chapter 8 human population
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Chapter 8 Human Population. Mr. Manskopf Notes also at http://www.manskopf.com. Chapter 8 Big Idea. The size and growth rate of human population has changed drastically over the last 200 years. Those changes have led to profound changes to almost every place on Earth. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 8 Human Chapter 8 Human PopulationPopulation
Mr. ManskopfMr. ManskopfNotes also at Notes also at http://www.manskopf.com
Chapter 8 Big IdeaChapter 8 Big Idea
The size and growth rate of The size and growth rate of human population has changed human population has changed drastically over the last 200 drastically over the last 200 years. Those changes have led to years. Those changes have led to profound changes to almost profound changes to almost every place on Earth.every place on Earth.
China’s One-Child PolicyChina’s One-Child Policy• In 1970, the average Chinese woman had In 1970, the average Chinese woman had
about six children. about six children. • Since 1979, China has used a system of Since 1979, China has used a system of
rewards and punishments to enforce a rewards and punishments to enforce a one-child limit to slow population growth. one-child limit to slow population growth.
• In 2005, there were 32 million more males In 2005, there were 32 million more males than females in China under the age of 20than females in China under the age of 20
Talk About It Is it ethical for governments to limit or encourage human population growth?
Talk About It Is it ethical for governments to limit or encourage human population growth?
Studying Human PopulationsStudying Human Populations
Describe how the size and growth rate for Describe how the size and growth rate for human population has changed over human population has changed over historyhistory
What factors lead to population changesWhat factors lead to population changes Analyze populations using Age Structure Analyze populations using Age Structure
DiagramsDiagrams Terms: Demography, Age Structure, Terms: Demography, Age Structure,
Survivorship, Fertility, Migration, Life Survivorship, Fertility, Migration, Life ExpectancyExpectancy
• Describe what you see on this graph
•How long did it take to get to 1 billion, than 2, 3,4,5,6
•How many people are living today?Did You Know? Basic sanitation was rare even in the medical profession until 1861, when Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that doctors’ hand washing greatly reduced patient mortality.
Did You Know? Basic sanitation was rare even in the medical profession until 1861, when Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that doctors’ hand washing greatly reduced patient mortality.
•Why did it take so long to reach 1 billion?
•Why do you think it took off around the late 1880s?
Interesting Fact: Of all the humans ever born, approximately 6-7% are alive today.
Studying Human PopulationsStudying Human Populations
Demography: the Demography: the study of human study of human populationpopulation
How many people live How many people live where?where?
How long are you How long are you expected to live?expected to live?
How many children How many children are you likely to have.are you likely to have.
DemographyDemography• • Population size:Population size: Number of peopleNumber of people
• Population Population density:density: Number Number of people living per of people living per mimi2 2 (or per km(or per km22))
• Population Population distribution:distribution: How How people are people are distributed within distributed within an areaan area
Exponential GrowthExponential Growth
Exponential Growth: rapid growth often seen as J-Shaped curve on a graph
Can that growth continue?
Forecasting Population SizeForecasting Population Size
Will new schools be Will new schools be needed?needed?
Should we be Should we be building more building more housing?housing?
Should farming Should farming practices be practices be improved?improved?
Predictions like this Predictions like this often wrong because often wrong because human behavior human behavior changeschanges
Forecasting Population SizeForecasting Population Size
Age Structure: the Age Structure: the distribution of ages distribution of ages in a populationin a population
Age Structure Age Structure Diagrams aka Diagrams aka population pyramidspopulation pyramids
What is useful about What is useful about these diagrams?these diagrams?
•What are these age-structure diagrams showing?
•What are the “reproductive years” Why is that important in forecasting future population growth?
•Which “type” of countries are going to see most of the population growth?
•Which “type” of countries do people live longer lives?
• Survivorship: percent of population likely to survive a given age
What causes population to rise?What causes population to rise?Population
Changes =
(births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
For world population growth we are only concerned about births and deaths.
