the ocean’s primary productivity
DESCRIPTION
The Ocean’s primary Productivity. Marine Biomass. Phytoplankton bloom. Environment. Ecosystem – composed of living organisms and their nonliving environment Biotic – living organisms Abiotic – physical characteristics . Habitat. An organisms habitat is where it lives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Ocean’s primary Productivity
Marine Biomass
Phytoplankton bloom
Environment Ecosystem – composed of living
organisms and their nonliving environment
Biotic – living organisms Abiotic – physical characteristics
Habitat An organisms habitat is where it lives
Niche: An organism’s environmental role
An organisms niche is the role the organism plays in its community An organisms niche is determined by a
variety of biotic and abiotic factors acting together on the organism.
Environmental Factors Maintaining Homeostasis
An organisms ability to maintain a stable internal environment regardless of the external environment
Homeostasis and the distribution of marine organisms
Optimal range allows for an organism to thrive and reproduce (sunlight, nutrients)
Zones of stress are areas above or below the optimal range
The organism expends more energy maintaining homeostasis
Less energy is available for reproduction Zones of intolerance are areas beyond the optimal
range where the organism cannot survive
Environmental factors continued
Physical environment Sunlight Temperature Salinity Pressure Metabolic requirements Metabolic wastes
Sunlight Sunlight penetration
less than 1 meter in coastal waters as much as 200 meters in tropical waters
Photosynthesis directly or indirectly provides energy to nearly all forms of life on earth Phytoplankton – the largest group of
photosynthetic organisms in marine environments
Phytoplankton are the primary sources of nutrients and energy for marine animals
Temperature Temperature influences the distribution of
organisms Ectotherms – obtain body heat from
surroundings Endotherms – maintains a constant body
temperature Most organisms can tolerate only a
specific range of environmental factors Temperatures above or below the critical range
disrupt metabolism resulting in: Decreased ability to reproduce, injury, or death
Salinity Salinity is a measure of the concentration
of dissolved inorganic salts in the water In order to maintain homeostasis all
organisms must maintain a proper balance of water and solutes in their bodies
The process of osmosis is vital to cells If a cell loses too much water it will become
dehydrated and die If a cell takes in too much water it will swell
and burst
Pressure The pressure of the water affects
organisms that inhabit the deep regions of the seas Some animals must have special
adaptations that allow them to survive at great depths to avoid compression (diving) and decompression (surfacing)
Metabolic Requirements The availability of nutrients
influences the distribution of organisms in the marine environment Nutrient – all of the organic and
inorganic materials that an organism needs to reproduce
Metabolic requirements continued
Limiting nutrients (ex. nitrogen, phosphorus)
Anaerobic organisms – survive in the absence of oxygen
Aerobic organisms – require oxygen Eutrophication –nutrient enrichment Algal bloom – population explosion of
photosynthetic plankton
Metabolic wastes Waste products are usually removed
from the environment by organisms or broken down by bacteria
Waste products can accumulate to toxic levels and prohibit growth
Environmental factors continued
Biological Environment Biological environment - all of the
different species and the interactions an organism comes in contact with
Relationships Competition Predator-Prey relationships Symbiosis: Living together
Competition Two or more species in the same habitat
that have the same requirements for resources that are limited in supply are in competition
Predator-prey relationships Keystone predator (keystone species)
– An animal in a community that makes it possible for other species to live there
Ochre seastar REMOVAL OF A CERTAIN SPECIES OF
STARFISH CAUSED A RAPID GROWTH IN THE NUMBERS AND BIOMASS OF THE MUSSEL UPON WHICH THE SEASTAR FED
Symbiosis: Living together Symbiosis – any prolonged association or
living together of two or more organisms of different species
Mutualism Both organisms benefit
Commensalism One organism benefits, the other is neither
harmed nor benefited Parasitism
One organism benefits, the other is harmed
Distribution of Marine Communities
Pelagic Division – the water column Benthic Division – the ocean bottom
Ecosystems: Basic units of the Biosphere
Producers – organisms that contain pigments like chlorophyll that capture the sun’s energy
Photosynthesis – the process by which energy of sunlight is used to form glucose
Chemosynthesis – the process by which energy from chemical reactions is used to construct organic glucose
Producers Autotrophs – organisms able to
produce their own food Chemoautotrophs – organisms that
use energy from inorganic chemicals to produce their own food
Measuring Primary Productivity
Grams of carbon per square meter of surface area per year
gC/m2/yr
Ecosystems: Basic units of the Biosphere continued
Trophic Levels
Primary Producers(Phytoplankton)
Primary Consumers(Zooplankton)
Secondary Consumers
HumansCarnivores
Only about 10%of the energy is
transferred (Filter Feeders)