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Chapter 7 Key Terms 1 AtlasAxis ClavicleLacunae LamellaLigaments OssificationSuture Red Bone MarrowForamen Yellow Bone MarrowTendon OsteoblastOsteoclast EndosteumPeriosteum TubercleTrabeculae

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM 2

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Introduction Leonardo da Vinci was the first to correctly illustrate the human skeleton with all 206 bones Over half are found in the foot and hand Parts of the skeletal system: Bones Joints Cartilage Ligaments Tendons 3

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Functions Supports surrounding tissues Protects vital organs and soft tissues of the body Assists in movement Manufactures blood cells Hematopoiesis: process of making blood Stores mineral salts 4

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How is bone made? Ossification The formation of bone by osteoblasts Intramembranous Ossification Connective tissue membranes are replaced by deposits of inorganic calcium salts Endochondral Ossification Organic matrix synthesized and osteoblast gets surrounded by bone matrix Occurs everywhere except bones in the skull 5

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Bone Structure 6

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Classifications of Bone 8 Long Bones Bones whose length exceeds their width Consist of a diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal line, epiphysis Thickness of compact bone is greatest near the middle of the shaft Medullary cavity is found inside the shaft Epiphysis is composed mainly of cancellous bone Large epiphyses provide large surface area for muscle attachment and articulation with other bones

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Classifications of Bone Short bones Somewhat irregular in shape Lack a long axis Majority is cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone Carpals and tarsals 9

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Classifications of Bone Flat Bones Provide large surface area and protection for vital parts of the body Consist of two flat plates of compact bone surrounding cancellous bone Sternum, ribs, scapula, skull 10

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Classifications of Bone Irregular Very irregular in shape Spongy bone enclosed by thin layers of compact bone Vertebra and ossicles in ear Sesamoid Small rounded bones Enclosed in tendons and fascial tissue and assist muscle function Patella 11

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Bone Markings Processes: any bony prominence or projection Spine: any sharp, slender projection Condyle: rounded prominence usually found at point of articulation Trochanter: large projection, usually sticking out of end of bone Crest: narrow ridge of bone Neck: connects head to rest of bone 12

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Bone Markings Fossae: any depression or cavity on a bone Suture: narrow junction between two bones Foramen: opening through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass Sinus: cavity within bone 13

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Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton 80 bones Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Arms, clavicle, scapula, legs, pelvic girdle 14

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Axial Skeleton Skull (28 bones) 15

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Axial Skeleton Hyoid Bone Has no articulations with other bones Supports the tongue Held by two styloid ligaments connecting to styloid process Helps elevate larynx (voice box) during swallowing and speaking 17

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Axial Skeleton Vertebrae and intervertebral disks Protect the spinal cord Vertebrae provide support for the body while disks allow for flexibility 26 vertebral bones separated by intervertebral disks 18

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Axial Skeleton 19

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Axial Skeleton Thorax (25 bones) Sternum, costal cartilages, ribs 12 pairs of ribs True Ribs: 1-7 False Ribs 8-10 Floating Ribs: 11-12 20

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Appendicular Skeleton Clavicle AKA collar bone Connects to the sternum and scapula 21

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Appendicular Skeleton Scapula AKA shoulder blade Connects the clavicle and humerus Also believed to have a part in movement of the arm 22

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Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the arm 23

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Hand 24

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Pelvis 25

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Leg 26

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Foot 27