chapter 7 fall 04

7/23/2019 Chapter 7 Fall 04

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Historical Foundations of Education

Chapter 7



Historical Lenses

Celebrationist historians…see the brighter side of

historical events

Liberal historians…focus on conflict, stress,

inconsistencies

Revisionist historians…learn more by studying what

has been wrong than what has been right

Postmodernist historians…see history through the

unique lenses of social class, race, ethnicity, gender,

age



Learning Outcomes

List important early educators in the world

Detail maor educational accomplishments ofthe early !astern societies "naly#e the life of the colonial school teacher "rticulate the roles government played in

colonial "merica "naly#e how an understanding of early

"merican history informs today$s teacher



The beginnings of Education

%nformal education…all peoples have cared for their

children and prepared them for life

&indu and &ebrew education…how to live a good life

Chinese education…Lao'ts#u and Confucius

!gyptian education…education provided for

privileged males !astern civili#ations developed education prior to

(estern civili#ations, for the most part



Western Education

)he "ge of Pericles *+'+-.bce/, city states

in 0reece 1parta, from 2 to .2, boys were wards of the

1tate…education to develop courage,

patriotism, obedience, cunning, and physical

strength *little intellectual content/ "thens, heavily stressed intellectual and

aesthetic obectives



Western world’s first great

philosophers

1ocrates…the 1ocratic method3 a way of

teaching that centers on the use of questionsby the teacher to lead students to certain

conclusions…1ocrates$ fundamental

principle, 45nowledge is virtue6

Plato…Republic recommendations for theideal society…three classes of people3

artisans, soldiers, philosophers



Greek philosophers

Plato… 4" good education is that which gives to thebody and to the soul all the beauty and all the

perfection of which they are capable6 "ristotle…a person$s most important purpose in life

is to serve and improve human8ind…"ristotle wasscientific, practical, and obective…had the greatestinfluence on thin8ing through the 9iddle "ges

:emales and slaves did not possess the intelligenceto be educated6 *Plato and "ristotle/

"ll paid employment absorbs and degrades themind6 *"ristotle/



Western Education—The omans

%n .+; <C! the Romans conquered 0reece,

many of the advances of the Roman !mpireinspired by the enslaved 0ree8s

<etween = <C! and >== C!, an entire

system of schools developed

?uintilian *-'@ C!/ described current

practice and recommended the type of

system needed in Rome…very humanistic



Education in the !iddle "ges

#$%&'()**+

Roman Catholic Church the greatest power ingovernment and education *by +7;, the fall ofthe Roman !mpire/

)he Dar8 "ges…earthly life as nothing morethan a way to a better life hereafter

Charlemagne *7+>'2.+/ valued education,and found "lcuin *7-'2=+/ and focused onthe seven liberal arts *trivium and quadrivium/



The e,i,al of Learning

)homas "quinas *.>>'.>7+/ 4more than any otherperson helped to change the church$s views on

learning…rooted in the ideas of "ristotle, led to themedieval universities, formali#ed scholasticism *thelogical and philosophical study of the beliefs of thechurch/

)he !ast had no dar8 ages6 9ohammed *;@';->/led a group of "rabs from northern "frica intosouthern 1pain…spread slowly throughout !urope,significant advances in science and mathematics



Education in Transition #()**'(%**+

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance represented the protest againstthe dogmatic authority of the church over

social and intellectual life…revival of classical

learning called humanism

Reformation represented a reaction againstcorruption in the church which 8ept most

people in ignorance



The eformation

:ormal beginning in ..7…ninety'five theses of 9artinLuther…his disagreements with the Church

)he Church believed its duty was to pass on the correctinterpretation of the <ible to the laity…Luther thought eachshould interpret for self, and thus individual education wasimportant…to attain salvation

Luther$s cowor8er in education, Philipp 9elanchthon, stresseduniversal elementary education…education should be providedfor all regardless of class, compulsory for both seAes…statecontrolled and state supported



