Conference, atau meneliti …” √ 16

4. “Sejak aku mapan di Sekayu, adik spiritualku

Johanna membelikan televisi, lengkap dengan video

player atau alat pemutar video.”

√ 17

5. “Di Indonesia, kukira aku sendirian sebagai √ 35

Appendix 5: Table of Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang


68

perempuan pengarang penuh. Di forum

internasional disebut full time woman writer.”

6. “Pada masa itu, Pak Pedro yang memimpin

Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana (PKBI) kota

Semarang, mungkin bahkan se-Jawa Tengah,

mendengar dari rekan-rekannya di Jakarta bahwa

aku sering membantu berbagai kegiatan

Lingkungan Hidup, juga mengenai permasalahan

Keluarga Berencana (KB) di Ibukota. PKBI ini

tidak dinaungi salah satu instansi Pemerintah,

melainkan langsung tergantung pada suatu lembaga

mengenai family planning di London, Inggris.”

√ 42

7. “Kami sepakat akan memilih Colt L-300 saja,

walaupun tidak ber-AC.” √ 45

8. “Juga didirikan bangunan bergaya tradisional atau

biasa saja sebagai tempat makanan spécialité seperti

pizza maupun seafood disajikan. Di masa itu pizza

merupakan makanan luar negeri yang mulai

populer; sedangkan seafood mengganti sebutan

hasil laut, dikenal hingga pelosok desa-desa.”

√ 47







√ 47


biasa saja sebagai tempat makanan spécialité seperti √ 47


69











√ 47

12. “Kata souvenir mengganti kata asli cendera mata,

mengarah kepada benda-benda kerajinan yang unik

dari tempat wisata tertentu.”

√ 47

13. “Biasanya amat mahal, karena dimaksudkan untuk

mendapatkan dana atau dalam bahasa

internasionalnya fundraising.”

√ 57

14. “Pendapatan event-event seperti itu masuk kas

kelompok Rotary organisator.” √ 57

15. “Dik Gik adalah direktur sebuah perusahaan jasa

bangunan atau real estate.” √ 58

16. “Katanya, dia pernah membaca mengenai usaha

non-profit-ku yang berupa sebuah taman bacaan.” √ 60

17. “Masing-masing sesuai dengan tingkatan studinya,

dikirim meneruskan menggali ilmu ke negara lain

sebagai duta goodwill atau niat baik RC.”

√ 75

18. “Di samping itu, setiap RC diwajibkan

melaksanakan program beasiswa bagi anak-anak

Sekolah Menengah Atas dan tingkatan lanjutannya,

√ 75


70

dikirim ke negara lain, atau sebaliknya,

mengundang siswa luar mengikuti cara hidup

keluarga dan sekolah setempat. Ini dinamakan

student exchange.”

19. “Rapat atau pertemuan setiap kelompok

diselenggarakan 1 kali dalam sepekan. Itu

dinamakan make-up.”

√ 76

20. “Keteraturan jumlah anggota yang hadir atau make-

up dijadikan salah satu ukuran atau „lomba‟ tingkat

kedisiplinan.”

√ 76

21. “Untuk pindahan terakhir itu, aku menyewa

kendaraan Colt L-300 yang lumayan murah karena

tanpa AC.”

√ 78

22. “Di masa itu perkataan fitness mulai dikenal secara

umum.” √ 84

23. “… yang mau atau sanggup berbicara diberi waktu

5 menit. Istilahnya adalah five minutes talk dan

pembicara tidak perlu maju ke depan.”

√ 91

24. “Istilah drop-out mulai popular pada masa itu, yang

kemudian diterjemahkan dengan kata-kata „putus

sekolah‟.

√ 94

25. “Maka pada waktu itulah aku melaksanakan yang

kusebut „kunjungan dari pintu ke pintu‟. Ialah

istilah yang kuambil dari bahasa Inggris door to

door guna mengetahui apa yang menyebabkan

beberapa anggota berhenti membaca di tempatku.”

√ 94

26. “Mebel untuk PB terbuat dari teak block, berteknik

bongkar pasang, bentuknya modern serta praktis √ 97


71

menuruti desainku sendiri.”

27. “Makan siang terdiri dari berbagai jenis sandwich

kecil, makanan panggangan hasil olahan para

dosen, selada sayur dan buah-buahan.”

√ 112

28. “Kami langsung menuju ke sebuah conference

centre yang sudah disewa oleh Panitia, lengkap

dengan penginapan dan fasilitasnya.”

√ 112

29. “Pada saat pengarang yang diundang harus pulang

ke negerinya, di bandara dia dikenakan tagihan

biaya excess baggage yang juga tidak sedikit.”

√ 117

30. “Misalnya, ketika membelikan tiket pesawat

disertakan pula voucher untuk kelebihan bagasi.” √ 117

31. “Di sana biar disuguhi snack mengenyangkan.” √ 121

32. “I don’t have any shower, so you have to pour the

water directly from the small bucket to your body.”

kataku.

√ 123

33. “Kanada terletak di bagian utara Benua Amerika,

sebuah Negara yang termasuk dalam kelompok

Persemakmuran Inggris atau Commonwealth.”

√ 133

34. “Pada umumnya, Pemerintah di negara-negara yang

telah berkembang secara berkala menyelenggarakan

test atau yang disebut „ujian negara‟ bagi para

tukang dan pengrajin.”

