chapter 6: the human population and its impact. human population growth continues but is unevenly...
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Chapter 6: The Human Population Chapter 6: The Human Population and Its Impactand Its Impact
Human Population Growth Human Population Growth Continues but Is Unevenly Continues but Is Unevenly DistributedDistributed In the past 200 years the
human population has been growing exponentially (J-curve).
Three major factors of population growth:
1)ability of humans to expand into all of earths climate zones and habitats
2)emergence of modern agriculture allows us to produce more food
3)improvements in sanitation & health care and the development of antibiotics & vaccines have resulted in a drop of death rates
Core Case StudyCore Case StudySlowing Population Growth In China: A Success Slowing Population Growth In China: A Success StoryStory China is the world’s most populated country with1.3
billion people Expected to reach1.5 billion by 2025 and decline to
1.4 billion by 2050. Goal has been to sharply reduce the population using
the One Child Policy – those who follow the policy receive benefits such as better housing , more food , and free health care
Between 1972 and 2010, birth rates declined, trimming average number of children born to China’s women from 5.7 to 1.5
Core Case StudyCore Case StudySlowing Population Growth In China: A Success Slowing Population Growth In China: A Success StoryStory
China has undergone rapid industrialization- 100
million new people have created a middle class
We should care about China’s population because:
1) We all depend on Earth’s life support systems to
meet our basic needs for air, water, food, land,
shelter, and energy.
2) Our current world population is not meeting the
basic needs of 1.4 billion people.
SlowingSlowing Population Growth in Population Growth in China: A Success StoryChina: A Success Story China is the world’s
most populous country, with 1.3 billion people.
In 1960, in order to avoid a serious threat of mass starvation due to a rapidly growing population, government officials established the world’s most extensive, intrusive, and strict family planning and birth control program.
Their goal in this has been to sharply reduce population growth.
6-1: How Many People Can The Earth 6-1: How Many People Can The Earth Support?Support?
Human Population Growth Continues but is Unevenly Human Population Growth Continues but is Unevenly DistributedDistributed
Due to advances in technology, medicine, and modern
agriculture, population has increased exponentially.
Rate of population growth has slowed but the world’s
population is still increasing exponentially at a rate of
1.21% a year.
83 million new people added in 2010 – 1% added to
MDC’s.
Projected to be 7.8-10.8 by 2050.
6-1: How Many People Can The Earth 6-1: How Many People Can The Earth Support?Support?
Human Population Growth Continues but is Unevenly Human Population Growth Continues but is Unevenly DistributedDistributed
Cultural Carrying Capacity is the maximum
number of people that can live in a reasonable
freedom and comfort indefinitely without decreasing
the ability of the earth to sustain future generations.
6-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the Human 6-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population? Population?
The Human Population Can Grow ,Decline, or Remain The Human Population Can Grow ,Decline, or Remain Fairly StableFairly Stable
• If there are more births than deaths during a given period of time, population increases. If reverse is true, then it decreases.
• Crude birth rate is the number of live births per1,000 people in a population in a given year.
• Crude death rate is the number of live deaths per1,000 people in a population in a given year.
• Population change = (Births +Immigration) - (Deaths+ Emigration)
6-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the 6-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the Human PopulationHuman Population? ?
Women Are Having Fewer Babies but Not Few Enough to Women Are Having Fewer Babies but Not Few Enough to Stabilize the World’s PopulationStabilize the World’s Population
Fertility rate is the number of children born to a woman
during her lifetime.
Replacement level fertility rate is the average number
of children that couples in a population must bear to
replace themselves (2.1 in more developed countries and
2.5 in less developed countries).
Total fertility rate is the average number of children born
to women in a population during their reproductive years.
6-26-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population? Human Population?
Several Factors Affect Birth Rates and Fertility RatesSeveral Factors Affect Birth Rates and Fertility Rates
Factors affecting birth rates and fertility rates
include: Importance of children as part of the labor force Cost of raising and educating children. Availability of , or lack of, private and public
pension systems Urbanization Educational and employment opportunities
available for women Average age of marriage Availability of legal abortions/ birth control.
• Rapid growth of the worlds population over the
past 100 years is not primarily due to higher
birth rates but instead lower death rates.
• Life expectancy is the average number of years
a newborn infant can be expected to live.
• Infant Mortality Rate is the number of infants
out of every 1000 born who die before their first
birthday.
• Infant mortality rates have declined dramatically
since 1965.
6-26-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population? Human Population?
Several Factors Affect Death RatesSeveral Factors Affect Death Rates
Child mortality rates are the annual number of
deaths among children under 5 per 1000 live births.
