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Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook
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January 14, 2016
Oct 298:50 AM
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
Key ConceptsWhat is the Cell Theory?What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What structures do you recognize from this cell?
How did scientists find these structures?
The discovery of the microscope. In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to look at a piece of plant material (cork) and saw little rooms. He called these cells because tiny rooms were called cells.
Upon further exploration it was deemed that cells werethe basic units of life.
In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells.In 1839, Theodor Schwann stated that all living things were made of cells.In 1855, Rudolph Virchow concluded that all cells come from existing cells.This lead to the development of the Cell Theory.
Cell Theory was developed and states1. All living things are composed of cells.2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
Is an egg one cell or many?An unfertilized egg does have only one cell, but the cell is at the top of the yolk and looks like a white disk. You can see it if you separate the egg very carefully. When egg is fertilized the cell begins to divideand multiply. The yolk serves as nourishment for the embryo.
Try it at home see if you can see the disk.
Two groups of cellsbased on if the cell has a nucleus or not
All cells have some common structures:Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Genetic Material (DNA)
Some cells have these structures in common:Cell Wall Nucleus
Prokaryotes and EukaryotesProkaryotes
smallerno organellesno nucleusunicellulargenetic material NOT in a nucleusdo same functions as living things
grow, reproduce, etcbacteria
Eukaryoteslargermore complicatedgenetic material in a nucleusorganelles specialized
structures that carry out cells needs
specialized cellscan be unicellularmulticellular organismsplantsanimalsfungiprotists
Assignment:Create a venn diagram the demonstrates the similarities and differences of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Must have at least 5 similarities and 5 differences.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook
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Nov 510:38 AM
72 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Key ConceptWhat are the functions of the major cell structures?
VocabPage 174
Organelles"little organs"
What are some differences between the two cells?
Cell Biologists divide cell into 2 parts nucleus and cytoplasm
Cell Membranelipid bilayer
FunctionControls what goes in and outControls chemical composition
Cytoplasmarea between nucleus and cell membranejelly like material allows organelles to remain suspended2 plasms
cytosol plasm outside of the nucleusnucleoplasm plasm inside the nucleus
each of these have different components in them
Functionsaids to dissolve waste productshelps move cellular materials around the cellreactions occur in the cytoplasmcell expands and growscell divisionprotects organelles from damage due to movementbreak down macromolecules so it is easily available
for other organelles
Nucleusan area inside the cell
Functionscontrols most cell processescontains the hereditary information
Nuclear Envelopetwo membranes that surrounds the nucleus contains nuclear pores that allow materials to enter and
exit the nucleus
ChromatinDNA bound to a protein
chromosomeswhen a cell divides chromatin condenses to
chromosomescontain the genetic information that is passed
Nucleolusregion inside the nucleus that is small and densecreation of ribosomes begin in the nucleolussubunits needed to make ribosomes are manufactured in
the nucleolus, a ribosomes is made of two subunits of proteins
Ribosomescomposed of small particles of RNA and protein
Functionproduce proteins based on instructions from the nucleus
Free Ribosomesfloat in cytoplasm
Functionsynthesize proteins that function within the cytoplasm
Bound Ribosomesattached to ER
Functionsynthesize proteins for transport out of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulummembrane system
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulumhas ribosomes located on membranes
Functionproduction and export of proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulumno ribosomes, just membranes
Functionproduction of lipids and carbohydratesdetoxification of drugs and process chemicals
Which organ would have a lot of SER?liver
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body, Golgi Complex)folds of membranes
Functionlike UPS
receives proteins from the ER through a transition vesicle where molecules are combined then it packages them into secretory vesicles which is released into the cytoplasm to make its way to the cell membrane and sends them out of the cell or stores them for use later
creates lysosomes
Lysosomessmall round vesicles that work in low oxygen areasspecialized vesicle that holds a variety of enzymes
Functiondigestion of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
to be used by other parts of the cellThe enzyme proteins are first created in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi Apparatus. The Golgi Apparatus then does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a small, very specific vesicle. That vesicle is a lysosome. From there the lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed.
Peroxisomessimilar to lysosomesrequire oxygen to be able to workcontain digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials digest ethanol liver would have more peroxisomes than other
cells in the bodysynthesize cholesteroldigestion of amino acids
Vacuolesaclike membrane structure that surrounds a mass of
fluidlarger in plant cell than an animal cell
Functionstorage of waterstorage of wastes to break down so it can not hurt
the cell, wastes will be sent out of the cell
How is the function of a vacuole in a plant cell different from that in a unicellular organism?