√ 133

35. “Jika kelak ingin menjadi Chef, dia bisa mengikuti

ujian negara.” √ 135

36. “Istilah jet lag diterapkan bagi orang-orang yang

mengalami gangguan adaptasi waktu.” √ 136

37. “Jessie menjadi karyawan ahli di sebuah yayasan √ 136


72

sosial, menangani pendidikan anak-anak

bermasalah atau yang di sana disebut troubled

children.”

38. “Kutawarkan minuman hangat dari Indonesia,

terbuat dari ginger atau jahe.” √ 140

39. “Kusebutkan kata ginger karena kuanggap polisi-

polisi itu tentulah mengenal ginger ale, ialah

minuman ringan Amerika.”

√ 140

40. “Kanada terkenal dengan seni jahit sambung-

menyambung yang disebut patchwork.” √ 142

41. “Yang paling mahal adalah selimut atau penutup

tempat tidur patchwork yang diisi dengan bulu

halus unggas liar bernama eider.”

√

142

42. “Ditambah jika bulu-bulu tersebut dimasukkan di

dalam rangkapan selimut hasil seni jahit sambung-

menyambung atau patchwork yang harmonis, maka

nilainya bertambah melambung ke langit!”

√ 143

43. “Patchwork juga bisa diberi pigura, berfungsi

sebagai hiasan dinding seperti lukisan.” √ 143

44. “Berpenduduk kurang lebih 300.000, kota Windsor

kaya dengan berbagai restoran kecil, sedang, atau

bertaraf lux.”

√ 143

45. “Walaupun sesungguhnya di sana juga terdapat

minyak bumi, namun tenaga air dan batu bara

merupakan sumber energi non-petrol yang

dimanfaatkan secara maksimum.”

√ 146

46. “Dinding rumah bagian luar dicat ungu muda,

sedangkan jendela-jendela diwarnai pink.” √ 147


73

47. “Terutama ialah ikan tuna sebagai pengisi roti dan

kacang polong untuk sup serta beberapa jenis buah

yang dikemas sudah setengah kering, misalnya

apricot, figue atau ara, dan prune.”

√ 150

48. “Untuk membeli keju Belanda seperti edam atau

gouda, orang harus pergi ke toko di hotel-hotel

mewah.”

√ 150

49. “Kata Jessie, aku tidak pantas dipanggil Grandma,

Méméé, atau Nenek.” √ 153

50. “Setelah dicucikan di dry-cleaning, itu bisa dipakai

Yatin atau Mak Sop.” √ 170

51. “Pak Suman kupersilakan tidur di mezzanine, ialah

lantai 2 yang dibangun sepertiga keluasan PB,

tergantung bagaikan balkon.”

√ 178

52. “Kunyalakan standby light atau lampu darurat

hadiah dari teman-teman Rotary.” √ 179

53. “Ruang makan yang biasa disebut patio, pemisah

antara bagian rumah bagian timur yaitu kelompok

garasi, dapur, kamar pembantu, …”

√ 180

54. “Yang pertama adalah dari Perusahaan Jamu Jago,

berupa kendaraan pick-up penuh kardus.” √ 183

55. ”Pick-up Jamu Jago bisa membantu hingga 3 kali

ulang-alik.” √ 185

56. “Sewaktu bertemu kembali dengan Mbak Tjik, aku

diberitahu bahwa adik iparnya mempunyai bisnis

real estate, ialah usaha dalam bangunan.”

√ 193

57. “Aku kirim ke rekening PB sebagai back up,

cadangan kalau-kalau kurang.” √ 201


74

58. “Bersama Rotarien-Rotarien Meinita, Edith, Tri,

aku mengikuti pertemuan antar District di

Surabaya.”

√ 203

59. “Karena club kami Kunthi yang terdiri dari „hanya

kaum perempuan‟ dianggap baru, aku sebagai

pengarang dan anggota, …”

√ 203

60. “Dalam pidato singkat yang secara internasional

disebut five minutes talk itu kujelaskan bahwa

kami, wanita-wanita yang tergabung dalam Kunthi

…”

√ 203

61. “Kukatakan dengan tersenyum-senyum, dengan

nama suami magic, gabungan antara nama Wakil

Presiden dan Presiden sekaligus, …”

√ 222

62. “Aku juga mencicipi masakan omelette a la nature,

atau telur dadar burung onta alami, hanya ditambah

merica dan garam di piring masing-masing.”

√ 230

63. “…, baju paling luar adalah cardigan, jenis rajutan

seperti pullover tapi di depan terbuka, memakai

kancing, sehingga mudah dilepas.”

√ 243

64. “…, baju paling luar adalah cardigan, jenis rajutan

seperti pullover tapi di depan terbuka, memakai

kancing, sehingga mudah dilepas.”

√ 243

65. “Di dalam pesawat luar negeri AC-nya kencang

sekali!” √ 243

66. “Saya biasa udara ber-AC.” √ 243

67. “Aku sendiri santai, karena dalam perjalanan

dengan pesawat terbang, selain megenakan

camisole, ialah kaos singlet wanita bikinan Prancis

√ 243


75

yang menahan kehangatan tubuhku sendiri, …”

68. “Ini hanya jaket tipis, tapi dari bahan parachute

asli.” √ 244

69. “Sekalian alat pencetaknya atau yang lebih sering

disebut printer.” √ 248

TOTAL CASES 36 32 1 - - -


76

Table B.1. The Reasons for Using Code-Switching

in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

The Reasons for using Code-Switching (Crystal):

1. To build good relation with the target readers (GR) 2. To express some words which either did not have Indonesian terms or had

Indonesian terms but it was rarely used (EW)

3. To quote someone’s statements or expressions (QS)

No. Code-Switching Cases

Reasons for using

Code-Switching Page

GR EW QS

1. “… dengan wadah-wadah kecil lain yang

berisi garam dan saus mustard.” √ 2

2. “Untuk menjadi istri seorang diplomat

Prancis, aku diwajibkan melewati

beberapa wawancara yang di masa itu

disebut tanya-jawab atau interview.”

