Chapter 5 - HistoryChapter 5 - History

Lesson 16Lesson 16

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

The student willThe student will

►recognize the rights that workers recognize the rights that workers fought for in the late 1800s (i.e., fought for in the late 1800s (i.e., wages, hours, insurance, and working wages, hours, insurance, and working conditions).conditions).

The The Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution was a time during which was a time during which advances in technology advances in technology

helped bring about a surge in helped bring about a surge in business and manufacturing business and manufacturing activity in certain parts of the activity in certain parts of the

world.world.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

►The Industrial Revolution began in England The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1700s. At that time, new machines in the 1700s. At that time, new machines made it possible to manufacture large made it possible to manufacture large amounts of products in big factories. As amounts of products in big factories. As the Industrial Revolution spread, it the Industrial Revolution spread, it changed people’s lives dramatically. changed people’s lives dramatically. Machines Machines replaced some people on replaced some people on farmsfarms, so fewer farm workers were , so fewer farm workers were needed. People moved from needed. People moved from rural areasrural areas to to citiescities to find jobs in factories, and to find jobs in factories, and cities grew.cities grew.

1900s1900s

►Modern industry boomed in the United Modern industry boomed in the United States between the end of the Civil States between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the 1900s. War and the beginning of the 1900s. Life in America changed forever. Life in America changed forever.

►No longer was the US economy based No longer was the US economy based mostly on farming. mostly on farming. ManufacturingManufacturing and and industryindustry became important became important generators of economic wealth for the generators of economic wealth for the nation and its people.nation and its people.

InventorsInventors

►Two inventors helped to move our Two inventors helped to move our country into the modern age. They country into the modern age. They were were ThomasThomas Alva EdisonAlva Edison and and Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell..

Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison

► produced over 1000 produced over 1000 inventionsinventions

►motion picturesmotion pictures► phonographphonograph► electric current/light electric current/light

bulbbulb

Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

► first telephonefirst telephone► teacher of deaf teacher of deaf

studentsstudents

1900s1900s

► Factories began Factories began producing steel, producing steel, which was used to which was used to build bridges, build bridges, railroads, and railroads, and buildings.buildings.

► Cloth and other Cloth and other useful materials useful materials were manufactured were manufactured in large quantities.in large quantities.

► Speculators dug for Speculators dug for oil.oil.

Gilded AgeGilded Age

►America’s surge in business activity America’s surge in business activity created a huge demand for workers. created a huge demand for workers. Immigrants, farmers, women, and Immigrants, farmers, women, and children all became part of America’s children all became part of America’s new labor force. As technology new labor force. As technology advanced, the US became a world advanced, the US became a world leader for the first time. leader for the first time.

►This era of huge business growth was This era of huge business growth was called the called the Gilded AgeGilded Age..

Big BusinessBig Business

►The growing economy, along with The growing economy, along with advances in technology, enabled some advances in technology, enabled some business leaders to amass huge business leaders to amass huge fortunes in 1800s. Few laws or fortunes in 1800s. Few laws or controls were in place to regulate controls were in place to regulate business activities. A number of business activities. A number of businessmen made their money in businessmen made their money in ways that were unfair to other peopleways that were unfair to other people

►Such businessmen were called Such businessmen were called robber robber baronsbarons..

Robber BaronsRobber Barons

Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt

►One “robber baron” One “robber baron” was was Cornelius Cornelius Vanderbilt.Vanderbilt.

►He sometimes used He sometimes used unfair methods as unfair methods as he built his shipping he built his shipping and railroad fortune and railroad fortune in the 1800s.in the 1800s.

Jay GouldJay Gould

► Jay GouldJay Gould also used also used questionable questionable methods in building methods in building his fortune. Gould his fortune. Gould entered the railroad entered the railroad business in the late business in the late 1850s. He took over 1850s. He took over railroad lines across railroad lines across the country and the country and combined them into combined them into larger companies.larger companies.

Jay GouldJay Gould

►Many of Gould’s business methods Many of Gould’s business methods were illegal.were illegal.

►For example, he made a fortune by For example, he made a fortune by using his wealth to control the price of using his wealth to control the price of gold. Many people were ruined gold. Many people were ruined financially by his actions.financially by his actions.

MonopolyMonopoly

►Other business leaders grew so Other business leaders grew so wealthy and powerful that they were wealthy and powerful that they were able to control their industries in ways able to control their industries in ways that made it hard for other businesses that made it hard for other businesses to compete.to compete.

