Chapter 5-Industrialization-the West-Turn of Century

2. What did critics call men like Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt?A. entrepreneursB. robber baronsC. captains of industryD. tycoons

3. What was another name for oil prospectors who dug wells looking for oil?A. wildcatters B. linesmenC. wellheads D. robber barons

4. The Bessemer process affected which of the following materials?A. oilB. steelC. steamD. iron

5. What is the name for an economic system in which private businesses run most industries?A. monopolyB. laissez-faireC. capitalismD. corporation

7. Why was Spindletop Hill in Texas an important location?A. It was home to many large steel millsB. It was the largest train depot in Texas.C. It was home to former slaves.D. It was the center of Texas’s oil boom.

11. Which of the following best describes vertical integration?A. acquiring companies that compete with youB. selling shares of your business as stocksC .gaining complete control over an industryD. acquiring companies that supply your business

12.Which of the following was a side effect of the railroad industry?A. time zones B. electricity C. labor unions D. oil trusts

13. The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organizedA. skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gainsB. all industrial and agricultural workers in “one big union”C. unskilled workers along industrial linesD. workers and intellectuals into a labor party for political action

14. Settlement house workers of the late nineteenth century would most likely have engaged in all of the following EXCEPT(A) establishing day nurseries for working mothers(B) offering literacy and language classes for immigrants(C) organizing women workers into labor unions(D) child care services

15. The United States changed to standard time zones whena. Congress passed a law establishing this system.b. the major rail lines decreed the division of the continent into four time zones so that they could keep schedules

and avoid wrecks.c. factories demanded standard time schedules.d. long-distance telephones required standard time coordination.e. all of the above.

20. The Chinese immigrant experience differed from that of the Europeans in the late 1800s in that (A) most were unattached males (B) most were unskilled (C) many eventually returned to their homeland (D) they were victims of discrimination (E) they were excluded from the United States before 1890.

22. A company that buys up other businesses in the same industry is an example of (A) horizontal integration (B) vertical integration (C) a corporation (D) a joint-stock company (E) a conglomerate.

23. The Pendleton Act was enacted in response to (A) efforts to raise tariffs on imported cloth (B) the assassination of President James Garfield (C) protests against civil service examinations (D) complaints about currency deflation (E) the loss of public support for both political parties.

25. “If the gold delegates dare to defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uppermost.” Bryan’s famous Cross of Gold Speech called for (A) the unlimited coinage of silver (B) lower tariffs (C) a revival of greenback paper currency (D) renewed religious commitment for all Americans (E) federal and social welfare programs to deal with the Panic of 1893.

26. The ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest, when applied to business and economic activity, are referred to as (A) Communism (B) Trust Busting (C) Anarchism (D) Dollar Diplomacy (E) Social Darwinism.

28. Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were calledA ) p o o l s . B ) t r us ts .C ) reb ate s . D) interlocking directorates.

29. President Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds thatA) the union's leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist.B) strikes against railroads were illegal.C) the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property.D) shutting down the railroads threatened American national security.E) the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.

30. 31. Black leader Dr. W. E. B. Du BoisA) demanded complete equality for African Americans.B) established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama.C) supported the goals of Booker T. Washington.D) was an ex-slave who rose to fame.

3233. The Morrill Act of 1862A) established women's colleges like Vassar.B) required compulsory school attendance through high school.C) established the modern American research university.D) granted public lands to states to support higher education.

34. The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was theA) New York Central.B) Northern Pacific.C) Union Pacific.D) Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe.

35. Settlement houses such as Hull House engaged in all of the following activities exceptA) child care.B) instruction in English.C) cultural activities.D) instruction in socialism.E) social reform lobbying.

36.One of the early symbols of the dawning age of consumerism in urban America wasa. Thedevelopment of factoriesb. B. the Sears catalogc. C. advertising billboardsd. The rise of large department stores

37.3839. When it was first created in 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission was designed to regulate A. railroadsB. monopoliesC. manufacturersD. all interstate companies

40. The purpose of the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 was to A. establish the first racial quotas for government jobsB. fill some government jobs on the basis of competitive examinationsC. ensure that appointments to government jobs were approved by CongressD. declare illegal the system of city political machines and boss rule 4344. In dealing with the huge numbers of immigrants, most cities solved their housing problems by moving the new arrivals into A. subsidized housingB. suburban areasC. tenement slumsD. skyscrapers