√ 2

3. “Di kota itu aku menginap semalam di

hotel Caravelle, dimana untuk pertama

kalinya aku mengenal sebuah penemuan

manusia modern yang disebut lift.”

√ 5

4. “Pengaturan bangunan, rumah makan, dan

café-nya sama seperti di jalan-jalan kota

negeri itu.”

√ 5

5. “Dia mengantarku membeli beberapa baju

hangat seperti pullover, cardigan, atau

sweater dan lebih-lebih twin set.”

√ 5




√ 5




√ 5




√ 5

9. “Yang terakhir itu ternyata merupakan

yang paling praktis, karena terdiri dari

semacam t-shirt berlengan pendek …”

√ 5

10. “Bahannya benang dirajut, sama seperti

pullover dan lain-lainnya.” √ 5

Appendix 6: Table of Reasons for Using Code-Switching

in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko


77

11. “Waktu itu pula untuk pertama kalinya

aku mengenal lembutnya benang wol jenis

kashmir yang hangat dan tidak gatal di

kulitku.”

√ 5

12. “ Di dalam suratnya, Yves juga

menyuruhku membeli satu jas hujan yang

tebal dan waterproof, karena bulan Mei di

Kobe …”

√ 5

13. “Karena jabatannya sebagai diplomat,

Yves berhak masuk airport sampai ke

dalam ruang imigrasi.”

√ 7

14. “Welcome to our country Japan, Mam,”

kata lelaki itu dengan tekanan yang jelas

asing.

√ 8

15. “It’s good,” aku menanggapi. ”I thank you

very much and I apologize to cause you so

much trouble.”

√ 8

16 “It’s good,” aku menanggapi. ”I thank

you very much and I apologize to cause

you so much trouble.”

√ 8

17. “Oh, it’s nothing. It’s nothing. No

trouble at all,” sahutnya sambil

membungkukkan badan.

√ 8

18. “Bak mandinya tetap bergaya Jepang,

hanya cukup untuk satu orang tetapi

ditambah pancuran atau shower.”

√ 19

19. “Bertentangan dengan jendela, arah ke

pintu depan yang jarang dibuka terdapat

tokonoma yang dalam bahasa Inggris

disebut alcove.”

√ 21

20. “Selama dua pekan aku menikmati

honeymoon.” √ 23

21. “Sedangkan ornamen yang terletak paling

atas atau di ujung batang kayu tersebut

dinamakan hoju,…Dalam bahasa Inggris

disebut a relic of saint.”

√ 24

22. “Bukan dia yang memasak, melainkan

chef konsulat yang digaji kantor.” √ 35

23. “Itu berarti bayi yang Anda kandung

mempunyai pilihan. Good. It’s very good

because that means he has a character,”

kata Hilda lagi dalam bahasa Inggris.

√ 36

24. “Apalagi di kemudian hari aku

mengetahui bahwa selada udang dan buah

avokad merupakan hidangan kelas VIP.”

√ 37

25. “Baju-baju mahal dan chic, salon-salon √ 37


78

pengguntingan dan tata rias rambut,

semua itu diperkenalkan kepadaku.”

26. “… dapat bergaul dekat dengan dia karena

cita rasanya yang serba lux tidak sesuai

denganku.”

√ 38

27. “Di konsulat diselenggarakan cocktail di

mana diundang semua perwakilan asing

dan para pejabat Pemerintah Daerah

Kobe.”

√ 41

28. “… oleh orang-orang senegaranya yang

menyukai minuman keras, lebih-lebih

anggur Champagne yang tersohor itu.”

√ 41



31. “Pada acara-acara makan siang atau

makan malam ketika kami diundang, aku

harus kelihatan sekurang-kurangnya

pantas. Atau lebih baik lagi chic.”

√ 46

32. “Ini pas sekali buat orang sedang ber-

honeymoon,” kata tamu dan kenalan

baruku yang belum kuketahui namanya

itu.”

√ 47

33. “Sejak malam cocktail 14 Juli itu,

kenalanku bertambah banyak.” √ 48

34. “Untuk resepsi dan undangan cocktail aku

harus mengenakan baju yang terbuat dari

bahan bagus.”

√ 49

35. “Lalu kukatakan gagasanku akan

mebikinkan rok batik, tetapi diberi

veering kain sutra tipis sekali yang

harganya dapat kujangkau.”

√ 49

36. “Semuanya kami simpan di dalam

freezer.” √ 54

37. “Semua suster-suster yang datang siang

itu mengenakan rok sampai di bawah

lutut, memakai stocking biru tua, sewarna

dengan kerudungnya.”

√ 54

38. “Commandant akan segera bergabung.” √ 58

39. “Siang itu Tuan Hoo berjanji akan

menjadi supplier-ku.” √ 60

40. “Andre tidak sabar lagi, mematah-

matahkan roti baguette dengan

tangannya.”

√ 62

41. “Istri Anda juga menyukai camembert!”

Christine berseru membelalakkan mata ke √ 64


79

arah Yves.