►Such complete control over an Such complete control over an industry is called a industry is called a monopolymonopoly..

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

►Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie made millions as a made millions as a steel manufacturer in Pittsburgh, steel manufacturer in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Carnegie bought up steel Pennsylvania. Carnegie bought up steel mills and companies that produced mills and companies that produced supplies and materials needed to make supplies and materials needed to make steel.steel.

►As a result, he could sell steel at lower As a result, he could sell steel at lower prices than other companies.prices than other companies.

► In 1892, his company, In 1892, his company, Carnegie SteelCarnegie Steel, , produced 25% of the steel in the US.produced 25% of the steel in the US.

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

J. P. MorganJ. P. Morgan

►Around the same time, financierAround the same time, financier J. P. J. P. MorganMorgan was taking control of the was taking control of the railroad business.railroad business.

►A A financierfinancier is a person who is skilled is a person who is skilled in handling large amounts of money.in handling large amounts of money.

►Morgan used his fortune to control Morgan used his fortune to control several railroad companies.several railroad companies.

J. P. MorganJ. P. Morgan

J. P. MorganJ. P. Morgan

►Morgan bought Carnegie’s steel company Morgan bought Carnegie’s steel company in 1901. Morgan paid Carnegie in 1901. Morgan paid Carnegie $250,000,000 for his steel company, $250,000,000 for his steel company, making Carnegie one of the wealthiest making Carnegie one of the wealthiest men in the US.men in the US.

►Morgan later combined Carnegie Steel with Morgan later combined Carnegie Steel with other companies to form the US Steel other companies to form the US Steel Corporation.Corporation.

► In 1901, US Steel made 60% of the In 1901, US Steel made 60% of the nation’s steel and almost 30% of the nation’s steel and almost 30% of the world’s steel.world’s steel.

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller

►Other people made Other people made money in the oil money in the oil business.business.

► John D. John D. RockefellerRockefeller set up set up the Standard Oil the Standard Oil Company in 1870.Company in 1870.

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller

►Standard Oil eventually had an oil Standard Oil eventually had an oil monopoly, controlling about 90% of monopoly, controlling about 90% of the nation’s oil business.the nation’s oil business.

►Rockefeller also controlled the Rockefeller also controlled the production and shipping of oil. This production and shipping of oil. This gave him a lot of power to control the gave him a lot of power to control the price of oil.price of oil.

The Lives of WorkersThe Lives of Workers

►Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Gould, and other wealthy business Gould, and other wealthy business leaders lived lives of ease and luxury. leaders lived lives of ease and luxury.

►However, life was often unbearable for However, life was often unbearable for the workers who toiled (worked) in the workers who toiled (worked) in their factories, mills, and mines.their factories, mills, and mines.

The Lives of WorkersThe Lives of Workers

►Working conditions were especially terrible Working conditions were especially terrible for for womenwomen and and childrenchildren. .

► The The hourshours were long. were long.► The number of The number of injuriesinjuries was high. was high.►Many workers lived in Many workers lived in poorpoor, , crowdedcrowded, ,

filthy tenementsfilthy tenements (apartments). (apartments).► They had no They had no medical caremedical care..►Working children had little opportunity for Working children had little opportunity for

educationeducation..

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

►Knowing their labor was valuable, and Knowing their labor was valuable, and wanting better lives, workers wanting better lives, workers organized into labor unions.organized into labor unions.

►Labor unionsLabor unions are groups of workers are groups of workers who organize to improve their who organize to improve their wageswages and and working conditionsworking conditions. One of the . One of the tools labor unions use is to strike. A tools labor unions use is to strike. A strikestrike is when workers stop working is when workers stop working to force their employers to treat them to force their employers to treat them better.better.

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

►The first labor union in the US to last The first labor union in the US to last more than a few years was the more than a few years was the Knights of LaborKnights of Labor. Garment workers . Garment workers in Philadelphia formed the union in in Philadelphia formed the union in 1869. In 1879, 1869. In 1879, Terence PowderlyTerence Powderly became the leader of the Knights of became the leader of the Knights of Labor. Powderly pushed for eight-hour Labor. Powderly pushed for eight-hour workdays with equal pay for equal workdays with equal pay for equal work, and was opposed to child labor.work, and was opposed to child labor.

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

► In 1885, the union In 1885, the union organized a strike organized a strike against railroads against railroads owned by Jay Gould. owned by Jay Gould. The strike was The strike was successful. successful. However, the However, the Haymarket Riot of Haymarket Riot of 18861886 lead to the lead to the Knights of Labor’s Knights of Labor’s dissolution.dissolution.