45. In the late 1800s, most of the foreign immigrants to the cities A. were quickly absorbed into the American culture

B. established close-knit ethnic communitiesC. returned home after a few disheartening yearsD. soon moved to rural areas

46. The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 was A. the outcome of a nationwide strike by the Knights of Labor against the railroadsB. an indication to many members of the public that labor was riddled with radicalsC. an isolated incident that did not affect most people's opinion of unionsD. the result of President Cleveland sending in federal troops to break up a strike47. In its efforts to help workers, the American Federation of Labor sought A. the acceptance of women into the labor forceB. unions organized by industry, with unskilled workers includedC. national legislation regarding collective bargainingD. short-term gains such as pay increases, the eight-hour day, and improved working conditions

48. In the late 1800s, the "new" immigrants to eastern cities tended to come from A. northern and western Europe B. southern and eastern EuropeC. Central and Latin America D. China and Southeast Asia

49. The philosophy of Social Darwinism appealed to some American businessmen because it justified their belief that A. the law of competition was detrimental to economic lawB. government assistance to big business was justifiedC. labor unions were important partners in a profitable businessD. their business tactics were legitimate

50. The philosophy of Social Darwinism promoted the idea that A. societies become extinct when leaders become dictatorsB wealthy industrialists needed to make charitable donationsC. only the fittest individuals survived in a free marketplaceD. the natural course of social evolution dictated the need for government intervention

51. John D. Rockefeller and other captains of industry engaged in the attempt to create monopolies through all of the following methods except A. poolsB. consolidationC. trustsD. conglomerates 52. The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same business, such as the merging of many different petroleum drilling companies into one company, is an example of A. diversification B. amortizationC. vertical integration D. horizontal integration

53. Andrew Carnegie rose "from rags to riches" by A. concentrating on only one aspect of his industryB. diversifying his investments among many industriesC. cutting costs and prices for his productsD. using political pull to get government subsidies

54. The initial development of the steel industry was most significantly aided by the A. development of city skyscrapersB. emergence of the petroleum industryC. invention of Bessemer and open-hearth processesD. rapid expansion of the railroads

59. One by-product of the development of the railroads wasa. a scattering of the U.S. population.b. fewer big cities.c. the movement of people to cities.d. a reduction in immigration to the United States60.The United States changed to standard time zones whena.Congress passed a law establishing this system.b.the major rail lines decreed the division of the continent into four time zones so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.c.factories demanded standard time schedules.d.long-distance telephones required standard time coordination

61.Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action bya. Congress.b. the Supreme Court.c. private lawsuits.d. President Cleveland.e. state legislatures.

62. The Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against regulation by state governments.

a. Fifth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth

63. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power ofa. manufacturing corporations. b.labor unions.c. state legislatures. d.railroad corporations.

64.During the age of industrialization, the Southa. took full advantage of the new economic trends.b. remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.c. turned away from agriculture.d. held to its “Old South” ideology.

65.The South’s major attraction for potential investors wasa. readily available raw materials.b. a warm climate.c. good transportation.d. cheap labor.

66.In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion laborattracted manufacturing to the “new South.”a. textile b.steelc. machine tool d. electrical appliance

67.Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as

a. high-wage positions.b. unacceptable.c. a poor alternative to farming.d. salvation, since the jobs and wages were steady.

69.By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the publiccame to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless,a. labor unions continued to decline in membership.b. the American Federation of Labor failed to take advantage of the situation.c. the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor.d. Congress declared the AFL illegal.

70.By 1900, organized labor in Americaa. had temporarily ceased to exist.b. had enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor force.c. was accepted by the majority of employers as a permanent part of the new industrial economy.d. had begun to develop a positive image with the public.

71. Which of the following best accounts for the success of the American Federation of Labor in organizing labor in the late 1800s? (A) Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen (B) Its organization of all workers within a single industry into one union(C) Its policy of racial inclusiveness(D) Its campaign for a minimum wage(E) Its active recruitment of immigrant workers

73. President Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds thatA) the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.B) strikes against railroads were illegal.C) the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property.D) shutting down the railroads threatened American national security.

74. Settlement houses such as Hull House engaged in all of the following activities except A ) ch i ld car e .B) instruction in English.C) cultural activities.D) instruction in socialism.

75.Booker T. Washington believed that the key to political and civil rights for African Americans wasA) the vot e .B) rigorous academic training.C) economic independence.D) to directly challenge white supremacy.