42. “… juga mengenakan jas atau blazer di

atas baju ringan musim panasnya.” √ 78

43. “… aku keluar rumah dan naik kendaraan

umum sesudah waktu rush, yaitu setelah

orang-orang berangkat bekerja dan anak-

anak ke sekolah.”

√ 79

44. “… bahkan sering pula buah-buahan segar

atau kering, misalnya prunaux atau

orange.”

√ 80

45. “Ya, Dini itu dinihari. Sebelum dawn.” √ 86

46. “Aku menyukai musik klasik dan folklore,

tapi tidak disiarkan keras-keras.” √ 94

47. “Pada suatu siang aku ke department

store Daimaru melihat-lihat dua lantai

dimana telah dipasang pakaian musim

gugur dan musim dingin pada boneka-

boneka manekin.”

√ 97

48. “Kutunggu lift yang naik.” √ 97

49. “Tiga orang keluar dari lift, aku menyisih

membiarkan berlalu.” √ 97

50. “… gadis bersarung tangan dan berpeci

mungil di dalam lift menyambutku.” √ 97

51. “Gadis penjaga lift melongokkan kepala

keluar, memandang ke kanan dan ke

sebelah lain.”

√ 98

52. “Dia ucapkan kalimat penjelasan bahwa

tingkat itu sudah dilalui, kini lift menuju

ke tingkat sepuluh.”

√ 98

53. “Ketika kalimat itu hamper selesai keluar

dari bibirnya, lift yang baru bergerak, tiba-

tiba berhenti.”

√ 98

54. “Aku terlempar ke sudut, terguling di

lantai satu kali, berhimpitan dengan

penjaga lift, dua kali.

√ 98

55. “Sekilas kulihat gadis penjaga lift yang

tersungkur di lantai itu mencoba

meniruku, tapi tidak berdaya karena

lengannya terlalu pendek.”

√ 98

56. “Dan grrreggg. Lift berhenti.” √ 98

57. “Gadis penjaga lift itu mendorongku

supaya menyingkir.” √ 99

58. “Aku hanya ingin segera keluar dari lift,

dengan cepat dan utuh.” √ 99

59. “Rambutnya yang pendek tidak lagi √ 99


80

berbentuk bulat seperti yang terlihat

olehku ketika aku memasuki lift tadi.”

60. “Sepatuku terlepas, kucari, tergeletak

tidak jauh dari peci mungil yang tadi

bertengger di atas kerapian rambut gadis

penjaga lift.”

√ 99

61. “Suara manusia, suara rantai, benda yang

dipukulkan pada sesuatu bagian lift.” √ 99

62. “Gadis penjaga lift melanjutkan pesanku

dan entah berbicara apa lagi dengan

sangat ramai, …”

√ 100

63. “Ketika pintu lift berhasil dibuka paksa,

aku terheran-heran melihat seseorang

melompat perlahan ke tempat kami.”

√ 100

64. “Rupanya lift terhenti di antara dua

tingkat, yaitu tingkat delapan dan

sembilan.”

√ 100

65. “Tanpa kusadari, aku sudah berada di

sebuah lift bersama orang-orang yang

sama yang sejak beberapa menit itu selalu

mengelilingiku.”

√ 100

66. “Tentulah itu akibat guncangan-

guncangan di dalam lift tadi.” √ 101

67. “Dia pasti marah jika terjadi sesuatu yang

gawat, seperti kecelakaan lift, dan aku

tidak cepat memberitahukan kepadanya.”

√ 101

68. “Aku berdiri di pintu, memandangi dia

mengeluarkan irisan roti dari freezer.” √ 102

69. “Di koran ada berita tentang lift yang

rusak di Daimaru.” √ 106

70. “Yang menjadi kebanggaan Jepang adalah

pohon momeji atau dalam bahasa Inggris

maple.”

√ 107

71. “Gaya penataan bunga juga bermacam-

macam, tidak hanya bouquet atau buket.” √ 108

72. “Mengingat pengalaman di dalam lift,

sekeluar dari perhentian bis, aku menepi

dan menempel pada pagar besi sebuah

bangunan.”

√ 111

73. “Kalau tidak, aku keluar mencari kedai

atau kafe di department store, lalu

menonton film.”

√ 118

74. “Yves sudah membelikan sebuah mesin

jahit Singer portable, warnanya hitam,

klasik.

√ 118


81

75. “Di tempat itu biasanya juga tersedia

beberapa jenis makanan siap saji seperti

telur rebus, dadar atau mata sapi, roti isi

atau sandwich, sup dan spageti.”

√ 122

76. “Itu digunakan suamiku untuk kamar

gelap atau dark room.” √ 125

73. “Jamuannya diatur cara buffet atau

prasmanan.” √ 129

74. “Ketika dia diberitahu bahwa Madame

Coffin diantar suaminya masuk kamar

VIP, pagi-pagi sekali dia menengokku.”

√ 130

75. “Mengapa harus di-rontgen, ma Mere?” √ 130

76. “Tapi untuk meyakinkan, lebih baik di-

rontgen.” √ 130

77. “Lalu bagian dalam telinga itu

kubersihkan dengan cotton buds dan

campuran alkohol serta air.”

√ 134

78. “Suamiku memanfaatkan hari semacam

itu untuk menjepret puluhan foto untuk

slide dan foto hitam-putih.”