The USA has the world’s highest teenage pregnancy
rate.
Child mortality varies greatly from region to region.
According to the United Nations, the world’s child
mortality rate dropped 20% between 1960’s and
2008.
6-26-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population? Human Population?
Several Factors Affect Death RatesSeveral Factors Affect Death Rates
Migration is the movement of people into
(immigration) and out of (emigration) specific
geographic areas.
Most people migrating from one area or country to
another seek jobs and economic improvement .
Religious persecution, ethnic conflicts, political
oppression, wars, environmental degradation are also
reasons people migrate.
6-26-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population? Human Population?
Migration Affects an Area’s Population SizeMigration Affects an Area’s Population Size
Migration Affects an Area’s Migration Affects an Area’s PopulationPopulationMigration: the
movement of people into and out of specific geographic areas.
Most people migrate seeking jobs and economic improvement.
Religious persecution, ethnic conflicts, political oppression, wars, and certain types of environmental degradation also drive people to migrate.
• Age Structure is the number or
percentages of males and females in the
young middle, and older age groups in that
population.
• The population age structure diagram is
constructed by plotting a given population’s
percentages of males and females in each of
three age categories; pre-reproductive (0-
14), reproductive(15-44), and post-
reproductive(45+).
6-3 How Does a Population’s Age 6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?
A Population’s Age Structure Helps Us to Make A Population’s Age Structure Helps Us to Make ProjectionsProjections
• A country with a large percentage of its people
younger than 15 will experience a rapid population
growth.
• Demographic momentum is the number of births
that will rise for several decades even if women have
an average of just 1-2 children, due to a large number
of girls entering their prime reproductive years.
6-3 How Does a Population’s Age 6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?
A Population’s Age Structure Helps Us to Make A Population’s Age Structure Helps Us to Make ProjectionsProjections
Japan has the highest percentage of elderly people.
With a population of 127 million in 2010, it is
projected to shrink to 95 million by 2050.
China’s One Child Policy means less children by 2020-
31% of population 60+ years old.
6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its 6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline? Growth or Decline?
Populations Made Up of Mostly Older People Can Decline Populations Made Up of Mostly Older People Can Decline RapidlyRapidly
6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or 6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline? Decline?
Populations Made Up of Mostly Older People Can Decline Populations Made Up of Mostly Older People Can Decline RapidlyRapidly
Having a graying population leads to a declining work
force, limited funds for supporting continued
economic development, and fewer children and
grandchildren to take care of the growing number of
elderly people.
Economic and social problems result from the rapid
population decline - this can threaten population
growth and create labor shortages.
• Between 1981 and 2009, AIDS killed more than 27 million people
and takes about 2 million more lives each year.
• AIDS kills many young adults ands leaves many children orphaned .
• Results in drop in average age expectancy, loss of productive young
adult workers and trained personnel, and drastic change to a
country's age structure.
• Experts call for the international community to create and fund a
massive program to help countries ravaged by AIDS. The program
would reduce the spread of HIV by providing financial assistance for
improving education and health care and providing social workers to
try to compensate for the missing young-adult generation.
6-3 How Does a Population’s Age 6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline? Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?
Populations Can Decline Due to a Rising Death Rate: Populations Can Decline Due to a Rising Death Rate: The AIDS TragedyThe AIDS Tragedy
The Demographic Transition states that as countries
become industrialized and economically developed, first
their death rates decline and then their birth rates decline.
It takes place in 4 stages.
The three most important steps:
1) Reduce poverty primarily through economic
development and universal primary education
2) Elevate the status of women
3) Encourage family planning and reproductive health
care
6-4 How Can We Slow Human 6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?Population Growth?
The First Step Is to Promote Economic DevelopmentThe First Step Is to Promote Economic Development
Some analysts believe that most lesser developed countries will make a demographic transition over the next few decades
Other analysts fear that rapid population growth, extreme poverty, and increasing environmental degradation in some low income, lesser developed countries will leave them stuck in stage two.
6-4 How Can We Slow Human 6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?Population Growth?
The First Step Is to Promote Economic DevelopmentThe First Step Is to Promote Economic Development
Women tend to have fewer children if they are
educated, have the ability to control their own
fertility, earn an income of their own, and live in
societies that do not suppress their rights.
Although women make up roughly half the world’s
population, in most societies they have fewer rights,
education, and economic opportunities than men.
6-4 How Can We Slow Human 6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?Population Growth?
