Chapter 5

information processing

Information processing

• Recap:– Black box model

–Welford’s model

CNS

feedback

Information processing

• Sensation/sensory input– EXTEROCEPTORS: provide

information from outside of the body;

- vision & auditory

– INTEROCEPTORS: provide information within the body; vestibular apparatus (balance), joint receptors, muscle spindles etc

Information processing

• Signal detection:–We receive over 100,000 pieces of

information per second– “background noise” = non essential

information– Signal detection will depend on the

intensity of the signal compared to the background noise.

– Depends on interaction of 2 variables

Signal detection• Criterion (C)– The effect of a person’s bias on

detection. Dependant on arousal; if low a signal may be missed.

• d-prime (d’)– Represents the individual’s sensitivity

to a particular signal. (sensitivity of senses, experience)

MEMORY• “the capacity that permit organisms

to benefit from their past experiences.”

• Sensory information store (SIS): – all incoming information held here for a

brief time. – Information is only retained if it’s

attended to.

MEMORY• Short term memory (STM):– Information rehearsed from the SIS is

passed onto the STM– 90% of information lost within the first

10 seconds.– STM has a limited capacity (7±2)

• Long term memory(LTM):– No capacity limitations– Yet often we have difficulty in

remembering things!

MEMORY• Selective attention-memory interaction– Our STM has a limited capacity–We overcome this by using selective

attention. – Focusing on relevant information &

ignoring irrelevant information. – Past experience helps with signal

attentionhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/brainsmart/games/numbers

/

RESPONSE TIME• The time from the introduction of a

stimulus to the completion of an action to deal with the problem.

• Reaction time & movement time• Factors affecting it: – Gets faster during

childhood/adolescence– Gest slower as we get older–Movement time depends on fitness– Number of choices to be made

Psychological refractory period

• Reaction time to stimulus 1 (S1) is expected

• A second stimulus (S2) will have a slower than normal reaction time

• Processing of S2 can not take place until S1 processing is complete

• This gap is the psychological refractory period.

Psychological RP• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C

QLMRusBAko

• The feint is S1 and the actual movement is S2

• The defender will be slow in reacting to the real movement.

Motor Programmes• A set of muscle commands that allow

movement to be performed without any peripheral feedback.– Example: catch or hit a ball

• Executive motor programme:– A number of motor programmes put

together– Example: a gymnastic routine or playing the piano

Motor Programmes• Open loop: – performance of a skill without recourse

to feedback– Very fast movements– Hitting a baseball coming in at 100kph– No time for feedback to alter the

movement

Motor Programmes• Closed loop: – Altering a movement

during its execution– Example: returning a slow

tennis serve– Perceptual trace –

memory for the feel of successful past experiences/movements

TO DO by 20/2• What is Schmidt’s schema theory? • What is intrinsic feedback?• What is extrinsic feedback?• What is knowledge of results? • What is knowledge of performance?– Give examples

• Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback.

• What are the advantages of feedback?

Schema theory• Schema = a set of generalized rules

or rules that are generic to a group of movements

• Recall Schema = memory with regard to the choice and initiation of action

• Recognition Schema = memory for the feel of a movement, allows for changes in action

• Both schema’s require LTM recall

FeedbackInformation resulting from

an action or response• Intrinsic Feedback: available to a

player without outside help. The feel of a movement.

• Extrinsic Feedback: provided by someone or something else (coach, stopwatch). Can be given during (concurrent) or after (terminal) performance.

Feedback• Knowledge of Results (KR): – post-response information about the

outcome of an action.–Mostly visual, or a time, or a distance.

Feedback• Knowledge of Performance

(KP): – post-response information

concerning the nature of the movement.

– The ‘feel’ of a movement– Knowledge of sensory

consequences– Concurrent or terminal

Feedback • Positive feedback: –What you did well – Prescriptive feedback (how

to improve)

• Negative feedback: – Concentrates on errors– Should be followed with

prescriptive feedback– Can be demotivating esp

with beginners

Feedback & learning• Summarise this section of your text

on page 121 in your words & with your opinion on negative feedback – – does it have a place in sport? – Should it be used with beginners,

experienced athletes or neither? Why/why not…