√ 151

79. “Memang aku mempunyai banyak

selendang atau scarf persegi lebar untuk

dikerudungkan di kepala, …”

√ 151

80. “Untunglah aku selalu mempunyai

simpanan masakan Indonesia di dalam

freezer, tinggal kutambah dengan …”

√ 153

81. “Di kamar VIP itu disediakan lemari es

kecil yang nyaris kosong, karena aku tidak

menyukai buah dingin.”

√ 163

82. “Itu termasuk buku terlaris atau best-seller

sehingga ada orang ternama yang

mengatakan bahwa …”

√ 168

83. “… mengambil bantal dari ranjang, lalu

menikmati Newsweek dan musiknya

bersama-sama.”

√ 172

84. “Lalu pada suatu siang, aku membaca

sebuah artikel di majalah Times mengenai

orang-orang yang hidup di dekat

perokok.”

√ 174

85. “Tentu sudah kaubaca artikel di Times

tentang resiko yang kutanggung sebagai

orang yang hidup bersamamu.

√ 174

86. “Dari dalam freezer kukeluarkan beberapa

tusuk jeroan yang sudah kumasak ungkep

dan kusajikan seperti sate pendek-

pendek.”

√ 180


82

87. “Aku masih harus mengupas scotch-tape

yang merekatkan kertas-kertas menjadi

satu.”

√ 181

88. “Kebetulan di saat itu aku mengenakan

pull over turtle neck hitam.” √ 182

89. “Di masa itu, merek-merek besar pembuat

bahan make-up belum ada yang

mengeluarkan bahan rias berwarna lebih

gelap dari rose dan amber.”

√ 190





√ 190





√ 190

92. “Nyonya dan nona di konsulat pada

penasaran ingin mengetahui merek

kosmetika apa yang Madame gunakan.”

√ 190

93. “Tapi yang sebenarnya, aku selalu

menggunakan baby lotion.” √ 190

94. “Kemudian kupoleskan pancake Max

Factor warna amber dengan kapas basah.” √ 190

95. “Kemudian kupoleskan pancake Max

Factor warna amber dengan kapas basah.” √ 190

96. “Lalu sebagai riasan paling akhir,

kuratakan bedak dari merek yang sama,

kucampurkan warna rose dan amber.”

√ 191

97. “Lalu sebagai riasan paling akhir,

kuratakan bedak dari merek yang sama,

kucampurkan warna rose dan amber.”

√ 191

98. “… bersamaan dengan kembalinya

matahari, kuselubungkan kain tulle halus

pada kereta tersebut.”

√ 193

99. “Bersama kulitnya, kumasukkan pisang ke

dalam oven.” √ 194

100. “… lalu kuputar di dalam alat pembuat

kentang puree atau mashed potato yang

kubeli khusu hanya untuk makanan bayi,

…”

√ 194

101. “Nyaris sekilo harga steak daging has

yang kita makan!” suaranya kasar dan

keras.”

√ 195

102. “Ketika Yves di rumah, aku tidak

memberikan susu kaleng yang harganya √ 196


83

konon sama dengan satu kilogram harga

steak daging haas.”

103. “Aku punya langganan drugstore yang

memberi potongan harga sangat

lumayan.”

√ 197

104. “Untuk menjaga anak, kau harus

membayar baby sitter secara harian.” √ 200

105. “Tiga kotak lainnya kemarin malam

langsung kusimpan ke dalam freezer.” √ 204

106. “… berbagai sayur mentah yang

kubumbui dengan vinaigrette.” √ 206

107. “… kumasukkan ke dalam topi atau

saputangan besar berwarna atau scarf.” √ 212

108. “Bila tidak dingin, kubiarkan saja

memanjang dan kuikat dengan scarf agak

kecil atau kujepit di tengkukku.”

√ 212

109. “Bukan jalan besar, melainkan jalan yang

besarnya tengahan, karena pemandangan

lebih menarik daripada jika kami

mengambil highway.”

√ 215

110. “Kuinginkan perjalanan berdua selama

lebih dari sepekan itu menjadi semacam

honeymoon kedua kami.”

√ 216

111. “Sedangkan di kota pertama yang kami

singgahi di Kyushu, namanya Oita, aku

terpaksa mengenakan cardigan berlengan

panjang.”

√ 220

112. “Resepsi cara Prancis tidak sah jika tidak

diakhiri dengan minum champagne,

anggur khas negeri itu.”

√ 221

113. “Itu cukup untuk suguhan buffet atau

prasmanan yang tentu tidak bakal terjadi

di rumah kami yang sempit.”

√ 222

114. “… kami bisa melarutkan pil kecil-kecil

yang dibikin dari sari daun camomille.” √ 228

115. “Maklum, di sini tidak ada salon yang

dapat membantunya, karena coiffure Jawa

tidak dikenal.”

√ 229

116. “Ditambah lagi dengan kebisingan radio

hi-fi atau piringan hitam yang dia putar.” √ 231

117. “Ibu kubelikan biscuit cream butter yang

pasti dia sukai dan beberapa bahan buat

kebaya.”

√ 236

118. “Kamu bisa minta uang kepada Nyonya

Kato, karena ini dapat dimasukkan √ 236


84

sebagai biaya hotel dan konsumsi team

Daniel.”

119. “Hanggar tempatnya dulu bekerja disulap

menjadi sebuah stasiun kereta bawah

tanah atau metro, …”

√ 239

120.` “Dan setelah resepsi selesai, ruangan itu

dijadikan tempat makan malam yang

disuguhkan secara banquet atau

prasmanan.”