A vacuole in a plant cell stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. It helps support plant structures.
A vacuole in a unicellular organism is specialized to pump water out of the cell.
Mitochondria (plural) Mitochondrion (singular)mostly if not all mitochondria come from the ovum (egg cell)made of two membranes
1. acts as a skin2. inner membrane folds over many times and creates structures called cristae (kristy) these folds allow for more energy to be produced due to the increased surface area. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis take place on this membrane as part of cellular respiration to create ATP.
fluid in structure is called matrixcontain own DNA
Functiontake in nutrients, breaks them down, creates energy
for the cell in the form of ATPthrough the process of cellular respirationmuscles have a lot of mitochondria
Chloroplastsfound in plant and some protist (algae)contain own DNAcontain green pigment chlorophyll
Functionresponsible for photosynthesis converting sunlight,
H2O, and CO2 into sugar and O2.
Chromoplastfound in plant cells that contain orange or yellow pigment
Functiongives plants orange or yellow color
Cell Wallcomposed of cellulose sugar
Functionprotection and support
Cytoskeletoncomponent that gives shape to cells made of protein
filaments and allow the cell to move
Microfilamentslong, thin, stringy proteinssupport cell and movement
Microtubulesrounder tubeshapedlocated in centriolescontribute to cell division by forming the mitotic spindles
Centrioleshelp in cell divisionmade of microtubulesfound near nucleus only seen during cell division
Centrosomecomposed of two centriolesorganizes the microtubles
Cell Tutorial link
https://mitochrondria
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model_js.htm
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73 Cell Boundaries
Key ConceptsWhat are the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall?What happens during diffusion?What is osmosis?
Vocab page 182
Cell Membranesurrounds the cellpurpose is to provide protection and support and decides what can
enter and exit the cellmade of two layers of lipids lipid bylayer
protein molecules are embedded to help transport substances through the cell membrane, carbohydrates are chemical identification cards which help to identify cells
Cell Wallplants, algae, fungi, many prokaryotesoutside of cell membranemain function is support and protectionmade of carbohydrate and proteincomposed mostly of cellulose carbohydrate fiber
Both the cell membrane and cell wall are porousallowing materials to pass from inside cell to outside and vice versa.
Cytoplasm has substances in it that move from inside to outside.
A solution is a mixture of two or more substances.
Solutes are the substances that dissolve in a solution.
Concentration mass of solute in a given volume of solutionhow much of each substance in a certain amount solution
ex 6 grams of sugar to 2 liters of waterconcentration = 6 g/2 L = 3g/L
Try this.
If you dissolved 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration of salt in this solution?
Suppose you added 12 more grams of salt, what is the concentration of salt in this solution?
What if you then added another 3 liters of water to that solution, what is the concentration of salt in this solution?
Which one of these solutions would be called the most concentrated?
4 g/L 8 g/L 4 g/L most concentrated = 8 g/L
How do cells deal with different concentrations?
Osmosisdiffusion of water through a permeable membrane from an areaof high to an area of low concentration
when equilibrium is reached it is now called isotonic meaningsame strength
at first solution most concentrated hypertonic above strength
the dilute sugar concentration hypotonic below strength
Look at figure 716isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
Diffusionmolecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
equilibrium when molecules have evenly spread out across the system
does not require energy to move these particles
Page 184, Figure 714
Solutes move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.Equilibrium is reached, but the particles still move in both
directions.
Facilitated Diffusionproteins develop channels that help bring particles through the membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
Figure 717 page 187
Active Transportrequires energy to move particles across the membrane by transport proteins
Endocytosistaking particles into the cell by pockets in the cell membrane
Two TypesPhagocytosis
cell eatingextensions of the cytoplasm surround the
particle and package it into a food vacuole
Pinocytosisbringing liquid into the cell by membrane
Exocytosisreleasing particles from the cell to outside of cell
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook
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74 The Diversity of Cellular Life
Key ConceptsWhat is cell specialization?What are the four levels of organization in multicellular
organisms?
Difference between Unicellular and Multicellular
Unicellularsingle celled organismcan carry out life's functions
Multicellularmany cellsmust have communication and cells working together
cell specializationcells perform different tasks for a particular function
Levels of organization in Multicellular Organisms
CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan Systems
Cells combine to make Tissues
Tissues combine to make Organs
Organs combine to make Organ Systems
Each as a specific function