Fertility RatesFertility Rates
Fertility Rates: Fertility Rates: number of number of babies born babies born each year per each year per 1,000 women1,000 women
Total fertility Total fertility raterate
Replacement Replacement rate fertilityrate fertility
Fertility and WomenFertility and Women Two main factors Two main factors
impact fertility rates impact fertility rates worldwideworldwide
Education level of Education level of women (knowledge of women (knowledge of family planning)family planning)
Economic level of Economic level of womenwomen
Generally, on average, Generally, on average, more education, more more education, more wealth = lower wealth = lower fertility ratesfertility rates
• What does this graph show?
•How has U.S. fertility rates changed?
Migration: movement Migration: movement INTO (immigration) or INTO (immigration) or OUT of (emigration) OUT of (emigration) an areaan area
Population
Change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
U.S. growth continues because of both births and immigration
Death rates on the Death rates on the decline… decline… people people living longerliving longer
Why?Why?
Population
Change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
Better hygiene, Better hygiene, sewage disposal, sewage disposal, clean water, clean water, medicines, medicines, education, access education, access to food, nutritionto food, nutrition
Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy
Life Expectancy: Life Expectancy: average number of average number of years members of years members of a population are a population are expected to liveexpected to live
Improvement in Improvement in most of worldmost of world
Lower INFANT Lower INFANT MORTALITYMORTALITY
Compared to our neighbors
Major changes in U.S. over last 100+ years
Demographic TransitionDemographic TransitionEvery Country Goes Through ItEvery Country Goes Through It
Explain what you see on this chart
• Stage 1 : High Birth AND Death rates = little population change
• Stage 2 : Death Rates Fall, Birth Rates Still High = Population Growth
• Stage 3: Death Rates Low, Birth Rates Drop = Population Growth Slows
• Stage 4: Death Rates Low, Birth Rate Low = Population Declines
DESCRIBE EACH STAGE: WHAT DO YOU SEE?
CalculationsCalculations
A town currently has a population of A town currently has a population of 20 people. If 10 people are born, 8 20 people. If 10 people are born, 8 people die, 3 immigrate and 1 people die, 3 immigrate and 1 emigrate, what is the population? emigrate, what is the population?
CalculationsCalculations
USA currently has a population of USA currently has a population of 320,000,000 people. If 5,000,000 320,000,000 people. If 5,000,000 people are born, 2,000,000 people people are born, 2,000,000 people die, 200,000 immigrate and 50,000 die, 200,000 immigrate and 50,000 emigrate, what is the population?emigrate, what is the population?
Rule of 70: Doubling TimeRule of 70: Doubling Time
Currently, a city has a population 10 Currently, a city has a population 10 million. When will it reach 20 million if the million. When will it reach 20 million if the population is growing at 10%?population is growing at 10%?
How long will it take a population to go How long will it take a population to go from 200 to 400 if it grows at 5% a year?from 200 to 400 if it grows at 5% a year?
ReviewReview
Describe how the size and growth rate for Describe how the size and growth rate for human population has changed over human population has changed over historyhistory
What factors lead to population changesWhat factors lead to population changes Analyze populations using Age Structure Analyze populations using Age Structure
DiagramsDiagrams Terms: Demography, Age Structure, Terms: Demography, Age Structure,
Survivorship, Fertility, Migration, Life Survivorship, Fertility, Migration, Life ExpectancyExpectancy
Ages 0-14Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+Ages 45-85+
Rapid GrowthGuatemala
NigeriaSaudi Arabia
Rapid GrowthGuatemala
NigeriaSaudi Arabia
Slow GrowthUnited States
AustraliaCanada
Slow GrowthUnited States
AustraliaCanada
MaleMale FemaleFemale
Zero GrowthSpainAustriaGreece
Zero GrowthSpainAustriaGreece
Negative GrowthGermanyBulgariaSweden
Negative GrowthGermanyBulgariaSweden
Population Age StructurePopulation Age StructurePopulation Age StructurePopulation Age Structure
Fig. 10-14 p. 184Fig. 10-14 p. 184
Population TrendsPopulation Trends
What are problems associated with What are problems associated with rapid human population growth?rapid human population growth?