√ 239

121. “Sementara ini saya habiskan dulu

champagne saya.” √ 240

122. “Untuk mengayunkan langkah-langkah

slow aku tidak keberatan.” √ 240

123. “… yang sangat menarik karena

memperagakan gerakan jive, dansa tahun

lima puluhan yang amat popular dengan

kelincahan yang mengagumkan.”

√ 240

124. “Sejak malam itu, suamiku menambah

ketenarannya dengan satu hal lagi, yaitu

sebagai pedansa jive dan twist yang patut

dipuji.”

√ 240

125 “Sejak malam itu, suamiku menambah

ketenarannya dengan satu hal lagi, yaitu

sebagai pedansa jive dan twist yang patut

dipuji.”

√ 240

126. “… sama seperti berita-berita tentang

berbagai event olahraga atau

kebudayaan.”

√ 241

127. “Aku tidak mempunyai perasaan apa-apa

mengenai the other wife.” √ 245

128. “Dia sudah mempunyai anak dengan the

other wife, namun ingin mempunyai lagi

denganku.”

√ 246

129. “Suamiku terlalu asyik mendengarkan

music sambil membaca Times dan

Newsweek sehingga tidak

mempedulikanku.”

√ 253

130. “Suamiku terlalu asyik mendengarkan

music sambil membaca Times dan

Newsweek sehingga tidak

mempedulikanku.”

√ 253

131. “Dia tidak mau minum selain Coca Cola.” √ 260

132. “Di lantai teras berjejer entah berapa Coca

Cola yang sudah ataupun akan dikocok.” √ 260

133. “Tetapi rasanya tidak seperti Coca Cola.” √ 261


85

134. “… misalnya yang tergabung dalam

International Women’s Club kurasa

banyak yang menyukaiku.”

√ 269

135. “Yves menelepon Toko Roti Donq

memberi instruksi agar menambah

kiriman brioche ke rumah kami setiap hari

bersama roti Prancis seperti sedia

kala…Teksturnya mirip roti sobek tetapi

lebih gurih.”

√ 274

136. “Hiroko pamit untuk mencari Tante Un

dan Mbakyu Miskum ke stand Indonesia.” √ 288

137. “Aku digandeng Hilda ke kafe Prancis

yang berdampingan dengan stand

konsulat.”

√ 288

138. “Make-up-mu terlalu coklat, ma Din.” √ 289

139. “Belum sempat berpikir mengapa suamiku

justru mengkritik make-up-ku dan tidak

menyambutku dengan tanda-tanda kasih

lain …”

√ 289

140. “Mereka bersama para muda-mudi lain di

stand konsulat, bersiap-siap akan

menarikan tari Kipas dari Sulawesi.”

√ 289

141.. “Kamu mencampur lulur dan pancake

dengan pas sekali.” √ 290

139. “Lemari es dan oven serta beberapa

perkakas listrik lain yang besar-besar akan

dibeli oleh Nakajima-san tetangga kami.”

√ 296

140. “Memasukkan kunci untuk start dibarengi

dengan injakan gas yang halus, …” √ 298

141. “Kupilih jalur paling kiri, kuhentikan

mobil di belakang mobil pick-up.” √ 299

142. “Dengan celana panjang dan pullover

tebal aku tidak merasakan dinginnya

udara di akhir Januari.”

√ 300

143. “Tamu dijamu secara prasmanan atau

buffet dengan suguhan makanan Prancis

yang berlimpahan.”

√ 302

144. Lalu dia menoleh kepadaku meneruskan

dengan nada suara lain, “I am sorry, Dini

…”

√ 309

145. “Anda katakan saya swine, peminum,

pela… Apakah begitu caranya berbicara

kepada seorang lady?!”

√ 310

146. “Anda katakana saya swine, peminum,

pela… Apakah begitu caranya berbicara

kepada seorang lady?!”

√ 310


86

147. “Then you have to behave like a lady!”

suara Yves lantang menembus

kelengangan jalan.

√ 310

148. “Sana! Pulanglah! Go home! Take a cold

shower and one big glass of black coffee.

Itu akan menjernihkan pikiran Anda.”

√ 310

149. “… kami lebih sering berada di halaman,

berteduh di gazebo atau berjalan-jalan

melihat tanaman, bunga, serta ikan koi di

kolam.”

√ 315

150. “Baby sitter begitu pasti mahal upahnya,

tidak mungkin Yves mau mengeluarkan

uang hanya untuk menyewa pengasuh

Lintang.”

√ 317

TOTAL CASES 41 101 8


87

Table B.2. The Reasons for Using Code-Switching

in Nh. Dini’s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

The Reasons for using Code-Switching (Crystal):

1. To build good relation with the target readers (GR) 2. To express some words which either did not have Indonesian terms or had

Indonesian terms but it was rarely used (EW)

3. To quote someone’s statements or expressions (QS)

No Code-Switching Cases

Reasons for Using

Code-Switching Page

GR EW QS

1. “Uang dari Prancis masih tersisa di bank

seribu dollar Amerika.” √ 8

2. “Tabanas berisi dollar Amerika kututup, uang

kugunakan untuk membuat rak-rak

penampung buku bacaan anak dan remaja.”

√ 8

3. “Biasanya mereka dating sebagai tamu,

menghadiri District Conference, atau meneliti

…”

√ 16

4. “Sejak aku mapan di Sekayu, adik spiritualku

Johanna membelikan televisi, lengkap dengan

video player atau alat pemutar video.”

√ 17

5. “Di Indonesia, kukira aku sendirian sebagai

perempuan pengarang penuh. Di forum

internasional disebut full time woman

writer.”

