Unions and Political Unions and Political ReformReform

Chapters 5&6Chapters 5&6

Union TermsUnion Terms

- Yellow dog contract - Yellow dog contract -Pinkertons-Pinkertons-Strike-Strike- Scab- Scab-Collective Bargaining-Collective Bargaining- Injunction- Injunction-Arbitration-Arbitration

Causes for worker’s complaintsCauses for worker’s complaints

Loss of freedomLoss of freedom

Loss of identityLoss of identity

Long hours, Low wagesLong hours, Low wages

Working conditionsWorking conditions

Child labor Child labor

Sweatshop SystemSweatshop System

Company townsCompany towns

Industrial Unions vs. Craft Industrial Unions vs. Craft UnionsUnions

Great strike of 1877Great strike of 1877- -

Started by railway workers Started by railway workers

Joined by steel and coal workersJoined by steel and coal workers

Federal troops against the workersFederal troops against the workers

NLU- National labor UnionNLU- National labor Union

300 local unions from 13 states300 local unions from 13 states

William SylvisWilliam Sylvis

Eight hour dayEight hour day

650,000 members650,000 members

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Uriah Stephens and Terrence PowderlyUriah Stephens and Terrence PowderlyOpen to all regardless of race, sex, or skillOpen to all regardless of race, sex, or skillOrganization of individuals rather than Organization of individuals rather than smaller unionssmaller unionsEight hour dayEight hour dayChild laborChild laborHealth and safety lawHealth and safety lawEqual pay for equal workEqual pay for equal workPolitical activity and education rather than Political activity and education rather than strikesstrikes

Haymarket AffairHaymarket Affair

Downfall of the Knights of Labor- no Downfall of the Knights of Labor- no known affiliation other than strike at known affiliation other than strike at McCormick Harvester plant.McCormick Harvester plant.May 4, 1886May 4, 1886Albert Parsons, August Spies, Samuel Albert Parsons, August Spies, Samuel Feldon speakingFeldon speaking180 policemen show up180 policemen show upbomb kills 7 officers 67 injuredbomb kills 7 officers 67 injuredpolice kill 10 workers and 50 woundedpolice kill 10 workers and 50 wounded

AFL- American Federation of AFL- American Federation of LaborLabor

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Bread and butter unionism Bread and butter unionism

Shorter hours, higher wages, and Shorter hours, higher wages, and working conditionsworking conditions

Craft union- skilled workers, only 30% Craft union- skilled workers, only 30% of all workersof all workers

Women and blacks excludedWomen and blacks excluded

Collective bargainingCollective bargaining

ARU- American Railway UnionARU- American Railway Union

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

First industrial union- all railway First industrial union- all railway workersworkers

Blacks not admittedBlacks not admitted

Showed industrial union was more Showed industrial union was more successful than the craft unionsuccessful than the craft union

90,000 vs. 150,000 members90,000 vs. 150,000 members

IWW- Industrial Workers of the IWW- Industrial Workers of the WorldWorld

WobbliesWobblies

““Big Bill” HaywoodBig Bill” Haywood

Miners, lumberjacks, cannery, and dock Miners, lumberjacks, cannery, and dock workersworkers

First to include blacks and womenFirst to include blacks and women

First union to show that non-skilled First union to show that non-skilled workers could be organizedworkers could be organized

ILGWU- International ladies ILGWU- International ladies Garment Workers UnionGarment Workers Union

Pauline Newman- 16 years oldPauline Newman- 16 years old

First women’s strikeFirst women’s strike

Triangle Shirtwaist Co.Triangle Shirtwaist Co.

New safety laws, no work on Sunday, New safety laws, no work on Sunday, no child labor under 14, 54 hr work no child labor under 14, 54 hr work weekweek

Mother JonesMother Jones

Not a union memberNot a union member

Mobilized wives of men on strikeMobilized wives of men on strike

Mining and textiles industriesMining and textiles industries

Fought against child labor- march to Fought against child labor- march to President RooseveltPresident Roosevelt

Instrumental in changing the child Instrumental in changing the child labor law to14yrs.labor law to14yrs.