Compare developed and developing Compare developed and developing (lesser developed) countries.(lesser developed) countries.
Investigate strategies for reducing Investigate strategies for reducing population growth.population growth.
Terms: arable land, urbanization, Terms: arable land, urbanization, suburban sprawl, developed and suburban sprawl, developed and developing countriesdeveloping countries..
Problems With Rapid GrowthProblems With Rapid Growth
Lack of infrastructure to Lack of infrastructure to support populationsupport population
Water suppliesWater supplies SewersSewers RoadsRoads SchoolsSchools PowerplantsPowerplants HospitalsHospitals HousingHousing
Problems With Rapid GrowthProblems With Rapid Growth
Using up resources Using up resources too quicklytoo quickly
Water suppliesWater supplies Food Supplies, Food Supplies,
VegetationVegetation Wood/fuels : wood Wood/fuels : wood
supplies critical to supplies critical to life in many life in many regionsregions
Problems With Rapid GrowthProblems With Rapid Growth
Unsafe water Unsafe water suppliessupplies
Sewage mixing Sewage mixing with water supplieswith water supplies
Cholera, Cholera, Dysentery, Dysentery, TyphoidTyphoid
1 Billion lack clean 1 Billion lack clean waterwater
3 million/yr die3 million/yr die
Clean Water LackingClean Water Lacking
If the millions of women who haul water long distances had a faucet by their door, whole societies could be transformed.
Problems With Rapid GrowthProblems With Rapid Growth
Land becomes scarceLand becomes scarce Arable land : land Arable land : land
that can grow cropsthat can grow crops Tradeoffs made : Tradeoffs made :
agriculture, agriculture, housing, natural housing, natural habitats habitats
Which do you think Which do you think typically wins out?typically wins out?
Problems With Rapid GrowthProblems With Rapid Growth
Urbanization: Urbanization: movement of movement of people from rural people from rural areas to citiesareas to cities
Much of world is Much of world is going throughgoing through
Increased demand Increased demand on infrastructureon infrastructure
Problems With GrowthProblems With GrowthIn U.S.In U.S.
Suburban sprawl: Suburban sprawl: work in cities live in work in cities live in suburbssuburbs
Decay of inner Decay of inner citiescities
Increased trafficIncreased traffic Loss of farmlandLoss of farmland Decreased wildlife Decreased wildlife
habitathabitat
Suburban SprawlSuburban Sprawl
Diverse World PopulationDiverse World Population
Developed CountriesDeveloped Countries US, Canada, Japan,
Australia, New Zealand and most of Europe. High Per Capita GDP. (1.2 billion people)
Comparing a developed country
to
Moderately Developed
to
Developing (lesser developed)
Did You Know? On average, 1 American consumes as much natural resources as 5 Chinese or 13 Pakistanis.
Did You Know? On average, 1 American consumes as much natural resources as 5 Chinese or 13 Pakistanis.
Diverse World PopulationDiverse World Population
Developing (lesser Developing (lesser developed) developed)
5.2 billion people living with very little 97% of population
growth.
Percent of World’s
Developingcountries
Developedcountries
Population
Populationgrowth
Wealth andincome
Resourceuse
Pollutionand waste
19
81
0.1
1.6
85
15
88
12
75
25
Most fertility rates are dropping toward replacement levels
Strategies for Controlling GrowthStrategies for Controlling Growth Public Public
AdvertisementsAdvertisements Economic Economic
IncentivesIncentives Legal PunishmentsLegal Punishments Empowering Empowering
WomenWomen Investments in Investments in
Education and Education and Family PlanningFamily Planning
Growth Is SlowingGrowth Is Slowingbut still growingbut still growing
ReviewReview
What are problems associated with What are problems associated with rapid human population growth?rapid human population growth?
Compare developed and developing Compare developed and developing (lesser developed) countries.(lesser developed) countries.
Investigate strategies for reducing Investigate strategies for reducing population growth.population growth.
Terms: arable land, urbanization, Terms: arable land, urbanization, suburban sprawl, developed and suburban sprawl, developed and developing countriesdeveloping countries..