√ 35

6. “Pada masa itu, Pak Pedro yang memimpin

Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana (PKBI)

kota Semarang, mungkin bahkan se-Jawa

Tengah, mendengar dari rekan-rekannya di

Jakarta bahwa aku sering membantu berbagai

kegiatan Lingkungan Hidup, juga mengenai

permasalahan Keluarga Berencana (KB) di

Ibukota. PKBI ini tidak dinaungi salah satu

instansi Pemerintah, melainkan langsung

tergantung pada suatu lembaga mengenai

family planning di London, Inggris.”

√ 42

7. “Kami sepakat akan memilih Colt L-300 saja,

walaupun tidak ber-AC.” √ 45

8. “Juga didirikan bangunan bergaya tradisional √ 47

Appendix 7: Table of Reasons for Using Code-Switching

in Nh. Dini’s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang


88

atau biasa saja sebagai tempat makanan

spécialité seperti pizza maupun seafood

disajikan. Di masa itu pizza merupakan

makanan luar negeri yang mulai populer;

sedangkan seafood mengganti sebutan hasil

laut, dikenal hingga pelosok desa-desa.”

9. “Juga didirikan bangunan bergaya tradisional







√ 47








√ 47








√ 47

12. “Kata souvenir mengganti kata asli cendera

mata, mengarah kepada benda-benda

kerajinan yang unik dari tempat wisata

tertentu.”

√ 47

13. “Biasanya amat mahal, karena dimaksudkan

untuk mendapatkan dana atau dalam bahasa

internasionalnya fundraising.”

√ 57

14. “Pendapatan event-event seperti itu masuk

kas kelompok Rotary organisator.” √ 57

15. “Dik Gik adalah direktur sebuah perusahaan

jasa bangunan atau real estate.” √ 58

16. “Katanya, dia pernah membaca mengenai

usaha non-profit-ku yang berupa sebuah

taman bacaan.”

√ 60

17. “Masing-masing sesuai dengan tingkatan

studinya, dikirim meneruskan menggali ilmu

ke negara lain sebagai duta goodwill atau niat

baik RC.”

√ 75

18. “Di samping itu, setiap RC diwajibkan √ 75


89

melaksanakan program beasiswa bagi anak-

anak Sekolah Menengah Atas dan tingkatan

lanjutannya, dikirim ke negara lain, atau

sebaliknya, mengundang siswa luar mengikuti

cara hidup keluarga dan sekolah setempat. Ini

dinamakan student exchange.”

19. “Rapat atau pertemuan setiap kelompok

diselenggarakan 1 kali dalam sepekan. Itu

dinamakan make-up.”

√ 76

20. “Keteraturan jumlah anggota yang hadir atau

make-up dijadikan salah satu ukuran atau

„lomba‟ tingkat kedisiplinan.”

√ 76

21. “Untuk pindahan terakhir itu, aku menyewa

kendaraan Colt L-300 yang lumayan murah

karena tanpa AC.”

√ 78

22. “Di masa itu perkataan fitness mulai dikenal

secara umum.” √ 84

23. “… yang mau atau sanggup berbicara diberi

waktu 5 menit. Istilahnya adalah five minutes

talk dan pembicara tidak perlu maju ke

depan.”

√ 91

24. “Istilah drop-out mulai popular pada masa itu,

yang kemudian diterjemahkan dengan kata-

kata „putus sekolah‟.

√ 94

25. “Maka pada waktu itulah aku melaksanakan

yang kusebut „kunjungan dari pintu ke pintu‟.

Ialah istilah yang kuambil dari bahasa Inggris

door to door guna mengetahui apa yang

menyebabkan beberapa anggota berhenti

membaca di tempatku.”

√ 94

26. “Mebel untuk PB terbuat dari teak block,

berteknik bongkar pasang, bentuknya modern

serta praktis menuruti desainku sendiri.”

√ 97

27. “Makan siang terdiri dari berbagai jenis

sandwich kecil, makanan panggangan hasil

olahan para dosen, selada sayur dan buah-

buahan.”

√ 112

28. “Kami langsung menuju ke sebuah

conference centre yang sudah disewa oleh

Panitia, lengkap dengan penginapan dan

fasilitasnya.”

√ 112

29. “Pada saat pengarang yang diundang harus

pulang ke negerinya, di bandara dia

dikenakan tagihan biaya excess baggage yang

juga tidak sedikit.”

√ 117

30. “Misalnya, ketika membelikan tiket pesawat √ 117


90

disertakan pula voucher untuk kelebihan

bagasi.”

31. “Di sana biar disuguhi snack

mengenyangkan.” √ 121

32. “I don’t have any shower, so you have to

pour the water directly from the small bucket

to your body.” kataku.

√ 123

33. “Kanada terletak di bagian utara Benua

Amerika, sebuah Negara yang termasuk

dalam kelompok Persemakmuran Inggris atau

Commonwealth.”

√ 133

34. “Pada umumnya, Pemerintah di negara-

negara yang telah berkembang secara berkala

menyelenggarakan test atau yang disebut

„ujian negara‟ bagi para tukang dan

pengrajin.”

√ 133

35. “Jika kelak ingin menjadi Chef, dia bisa

mengikuti ujian negara.” √ 135

36. “Istilah jet lag diterapkan bagi orang-orang

yang mengalami gangguan adaptasi waktu.” √ 136

37. “Jessie menjadi karyawan ahli di sebuah

yayasan sosial, menangani pendidikan anak-

anak bermasalah atau yang di sana disebut

troubled children.”