Government Undermining of the Government Undermining of the UnionsUnions

Sought injunctions- interfering with Sought injunctions- interfering with interstate tradeinterstate trade

Sherman Anti-trust Act- conspiracy in Sherman Anti-trust Act- conspiracy in restraint of traderestraint of trade

Limited how a union could support a Limited how a union could support a strikestrike

By 1910, only 8.3% of industrial By 1910, only 8.3% of industrial workers were unionizedworkers were unionized

Political ReformPolitical ReformPatronage vs. Merit systemPatronage vs. Merit system

Rutherford B Hayes-Rutherford B Hayes- first President to begin reformfirst President to begin reformSet up merit system- independentsSet up merit system- independentsInvestigation of New York Customs HouseInvestigation of New York Customs HouseTicked off many “Stalwart Republicans”Ticked off many “Stalwart Republicans”James A. Garfield-James A. Garfield-Chester Arthur VP one of those fired in the NY Customs HouseChester Arthur VP one of those fired in the NY Customs HouseAppointed all anti-stalwarts to his patronage positionsAppointed all anti-stalwarts to his patronage positionsAssassinated by a stalwartAssassinated by a stalwartChester Arthur-Chester Arthur-Surprises everyone and becomes a reformerSurprises everyone and becomes a reformerPendleton Act- civil service commissionPendleton Act- civil service commissionMerit Exams- 10 % of all civil jobs, now 85%Merit Exams- 10 % of all civil jobs, now 85%No kickbacksNo kickbacks

Tariffs- Back and ForthTariffs- Back and Forth

Grover Cleveland- Grover Cleveland- Laissez faire policy- limited govt. involvementLaissez faire policy- limited govt. involvementWanted lower tariffs to help the poor working classWanted lower tariffs to help the poor working classCost him re-electionCost him re-electionBenjamin Harrison-Benjamin Harrison-Supported by big businessSupported by big businessMcKinley Tariff Act of 1890- raised duties on manufactured McKinley Tariff Act of 1890- raised duties on manufactured goodsgoodsCleveland again-Cleveland again-Only president ever with split termsOnly president ever with split termsWilson Garman Tariff- lowered tariffs but Cleveland did not Wilson Garman Tariff- lowered tariffs but Cleveland did not signsignWilliam McKinleyWilliam McKinleyDingley Tariff Act- raised tariff duties againDingley Tariff Act- raised tariff duties again

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

14th Amendment hurt women’s movement- 14th Amendment hurt women’s movement- added “male” to constitutionadded “male” to constitution

15th Amendment added race or color, 15th Amendment added race or color, nothing about sexnothing about sex

National American Woman’s Suffrage National American Woman’s Suffrage AssociationAssociation

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton

Lucy StoneLucy Stone Julia Ward HoweJulia Ward Howe

Suffrage continued…Suffrage continued…

Three pronged attackThree pronged attackConvince state legislatures to change voting lawsConvince state legislatures to change voting laws-Wyoming Territory first to allow vote in 1869-Wyoming Territory first to allow vote in 1869 2. Test 14th Amendment in court2. Test 14th Amendment in court - Susan B Anthony votes in NY in 1872, - Susan B Anthony votes in NY in 1872, arrested for voter fraudarrested for voter fraud - Minor vs. Happersett ruled women were - Minor vs. Happersett ruled women were citizenscitizens 3. National Constitutional Amendment3. National Constitutional Amendment - 1878-1896 voted down every year, not until - 1878-1896 voted down every year, not until 19101910

Populist MovementPopulist Movement

Began by farmers- GrangersBegan by farmers- Grangers

Farmers feeling pinch of deflationFarmers feeling pinch of deflation

Wanted more money minted to cause Wanted more money minted to cause inflationinflation

Formed the National People’s PartyFormed the National People’s Party

Populist PlatformPopulist Platform

Currency inflationCurrency inflation

Graduated federal income taxGraduated federal income tax

Postal savings banksPostal savings banks

Federal loan programFederal loan program

ReformsReforms

Initiative- people to introduce Initiative- people to introduce legislation by petitionlegislation by petition

Recall- remove elected officialsRecall- remove elected officials

Referendum- vote on bills after they Referendum- vote on bills after they become lawbecome law

Secret ballot for electionsSecret ballot for elections

President elected by popular votePresident elected by popular vote

Single term for PresidentSingle term for President

1896 Election1896 Election

Bimetallism Bimetallism vs. vs. Gold StandardGold Standard

Cheap money vs. Cheap money vs. Stable currencyStable currency

Democrats and Populists vs. Democrats and Populists vs. RepublicansRepublicans

William Jennings Bryan vs. William McKinleyWilliam Jennings Bryan vs. William McKinley

Grass roots stumping vs. Big business Grass roots stumping vs. Big business backingbacking

*1900 United States adopts the Gold *1900 United States adopts the Gold StandardStandard