chapter 4 section 4-5. the thirty years war rival german princes held more power than the emperor....
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4 Section 4-5
The Thirty Years War
• Rival German princes held more power than the emperor.
• Religion divided the Protestant north and the Catholic south and created a power vacuum.
• Electors: Leading authority of the Holy Roman Emperor chosen by 7 German Princes.
The War Begins
• Two great empires, Austria and Prussia, rose out of the ashes of the Thirty Years’ War.
• France gained territory
• The Hapsburgs were forced to accept independence of all of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
• Ferdinand-the Hapsburg king of Bohemia, was elected Holy Roman Emperor.
A Brutal Conflict
• Soldiers burned villages, destroyed crops, and kill without mercy.
• Mercenaries: A professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army.
• The war led to severe depopulation
Peace at Last
• 1648, combatants accepted a series of treaties, know as the Peace of Westphalia.
• The Netherlands and present-day Switzerland won independence
• The Peace of Westphalia ended the war with a general European peace.
• Germany was divided into more than 360 states.
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Hapsburg Austria
• The Hapsburgs kept the title of Holy Roman emperors and expanded their lands.
Unity and Diversity
• Hapsburg monarchs worked to unite the empire, including people from many backgrounds and cultures.
• 1700, Empire included Germans, Magyars, slaves, and many others.
Maria Theresa
• Daughter of emperor Charles VI, was the future ruler for the land.
• Maria Theresa won popular support and strengthened Hapsburg power by reorganizing the bureaucracy and improving tax collection
• 1740, her biggest threat came when Fredrick II of Prussia seized the rich Hapsburg province of Silesia.
Maria Theresa
The Rise of Prussia
• 1600, the Hohenzollern family ruled scattered lands across north Germany.
• Hohenzollern kings set up an efficient central bureaucracy and reduced the independence of nobles.
• 1740, Prussia was strong enough to challenge its rival Austria
Frederick II
• Made sure his son was trained for the art of war.
• Frederick William I created one of the best armies in Europe.
Military Success
• Frederick II used the army to strengthen Prussia.
• Made his army useful after he became king.
Peter the Great
• Peter the Great was committed to a policy of westernization in Russia.
•forced the boyars, or landowning nobles, to serve the state.• imported western technology and culture. • imposed policies which caused the spread of serfdom.• brought all Russian institutions under his control.
Expansion under Peter
• Peter created the largest standing army in Europe and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south.
• Peter signed a treaty with Qing China which recognized Russia’s right to lands north of Manchuria.
• Peter hired a navigator to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska.
Catherine the Great
• Catherine the great was the longest ruling female leader of Russia