Empowering Women Helps to Slow Population GrowthEmpowering Women Helps to Slow Population Growth
Globally, women account for 2/3 of all work
done but receive only 10% of the world’s
income.
Women own less than 2% of the world’s land
Women make up more than 70% of the
world’s poor and 64% of its 800 million
illiterate adults
6-4 How Can We Slow Human 6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?Population Growth?
The First Step Is to Promote Economic DevelopmentThe First Step Is to Promote Economic Development
Family planning provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them
Family planning has been a major factor in reducing the number of births throughout most of the world, the number of abortions performed each year, and the number of mothers and fetuses dying during pregnancy.
Responsible for a drop of 55% in total fertility rates in lesser developed countries.
6-4 How Can We Slow Human 6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?Population Growth?
Promote Family PlanningPromote Family Planning
6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population 6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?Growth?
Promote Family PlanningPromote Family Planning
Family planning also has financial benefits; studies show that each dollar spent on family planning saves $10-16 in health, education, and social service costs.
The United Nations Population Fund reports that 42% of pregnancies in lesser developed countries are unplanned and 26% end with abortion
Case Study: The U.S Population is Growing Case Study: The U.S Population is Growing RapidlyRapidly
The period of high birth rates between 1946 and 1964
is known as the baby boom. During the baby boom 79
million people were added to the US population.
The drop of the total fertility rate has slowed the rate of
population growth in the US , but the population is still
growing faster than China's population.
The leading causes of deaths in the US in 1907 were
pneumonia, tuberculosis and diarrhea .
Case Study: The United States: A Nation of Case Study: The United States: A Nation of ImmigrantsImmigrants
• Currently, legal and illegal immigration accounts for
about 36% of the country’s annual population growth.
• Latin Americans make up 53% of our immigrants, Asians
makes up 25%, and Europeans makes up 14%
• There are many debates of whether to reduce legal
immigration in the US.
• 60% of the American public supports reducing legal
immigration.
Case Study: The United States: A Nation of Case Study: The United States: A Nation of ImmigrantsImmigrants
Some argue that it would diminish the United states
historical role of the land of opportunity to limit
immigration, taking away from the world’s cultural
diversity.
Immigrants open up businesses and they help the US
succeed in the global economy.
Many immigrants take menial and low paying jobs that
Americans shun.
Case Study: The American Baby BoomCase Study: The American Baby Boom
The baby boom added 79 million more people to the US
population.
Baby boomers created the youth market in their teens and
twenties.
Due to the downturn in the economy in 2007, many of these
baby boomers lost their jobs and much of their savings.
In 1960, 1:11 Americans were 65+. This number will grow
sharply through 2030. This is called the graying of America.
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in Indiain India
In 1952, India added 5 million people to its
population. In 2010, it added 18 million.
32% of India’s population is under the age of 15.
India has the world’s largest economy and is thriving,
but it faces serious poverty and malnutrition.
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in Indiain India
• Indian women have an average of 2.6 children.
• They believe that they need more children to work and care
for them in old age.
• Like China, India has many critical environmental problems.
• They only have 2.3% of the world’s land resources and 2% of
its forests
• More than 2/3 of its water is seriously polluted and they also
have serious air pollution.
Science Focus: Projecting Population Science Focus: Projecting Population ChangeChange
There are countless factors that demographers have to consider when making population projections
They have to determine the reliability of current population estimates, estimate trends in fertility, and consider that different organizations use different sets of data and differing methods to make projections.
All these factors make for a variation of projections
Science Focus: How Long Can the Science Focus: How Long Can the Human Population Keep Growing?Human Population Keep Growing?
Human activities have directly affected 83% of the earth’s land surface, excluding Antarctica.
Thomas Malthus hypothesized that the human population tends to increase exponentially while food supplies tend to increase more slowly at a linear rate. However, because of technological advances in food production, food has also increased exponentially.
Overconsumption and overpopulation are considered the key problems
At today’s level of consumption, scientists estimate that we would need the equivalent of 1.3 planet Earths to sustain our per capita use of renewable resources indefinitely.
By 2050, with the projected population increase, we will likely need almost 2 planet Earths to meet such resource needs and 5 Earths if everyone reaches the current U.S level of renewable resource consumption per person
Science Focus: How Long Can the Science Focus: How Long Can the Human Population Keep Growing?Human Population Keep Growing?
Some analysts believe that because of our technological ingenuity, there are few, if any, limits to human population growth and resource use per person
Most agree that we have used technology to alter natural systems to meet our growing needs and wants
Science Focus: How Long Can the Science Focus: How Long Can the Human Population Keep Growing?Human Population Keep Growing?