AFLAFL

► Another labor Another labor organization, the organization, the American American Federation of Federation of LaborLabor (AFL), was (AFL), was formed in 1886. formed in 1886. Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers was the leader of was the leader of the AFL.the AFL.

AFLAFL

► Like Powderly, Like Powderly, Gompers worked for Gompers worked for shorter shorter workdaysworkdays, , better better wageswages, and , and better better working working conditionsconditions. By . By 1900, the AFL 1900, the AFL claimed to have claimed to have 1,000,000 1,000,000 members.members.

Resistance to UnionsResistance to Unions

►Many business leaders Many business leaders opposedopposed unions because they could force an unions because they could force an increase in pay through a strike. The increase in pay through a strike. The government often supported business government often supported business leaders by passing leaders by passing laws laws to make it to make it harder for unions to operate and to go harder for unions to operate and to go on strike. Many companies used on strike. Many companies used violenceviolence to end strikes. to end strikes.

Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot

►Two such violent clashes involving Two such violent clashes involving unions were the unions were the Haymarket Riot in Haymarket Riot in 18861886 and the and the Pullman Strike in Pullman Strike in 18941894. The Haymarket Riot started . The Haymarket Riot started during a protest by workers in during a protest by workers in Haymarket Square in Chicago. Haymarket Square in Chicago. Someone threw a bomb. A riot Someone threw a bomb. A riot started, and seven police officers were started, and seven police officers were killed.killed.

Pullman StrikePullman Strike

►The Pullman Strike started after the The Pullman Strike started after the Pullman Palace Car Company cut Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages for its workers. At the wages for its workers. At the company’s town in Pullman, Chicago, company’s town in Pullman, Chicago, which provided workers with housing which provided workers with housing and supplies, there were no reduction and supplies, there were no reduction in rents or other charges to match the in rents or other charges to match the wage cut. wage cut.

►The American Railway Union headed The American Railway Union headed up a general strike against the up a general strike against the railroad. The US government sent railroad. The US government sent troops to force the strikers to go back troops to force the strikers to go back to work. The leader of the strike, to work. The leader of the strike, Eugene Debs, was sentenced to Eugene Debs, was sentenced to prison.prison.

►The fight for fair pay and safe working The fight for fair pay and safe working conditions took many years. conditions took many years. Eventually, labor unions became Eventually, labor unions became strongerstronger and the lives of many and the lives of many workers workers improved.improved.

How did the workers respond to How did the workers respond to the treatment they received the treatment they received

from the robber barons?from the robber barons?

►A. Many workers received help from A. Many workers received help from the government.the government.

►B. Many workers moved to rural areas.B. Many workers moved to rural areas.►C. Many workers were involved in C. Many workers were involved in

violent riots, protests, and strikes.violent riots, protests, and strikes.►D. Many workers banded together and D. Many workers banded together and

created their own monopolies.created their own monopolies.

How did the workers respond to How did the workers respond to the treatment they received the treatment they received

from the robber barons?from the robber barons?

►C. Many workers were involved in C. Many workers were involved in violent riots, protests, and strikes.violent riots, protests, and strikes.

Samuel Gompers, the leader of Samuel Gompers, the leader of the AFL unionthe AFL union

►A. helped business owners to be A. helped business owners to be successful.successful.

►B. believed in shorter workdays and B. believed in shorter workdays and better pay for the workers.better pay for the workers.

►C. was the owner of US Steel.C. was the owner of US Steel.►D. was against the idea of workers D. was against the idea of workers

organizing for better conditions.organizing for better conditions.

Samuel Gompers, the leader of Samuel Gompers, the leader of the AFL unionthe AFL union

►B. believed in shorter workdays and B. believed in shorter workdays and better pay for the workers.better pay for the workers.

How did J. P. Morgan become How did J. P. Morgan become a wealthy man?a wealthy man?

►A. He was a financier who owned A. He was a financier who owned railroads.railroads.

►B. He started the Standard Oil Company.B. He started the Standard Oil Company.►C. He controlled the price of gold.C. He controlled the price of gold.►D. Morgan collected union dues from D. Morgan collected union dues from

workers.workers.

How did J. P. Morgan become How did J. P. Morgan become a wealthy man?a wealthy man?

►A. He was a financier who owned A. He was a financier who owned railroads.railroads.