Education in Transition

%gnatius Loyola*.+@.'.;/, to combat theReformation, began the Besuits in .+=…established schools to further the goals of theCatholic Church, were involved with teachertraining from early on

Comenius *.@>'.;7=/,wrote many teAts, firstto use illustrations, writings based on science

Bohn Loc8e*.;->'.7=+/ tabula rasa



!odern -eriod #(%** to present+

Descartes*.@;'.;=/, laid the foundations

for the modern period and rationalismReason is supreme, the laws of nature are

invariable, truth can be verified empirically

:rederic8 the 0reat *.7.>'.72;/, leader of

Prussia, friend of oltaire, interested in bettertraining for teachers



Emergence of the .ommon !an

" period during which developed the idea thatcommon people should receive at least a basic

education as a means to a better life Rousseau…most important educational wor8, Emile

*.7;>/ about the liberal education of youth…naturalism, education must be natural not artificial4…we ascribe too much importance to words6 (ithour babbling education we ma8e only babblers6Children are born good but corrupted by society



The Emergence of .ommon !an

Pestalo##i *.7+;'.2>7/ 1wiss educator who putRousseau$s theories into practice… educators from

all over the world came to view his schools…unli8emost teachers of his time, he felt students should betreated with love and 8indness

&erbart *.77;'.2+./ studied under Pestalo##i,organi#ed the educational psychology…preparation,

presentation, association, generali#ation, application :roebel *.72>'.2>/, 8indergarten, social

development, cultivation of creativity, learning bydoing…women best suited to teach young children



.olonial Education

1outhern Colonies…in .;.@, twelve years

after the founding of Bamestown, slavesbrought to the 1outh for cheap labor…two

distinct classes of people emerged, a few

wealthy land owners and many poor wor8ers,

mostly slaves…landowners hired tutors toteach their children



!iddle .olonies

arious national and religious bac8grounds,

so they did not agree on a common schoolsystem…each established their own religious

schools, many received education through

apprenticeship



/orthern .olonies

1ettled mainly by the Puritans

People lived close to one another, shippingports established, industrial economy

developed

ld Deluder 1atan "ct*.;+7/…required

towns to provide for the education of youth…the 9assachusetts laws of .;+> and .;+7

became the model for other colonies



T0pes of .olonial 1chools

Dame schools, writing schools, charityschools

Colonial colleges3 &arvard *.;-;/, (illiamand 9ary *.;@-/, Eale *.7=./,Princeton*.7+;/, 5ing$s College *.7+/,

College of Philadelphia *.7/, <rown*.7;+/, Dartmouth *.7;@/, ?ueens College*.77=/…heavy emphasis on theology andthe classics



Toward 2ni,ersal Elementar0

Education

9onitorial schools *.2=/, in Few Eor8 City,economical way to teach the masses…one lead

teacher with lots of helpers among the older andbetter students…closed by .2+= because seen asnot worth the cost

&orace 9ann *.7@;'.2@/, leading proponent ofcommon elementary schools, the forefather of the

contemporary public school 9assachusetts in .2> passed compulsory

attendance laws…by .@==, -> other states didli8ewise



1econdar0 1chools

Latin 0rammar 1chools…strictly college preparatory,

must 8now Latin and 0ree8 for college admittance

"merican "cademies… <enamin :ran8lin in

Philadelphia among the first to prepare young men

for employment through practical studies…an also

enrolled women

&igh 1chools…replaced the academies, were

financially more in the reach of the masses



Federal 3n,ol,ement in Education

Forthwest rdinance *.72 and .727/ …encouraged the establishment of schools, setaside the siAteenth section of each townshipto be used for educational purposes

9orrill Land 0rant *.2;>/…to provide thevocational educated that was needed

1mith'&ughes "ct *[email protected]/…high schoolvocational education



Teaching !aterials

&ornboo8

Few !ngland Primer <lue'<ac8ed 1peller

1lates

9c0uffey$s Reader

chapter 7 fall 04

Documents