78. In the election of 1896, the major issue becameA) restoration of protective tariffs.B) enactment of an income tax.C) free and unlimited coinage of silver.D) the rights of farmers and industrial workers.

79. The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

A) had experience with democratic governments.B) arrived primarily from Germany, Sweden, and Norway.C) were culturally different from previous immigrants.D) received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants.

80. Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favorA) labor unions. B) corporations.C) state regulatory agencies. D) individual entrepreneurs.

82. John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry exceptA) employing spies. B)extorting rebates from railroads.C) using federal agents to break competitors. D)pursuing a policy of rule or ruin.

84. The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities wasA) the development of the skyscraper.B) the availability of industrial jobs.C) the compact nature of those large communities.D) the advent of new housing structures known as dumbbell tenements.E) the lure of cultural excitement.

85. President James A. Garfield was assassinated[A] by a political anarchist.[B] because he opposed civil-service reform.[C] by a deranged, disappointed office seeker.[D] as a result of his service in the Civil War.

86. One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it[A] failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses of big business, such as pools and rebates.[B] revolutionized the business system.[C] represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business.[D] invoked the Constitution’s interstate commerce clause.

88. In an attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of Credit Mobilizer[A] belatedly started to follow honest business practices.[B] sold controlling interest in the company to others.[C] tried to gain immunity by testifying before Congress.[D] distributed shares of the company’s valuable stock to key congressmen.

89. One weapon that was used to put Boss Tweed, leader of New York City’s infamous Tweed Ring, in jail was[A] granting immunity to Tweed’s cronies in exchange for testimony.[B] the cartoons of the political satirist Thomas Nast.[C] New York City’s ethics laws.[D] federal income tax evasion charges.

90. In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that[A] segregation was unconstitutional.[B] literacy tests for voting were constitutional.

[C] “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional.[D] the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to African-Americans.

91. To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to[A] allow the captains of industry to avoid paying taxes.[B] protect the civil rights of business people.[C] help freedmen to work in factories.[D] avoid corporate regulation by the states.

92 During the late 1800’s, labor unions in the United States had their greatest success ina. persuading the government to limit most immigrationb. . organizing skilled workers into craft unionsc. winning the great majority of strikesd. achieving a legally guaranteed minimum wage

93. According to the theory of laissez faire, the economy functions best when the government1. subsidizes business so that it can compete worldwide2. regulates businesses for the good of the majority3. owns major industries4. does not interfere in business

94. In the late 19th century, Congress tried to limit the power of monopolies by1. creating the Federal Trade Commission 2. strengthening the Supreme Court3. adopting Granger laws 4. passing the Sherman Antitrust Act

97. During the late 1800s, a major reason labor unions had difficulty achieving their goals was that1. government supported business over labor2. industrialization created better working conditions3. there was a shortage of new workers4. businesses promoted labor officials to management positions

98. One reason John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan were sometimes called robber barons was because they1. robbed from the rich to give to the poor2. made unnecessarily risky investments3. used ruthless business tactics against their competitors4. stole money from the federal government

99.The group most affected by the new industrial age wasA) Native Americans. B) African Americans.C) women. D) southerners.

104. In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States CongressA) negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China.B) did nothing, as it was California's problem.C) passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to AmericaD) sent many Chinese back to their homeland.

105. 13. Nativists wanted to

a. group immigrants into their own sections of the city.b. assimilate immigrants into American society.c. limit immigration.d. convert immigrants to Protestantism.

106. Political machines provided new city dwellers with necessities such as jobs, housing, and police protection inexchange fora. kickbacks.. b. graft. c. votes d. a portion of their wages.

107. 15. By the 1890s, more than half of all immigrants in the United States werea. European Jews.. b. eastern and southern Europeans. c. Chinese d. Japanese.108. In the late 1800s, the most common form of mass transit in cities was thea. cable car.. b. trolley car.c. horsecar d. subway.

110. Railroading in late 19th century provided significant stimulus to all but which of the followinga. agriculture, b.urbanization, c. feminism d. industrialization.

112. _____ presidents have been assassinated, Lincoln was the first, and ____ was the second.a. 5, Grant, b. 4, Garfield, c. 4, McKinley, d. 3, Cleveland

113. During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad baronsA) rejected government assistance.B) built their railroads with government assistance.C) relied exclusively on Chinese labor.D) refused to get involved in politics.E) focused on public service.

119. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 declared illegal any contract, trust, or restraint of trade in A. interstate commerce B. manufacturingC. intrastate commerce D. industry 121. The Duryea brothers invented the A. first gasoline-driven motor vehicle B. first oil wellC. typewriter D. record player

122. During the last half of the 1800s, the dramatic industrial growth of the United States was caused by all of the following factors except A. an abundance of raw materialsB. new steel production techniquesC. low tariffs on importsD. a large labor force 124. The Haymarket bombing of May 4, 1886, was important to the labor movement because it?:A. aroused public opposition against labor, contributed to the decline of the Knights of Labor, and caused an increase in the membership of the AFL.B .brought about the use of collective bargaining to settle labor disputes peacefully.C. demonstrated to unskilled workers their vulnerability to strikebreaking actions.

D. began a tradition of federal intervention by U. S. troops.

126. In the 1890s, positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for A) Jews. B) Irish. C) African Americans. D) the college-educated. E) the native born.

127. Which of the following internal developments in China resulted in Chinese immigration to the United States? A) the disintegration of the Chinese Empire B) the seizure of farmland by landlords C) the intrusion of European powers D) all of the above

130. When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons for their request except that it was A) too risky without government help. B) too costly without government help. C) the railroads would repay the subsidies by paying higher taxes.D) impossible to serve military and postal needs without government help.

131. William M. Tweed was: A. the engineer who invented the electric trolley car B. the leader of the workingmans party C. the architect who designed Americas first skyscraper D. a corrupt party boss in a political machine

132. Many labor unions opposed immigration, arguing that most immigrantsa. had no marketable skills. b. would work for low wages c. would not join a union. . d. did not understand English

30. The gospel of wealth, which associated godliness with wealth,[A] was opposed by most clergymen.[B] relied on the sayings of Jesus.[C] discouraged efforts to help the poor.[D] inspired the wealthy to try to help the poor.

31. The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the[A] National Labor Union.[B] Knights of Columbus.[C] Knights of Labor.[D] Congress of Industrial Organizations.[E] American Federation of Labor.

40. One weapon that was used to put Boss Tweed, leader of New York City’s infamous Tweed Ring, in jail was[A] granting immunity to Tweed’s cronies in exchange for testimony.[B] the cartoons of the political satirist Thomas Nast.[C] New York City’s ethics laws.[D] federal income tax evasion charges.

41. Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw in the brutal Pullman episode [A] the need for a socialist party in the United States.[B] proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts.

[C] the potential of the federal government as a counterweight to big business.[D] the crucial role of middle class public opinion in labor conflicts.

47. The early settlement house workers, such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley, helped to blaze the professional trail for[A] criminal psychologists.[B] female politicians.[C] social workers.[D] language specialists.

Some people who found fault with the captains of industry argued that these mena. were basically socialists.b. diminished the workers’ quality of life.c. tried to take the United States back to its old values.d. failed to develop the industrial system quickly.e. retarded technological advances.

19. The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was A) agriculture. B) mining. C) the steel industry.D) electric power.E) the railroad network.

20. Early railroad owners formed “pools” in order to A) increase competition by establishing more companies. B) water their stock.C) avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area. D) share the “pool” of skilled labor.

18. Two late-nineteenth-century technological inventions that especially drew women out of thehome and into the workforce werea. the railroad and the telegraph.b. the electric light and the phonograph.c. the cash register and the stock ticker.d. the typewriter and the telephone.

2. Early labor strikesa. were very successful.b. were often put down by strike breakers and led to violence.c. brought many concessions from factory owners.d. were supported by the United States government.

4. Andrew Carnegie controlled every aspect of steel making in his steel corporation, from the mining of the ore, transporting it to the steel mill, to the finished product. This ability to control every aspect of steel production was known asa. vertical integration.b. horizontal integration.

c. backward segregation.d. vertical segregation.

5. A business monopoly can be defined asa. complete control over a product or service, so that competition is eliminated.b. a situation where all competing businesses work together to provide a good product.c. when the government takes control of an industry.d. a situation where the workers of an industry control its decision making.

