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CHAPTER 7 Ethnicity

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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? Key Issue #1

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ETHNICITY Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning national Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same homeland Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits Race = people who share a biological ancestor

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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? Distribution of ethnicities in the United States Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 percent of the U.S. population African Americans = 13 percent of the U.S. population Asian Americans = 4 percent of the U.S. population American Indians = 1 percent of the U.S. population

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DISTRIBUTION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure 7-1

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DISTRIBUTION OF HISPANICS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure 7-2

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DISTRIBUTION OF ASIAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure 7-3

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DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure 7-4

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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? Concentration of ethnicities in U.S. cities 90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live in cities Remnants of twentieth-century European migration = still evident on the landscape Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown

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ETHNICITIES IN CHICAGO Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

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ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGELES Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? African American migration patterns Three major migration patterns Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth century) The triangular slave trade Immigration from the South to northern cities (first half of the twentieth century) Identifiable paths of migration Immigration out of inner cities to other urban areas (second half of the twentieth century to present) The ghetto

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TRIANGULAR SLAVE PATTERN Figure 7-7

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AFRICAN AMERICAN MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES (TWENTIETH CENTURY) Figure 7-8

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AFRICAN AMERICANS IN BALTIMORE Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? Differentiating ethnicity and race Often confusing Race = traits that are shared genetically Biological features within one racial group are highly variable Biological classification of people into distinct racial groups is meaningless Spatial effects of racism Separate but equal White flight Blockbusting Apartheid in South Africa

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BLACK HOMELANDS IN SOUTH AFRICA Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black homelands with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

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APARTHEID Figure 7-13

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WHY HAVE ETHNICITIES BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO NATIONALITIES? Key Issue #2

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WHY HAVE ETHNICITIES BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO NATIONALITIES? Rise of nationalities Nationality: identity with a group of people who share a common allegiance to a particular country From the Latin word nasci, which means to have been born. Nation-state: a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Examples Denmark Nation-states in Europe Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a nationality

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NATION-STATES IN EUROPE

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WHY HAVE ETHNICITIES BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO NATIONALITIES? Multinational states Multiethnic state A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity Example: the United States Multinational state A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity Example: the United Kingdom Example: Russia (the largest multinational state) Revival of ethnic identity

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REPUBLICS OF THE SOVIET UNION Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the countrys largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

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ETHNICITIES IN RUSSIA Figure 7-12

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ETHNICITIES IN THE CAUCASUS Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

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WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH? Key Issue #3

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WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH? Ethnic competition to dominate nationality Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Ethiopia and Eritrea Sudan Somalia Ethnic competition in Lebanon Religious and ethnic differences

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ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN EASTERN AFRICA Figure 7-14

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ETHNICITIES IN LEBANON Figure 7-15

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WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH? Dividing ethnicities among more than one state Dividing ethnicities in South Asia India and Pakistan Kashmir Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka

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ETHNIC DIVISION IN SOUTH ASIA Figure 7-16

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JAMMU AND KASHMIR Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

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SINHALESE AND TAMILS IN SRI LANKA Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

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WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Key Issue #4

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WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their territory The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in Europe and Africa

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WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Ethnic cleansing in Europe Largest forced migration = 19391945 Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis The former Yugoslavia Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia The breakup of Yugoslavia Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo Balkanization: the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

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THE BALKANS IN 1914 Figure 7-20

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FORCED MIGRATIONS AFTER WORLD WAR TWO Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.

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ETHNIC REGIONS IN YUGOSLAVIA Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavias six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

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WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Ethnic cleansing in central Africa Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi destabilizes the region Ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda Refugees spill into neighboring countries Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war

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ETHNICITIES IN AFRICA Fig. 7-23: The boundaries of African states do not (and cannot) coincide with the thousands of ethnic groups on the continent.

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ETHNICITIES IN AFRICA