chapter 3 - cell structure

5/20/2018 Chapter 3 - Cell Structure

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Biomolecules

Proteins Organic compounds made up primarily of

C, H, O, N.

Building blocks are called amino acids Functions

Transport and storage

Mechanical structure and support Motion

Information and control


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Carbohydrates

Contains C, H, O

Building blocks are monosaccharides

Types

Simple sugars- glucose, galactose,

fructose

Double sugars- sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharidesstarch, glycogenFunctions are energy storage, cell walls and

for structural support.


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Lipids

Known as fats Building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol

Types

Simplefatty acids, fats and oils Compoundphospholipids, sterols,

glycolipids

Functions: energy storage, membranecomponents, messengers


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Nucleic acids

Building blocks are nucleotides Types

DNA- makes up the genetic code

-double stranded helix as discoveredby James Watson and Francis Crick

- RNA


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Attributes of Life

Movement and Locomotion Responsiveness and Sensitivity

Growth and Nutrition

Systhesis and Excretion Reproduction and Evolution

Regulation and Homeostasis

Cellular Organization


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Cell Structure

Chapter 3


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Cell Theory

(Matthias Schleiden and Theodore

Schwann) All organisms are composed of one or

more cells.

Cells are the smallest living units of all

living organisms.

Cells arise only by division of apreviously existing cell.


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Cell Functions

Nutrition Digestion

Absorption

Biosynthesis Respiration

Excretion

Secretion

Response

Reproduction


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Visualizing Cells


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Nucleus

Relatively large structurewithin a cell

Directs cell activities Some simple single celled

organisms lack a nucleus


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Nucleus

Prokaryoteshave nonucleus

Eukaryoteshave a nucleus


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Prokaryotes

Single celled organism Kingdom Monera

Lacks a cell nucleus Internal structure is less

organized than other cells


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Prokaryotic Cells

Simplest organisms

Cytoplasmis surrounded by plasma

membrane and encased in a rigid cell

wall. no distinct interior compartments

Susceptibility of bacteria to

antibiotics depends on cell wallstructure.


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Prokaryotic Cells

Some use flagellum for locomotion threadlike structures protruding from cell

surfaceBacterial cell wall

Flagellin

Rotarymotor

Sheath


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Eukaryotic Cells

Characterized by compartmentalization byan endomembrane system, and the

presence of membrane-bound organelles.


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Generalized Eukaryotic Cell


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Eukaryotes

Human body has at least 85different cell types

All eukaryotes have a numberof structures in common


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Common structures

Organellessmaller parts ofthe cell with specific funtions

Cell membraneacts as agatekeeper


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Cell membrane

Controls what enters and leavesthe cell

Plants, algae and bacteriatypically have a tough outerstructure known as a cell wall


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Cell wall

Provides additional structureand protects the cell frompressure caused by movement

of water Animal cells do not have walls


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Cytoplasm

Organelles are surrounded bythis jelly like substance

Primary component is water


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Nucleus

Repository for genetic material

Directs activities of the cell Surface of nucleus bound by two phospholipid

bilayer membranes

nuclear membrane Nuclear poresprotein gatekeepers

Usually proteins going in and RNA going

out


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Other organelles Lysosomes

Golgi bodies

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Vacuoles

Chloroplasts in plants


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Lysosome

Small round Store enzymes that break down

food into chemical compounds

Destroy cell organelles and thecell itself


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Golgi Apparatus

Look like a thick elastic band that has

been folded several times

collect, package, and distribute

molecules synthesized at one location

in the cell and utilized at another

location

Adds modifications to unfinishedproteins

Makes lysosomes


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Mitochondria

Energy factories Rod shaped

Change food into molecules thatcan be used for energy

Contain own DNA Can replicate themselves


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Mitochondria

A. "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular

metabolismB. Structure- outer and inner membranes,

cristae

C. Have their own DNA


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Ribosome

Ribosomemake proteins forcellular use and communication

May be attached to endoplasmic

reticulum


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Endoplasmic reticulum

Layered membraneous Make and transport proteins


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Vacuole

Large organelle, without specificshape

Store waste or raw materialsused in synthesis of proteins


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Chlorplast

Found in plants and some otherorganisms

Contain chlorophyll


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Endosymbiosis

Endosymbiotic theory suggests engulfed

prokaryotes provided hosts with advantages

associated with specialized metabolic

activities.


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Theory of Endosymbiosis


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Plant Cells

Central vacuole

often found in the center of a plant, andserves as a storage facility for water andother materials

Cell wall primary wallslaid down while cell is

growing

middle lamellaglues cells together secondary wallsinside the primary cell

walls after growth


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Plant Cell


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Animal Cells

Animal cells lack cell walls.

form extracellular matrix

provides support, strength, and resilience


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C ll l


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Cellular processes

Respiration Osmosis

Diffusion Photosynthesis

R i ti


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Respiration

Cells break down carbohydratesand other molecules to produce

energy

Oxidation of glucose is one of

most common forms

R i ti


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Respiration

Breaking down of sugar intowater, carbon dioxide, and

energy

Energy is used to do the work of

the cell

O i & Diff i


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Osmosis & Diffusion

Transport of raw materials,wastes, and synthesized

materials out of the cell

Diff i


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Diffusion

Movement of molecules,especially gases and liquids

from areas of high concentration

to areas of low concentration

O i


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Osmosis

Specific type of diffusion Movement of water through a

membrane from areas of highconcentration to areas of low

concentration

E ilib i


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Equilibrium

Diffusion and osmosis happento enable a cell to reach

equilibrium

C ll l d ti


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Cellular reproduction

Three ways Fission

Mitosis Meiosis

Fi i


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Fission

Prokaryotes Cell grows larger and makes a

second copy of its DNA

At some point the cell membranedivides the cell by the growth of atransverse septum

Fi i


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Fission

Two new cells are formed as thedivision grows inward from eitherside of the cell

Two cells now called daughtercells

Sometimes known as binary

fission

Mitosis


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Mitosis

Eukaryotes Requires 6 stages

Interphase, prophase,metaphase, anaphase,

telophase, cytokinesis

Mitosis


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Mitosis

Creates cells that are identicalto the original cell.

Have the entire compliment ofchromosomes existing in pairs -

diploid

Meiosis


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Meiosis

Division of sex cells Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase

I, prophase I, metaphase I,anaphase I, telophase I,

cytokinesis I

Meiosis


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Meiosis

Meiosis II Interphase II, prophase II,

metaphase II, anaphase II,telophase II, cytokinesis II

Meiosis


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Meiosis

Each cell receives onechromosome from each pairrandomly

Resulting cells have half thenormal number of

Chromosomes - haploid

chapter 3 - cell structure

Documents

cell activities

cell structurechapter

different cell

cell wallstructure

specific funtions cell

cell theorymatthias

nucleus5202018 chapter

control5202018 chapter