6. The sewing machine was an innovative invention becausea. it provided jobs for men in the “sweat shops” in the large cities.b. it took jobs away from women.c. more clothes could be produced at a lower price than before.d. it was so inexpensive that all Americans could own one.7. The social gospel as taught by Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden, preached what idea to American society in the late 1800s?a. America should unite and overcome the social problems cause by rapidly expanding factoriesb. becoming acquainted with your neighbor could lead to prosperity for both of you due to bondingc. nativists should adapt freely to the influx of immigrants because it would be right according to Christian beliefd. the churches should be the ones to tackle the social issues of the industrial revolution

10. Which of the following was true of the “Gospel of Wealth”?a. It was the effect of a renewed American commitment to religion.b. It was opposed by most clergymen.c. It was based in a new commitment to science and efficiency.d. It implied that the wealthy had a responsibility to distribute their wealth in a way that would “help people help themselves”.

12. One of the main reasons that the Chinese came to the United States was toa. dig for goldb. work on the East Coastc. replace the newly freed slaves in the Southd. buy their own farms

18. A member of the Social Gospel movement would probably?:A .argue that Christians should work to reorganize the industrial system and bring about international peace.B .consider such social sins as alcohol abuse and sexual permissiveness as society's most serious problems.C. assert that the poor themselves were at fault for their circumstances.D. maintain that abuses and social degradation resulted solely from a lack of willpower on the part of those who committed them.

26. 34.Most Italian immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1920 came to escapeA)political oppression. B)famine.C) poverty and backwardness of southern Italy. D)the military draft.

27.The “gospel of wealth,” which associated godliness with riches,A) based its theology on the sayings of Jesus.B) held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility for their God-given money.C) stimulated efforts to help minorities.D) was opposed by most clergymen.

28. What city was home to the nation’s first subway system?A Philadelphia B San Francisco C New York City D Boston

11. William M. Tweed wasa. the engineer who invented the electric trolley car.b. the leader of the Workingman’s Party.c. the architect who designed America’s first skyscraper.d. a corrupt party boss in a political machine

13. Nativists wanted toa. group immigrants into their own sections of the city.b. assimilate immigrants into American society.c. limit immigration.d. convert immigrants to Protestantism.

14. Political machines provided new city dwellers with necessities such as jobs, housing, and police protection inexchange fora. kickbacks.. b. graft.c. votes d. a portion of their wages.

16. Many labor unions opposed immigration, arguing that most immigrantsa. had no marketable skills.b. would work for low wages.c. would not join a uniond. did not understand English

26. The gospel of wealth, which associated godliness with wealth,A. inspired the wealthy to try to help the poor.B. relied on the sayings of Jesus.C. stimulated efforts to help minorities.D. discouraged efforts to help the poor.

41. Which of the following statements best sums up the role that steel played in the advancement of theIndustrial Revolution in the United States?a. It had little or no effect.b. Other materials had a greater effect on industrial society.c. It was the material that held together the industrial society created by the Industrial Revolution.d. Steel was expensive to make, therefore it was not used very much.

One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits wasa. increased competition.b. support for the idea of a centrally planned economy.c. funding research on new technologies.d. elimination of the tactic of vertical integration.e. elimination of as much competition as possible.

56. . J.P. Morgan monitored his competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a(n)

a. interlocking dictorate.b. trust.c. vertical integration.d. pool.

60.John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve success in the oil industry excepta. employing spies.b. extorting rebates from railroads.c. showing mercy to his competitors.d. pursuing a policy of rule or ruin.e. using high-pressure sales methods.Answers

1. D2. B3. A4. B5. C6. A7. D8. D9. A10. B11. D12. A13. A14. C15. E16. D17. D18. A19. D20. A21. D22. A23. B24. D25. A26. E27. E28. A29. E30. A31. A32. E33. D34. B35. D36. D37. D38. D39. A40. B41. C42. B43. D44. C45. B46. B47. D48. B49. D50. C51. D

52. D53. C54. D55. D56. B57. B58. A59. C60. B61. E62. B63. B64. B65. D66. A67. D68. A69. C70. D71. A72. C73. A74. D75. C76. A77. A78. C79. C80. B81. D82. C83. E84. B85. C86. C87. D88. D89. B90. C91. D92. B93. 494. 495. 396. 397. 198. 399. C100. C101. D102. C103. A

104. C105. C106. C107. B108. C109. C110. C111. B112. B113. B114. B115. E116. D117. C118. E119. A120. A121. A122. C123. D124. A125. D126. E127. D128. D129. A130. C131. D132. B133.