√ 136

38. “Kutawarkan minuman hangat dari Indonesia,

terbuat dari ginger atau jahe.” √ 140

39. “Kusebutkan kata ginger karena kuanggap

polisi-polisi itu tentulah mengenal ginger ale,

ialah minuman ringan Amerika.”

√ 140

40. “Kanada terkenal dengan seni jahit sambung-

menyambung yang disebut patchwork.” √ 142

41. “Yang paling mahal adalah selimut atau

penutup tempat tidur patchwork yang diisi

dengan bulu halus unggas liar bernama

eider.”

√

142

42. “Ditambah jika bulu-bulu tersebut

dimasukkan di dalam rangkapan selimut hasil

seni jahit sambung-menyambung atau

patchwork yang harmonis, maka nilainya

bertambah melambung ke langit!”

√ 143

43. “Patchwork juga bisa diberi pigura, berfungsi

sebagai hiasan dinding seperti lukisan.” √ 143

44. “Berpenduduk kurang lebih 300.000, kota

Windsor kaya dengan berbagai restoran kecil,

sedang, atau bertaraf lux.”

√ 143

45. “Walaupun sesungguhnya di sana juga √ 146


91

terdapat minyak bumi, namun tenaga air dan

batu bara merupakan sumber energi non-

petrol yang dimanfaatkan secara maksimum.”

46. “Dinding rumah bagian luar dicat ungu muda,

sedangkan jendela-jendela diwarnai pink.” √ 147

47. “Terutama ialah ikan tuna sebagai pengisi roti

dan kacang polong untuk sup serta beberapa

jenis buah yang dikemas sudah setengah

kering, misalnya apricot, figue atau ara, dan

prune.”

√ 150

48. “Untuk membeli keju Belanda seperti edam

atau gouda, orang harus pergi ke toko di

hotel-hotel mewah.”

√ 150

49. “Kata Jessie, aku tidak pantas dipanggil

Grandma, Méméé, atau Nenek.” √ 153

50. “Setelah dicucikan di dry-cleaning, itu bisa

dipakai Yatin atau Mak Sop.” √ 170

51. “Pak Suman kupersilakan tidur di mezzanine,

ialah lantai 2 yang dibangun sepertiga

keluasan PB, tergantung bagaikan balkon.”

√ 178

52. “Kunyalakan standby light atau lampu darurat

hadiah dari teman-teman Rotary.” √ 179

53. “Ruang makan yang biasa disebut patio,

pemisah antara bagian rumah bagian timur

yaitu kelompok garasi, dapur, kamar

pembantu, …”

√ 180

54. “Yang pertama adalah dari Perusahaan Jamu

Jago, berupa kendaraan pick-up penuh

kardus.”

√ 183

55. ”Pick-up Jamu Jago bisa membantu hingga 3

kali ulang-alik.” √ 185

56. “Sewaktu bertemu kembali dengan Mbak

Tjik, aku diberitahu bahwa adik iparnya

mempunyai bisnis real estate, ialah usaha

dalam bangunan.”

√ 193

57. “Aku kirim ke rekening PB sebagai back up,

cadangan kalau-kalau kurang.” √ 201

58. “Bersama Rotarien-Rotarien Meinita, Edith,

Tri, aku mengikuti pertemuan antar District di

Surabaya.”

√ 203

59. “Karena club kami Kunthi yang terdiri dari

„hanya kaum perempuan‟ dianggap baru, aku

sebagai pengarang dan anggota, …”

√ 203

60. “Dalam pidato singkat yang secara

internasional disebut five minutes talk itu

kujelaskan bahwa kami, wanita-wanita yang

√ 203


92

tergabung dalam Kunthi …”

61. “Kukatakan dengan tersenyum-senyum,

dengan nama suami magic, gabungan antara

nama Wakil Presiden dan Presiden sekaligus,

…”

√ 222

62. “Aku juga mencicipi masakan omelette a la

nature, atau telur dadar burung onta alami,

hanya ditambah merica dan garam di piring

masing-masing.”

√ 230

63. “…, baju paling luar adalah cardigan, jenis

rajutan seperti pullover tapi di depan terbuka,

memakai kancing, sehingga mudah dilepas.”

√ 243

64. “…, baju paling luar adalah cardigan, jenis

rajutan seperti pullover tapi di depan terbuka,

memakai kancing, sehingga mudah dilepas.”

√ 243

65. “Di dalam pesawat luar negeri AC-nya

kencang sekali!” √ 243

66. “Saya biasa udara ber-AC.” √ 243

67. “Aku sendiri santai, karena dalam perjalanan

dengan pesawat terbang, selain megenakan

camisole, ialah kaos singlet wanita bikinan

Prancis yang menahan kehangatan tubuhku

sendiri, …”

√ 243

68. “Ini hanya jaket tipis, tapi dari bahan

parachute asli.” √ 244

69. “Sekalian alat pencetaknya atau yang lebih

sering disebut printer.” √ 248

TOTAL CASES 36 32 1


93

Table C.1 The Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching Cases

in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang


SW PH SN CL IL DG

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 116 31 7 1 2 -

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36 37 1 - - -

Appendix 8: Table of the Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching Cases



94

Table A.6 The Summarized Data of the Reasons for Using Code-Switching in

Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang


GR EW QS

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 41 101 8

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36 37 1

Appendix 9: Table of the Summarized Data of the Reasons for Using Code-Switching



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