chapter 5 the microbial world. microbial world primary producers very important in the ocean’s...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5
The Microbial World
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Microbial World
• Primary producers• Very important in the ocean’s ecosystems!
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Prokaryotes
• Oldest forms of life• cell wall, cell membrane,
no nucleus, ribosomes are different
• Divided into 2 Domains– Bacteria and Archaea– As different from each
other as they are from humans
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Domain Bacteria
• Branched early – Evolved great range
of abilities
• Variation based on– Shape– Cell wall– Movement– Nutrition
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Role of Bacteria
Positive• Decay Bacteria
– Live in detritus• Dead organic matter
– Break down waste and release nutrients into environment
• Food for animals• Degrading pollutants
– Oil and other toxins
Negative• Spoil fish and
shellfish catches• Disease in
animals and humans
• Pelagibacter ubique• High numbers in open
waters• Found in sediment 300m
under the sea floor
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Cyanobacteria
• First Photosynthetic bacteria– Chlorophyll a– Phycocyanin (bluish)– Phycoerythrin (reddish)
• Produced oxygen as a waste product
• Stromatolites: mounds formed by cyano
• Widely spread– Polar bear hair
• Endolithic: burrow into calcareous rocks and coral skeletons– Form thick crusts along coasts– Exploit oxygen-poor
sediments
• Planktonic: surface– Rapidly multiply– Cause a Red tide
• Epiphytes: live on algae or plants
• Endophytes: live inside algae
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Domain Archaea
• Look very similar to oldest fossils• First found in extreme environments
– Extremophiles
• Not all archaea are extremophiles– Common in marine environments
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Prokaryote Metabolism
Photoautotrophic• Chlorophyll : perform
photosynthesis on folded membranes
• Different chlorophyll: produces sulfur instead of oxygen
• Proteorhodopsin or bacteriorhodopsin: capture light energy and store as ATP– Does not make organic
compounds
Chemoautotrophic• Derive energy from
chemical compounds– Hydrogen sulfide
• Methanogens– Produce methane
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Metabolism
Heterotrophic• Obtain energy from
organic matter by cellular respiration
• Many are decomposers• Aerobic: uses oxygen• Anaerobic: does not
require oxygen– Oxygen can be poisonous– Anoxic: sediments that do
not have oxygen
Nitrogen Fixation• Convert gaseous nitrogen
into ammonium• Nitrogen can then be
used by plants or algae
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Unicellular Algae
Kingdom Protista
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Algae• Photosynthesis takes place in
chloroplasts• Lack flowers, true leaves, stems, and
roots– Simple cells and reproduction
• Some have flagella• Some are multicelluar, like seaweeds
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Diatoms• Unicellular with glass-like cell
wall– Contains silica; same mineral that
makes up glass– Variety of shapes
• Contain chlorophyll and other pigments
• Store food as oil; float to surface for photosynthesis
• When they die, glass walls accumulate and fossilize– Sediments called diatomaceous
earth– Used as filter material, grinding
and polishing, toothpaste
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Dinoflagellates
• dinoflagellates: unicellular, mostly photosyn., cell walls of cellulose, 2 flagella– Both fresh and salt
• Reproduce by simple cell division
• plankton: communities of organisms that drift near the surface
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Red Tide• Large number of dinoflagellates
that turn coastal marine waters pinkish-orange– Produce toxins that kill fish– Can be deadly to humans that eat the
shellfish
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Bioluminescence
• Ability to produce light
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Other Algae
• Silicoflagellates: – Star-shaped
internal skeleton and 2 flagella
• Coccolithophorids– Flagellated,
spherical cells with button-like strcutures
• Cryptophytes– 2 flagella and lack a
skeleton
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Protozoans
Kingdom Protista
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Protozoans
• Protozoans; animal-like• Eat bacteria, other protists,
non-living organic matter• Lack cell wall• Live in most aquatic
environments & some in body fluids
• Classified by movement
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• forams: marine protozoans with porous shells made of organic material and calcium carbonate– Extends
pseudopodia through pores
• Forms limestone by build up of shells in sediment
Foraminiferans
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Radiolarians
• Planktonic protozoans that have shells of silica
• Shells are usually spherical with radiating spines
• Use pseudopodia• Remains create radiolarian ooze
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Ciliates
• Ciliates: diverse group of protists named for the hair-like projections called cilia to move and feed
• Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella and are arranged in rows or clusters
• Paramecium - free-living pond water organism
• Tintinnids: drift in water and build vase-like cases– Loricas: loose fitting shells that drift
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Kingdom Fungi
• Cannot perform photosynthesis• 500 known marine species• Mostly microscopic• Decomposers
– Mangrove leaves
• Some are parasites• Lichen