chapter 4 - feg - azargrammar.com

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Review4-1 Past participle4-2 Forms of the present perfect4-3 Meanings of the present perfect4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect4-5 Using since and for4-6 Present perfect progressive4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore4-9 Past perfect

CONTENTS

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Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.

Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her

grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter.

Jenna _____ very good care her dog.

He __ a great dog.

loves

be

Review and Preview

PRESENT AND PAST VERBS lovegivefindtake

gave

found

takes

is

is

be

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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

She has forgotten his name.

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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

REGULARVERBS

IRREGULARVERBS

SIMPLEFORM

SIMPLEPAST

PASTPARTICIPLE

finishstopwait

seemakeput

finishedstoppedwaited

sawmadeput

finishedstoppedwaitedseenmadeput

past perfect tensepresent perfect tense

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4-1 LET’S PRACTICE

SIMPLEFORM

SIMPLEPAST

PASTPARTICIPLE

stopgotakewrite

stoppedwenttookwrote

stoppedgonetakenwritten

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

He has finished all his work.

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(a) I have worked very hard this year.

(b) The students have worked hard.

(c) Alex has worked very hard.

STATEMENT: have/has + past participle

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(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home.

(e) She’s/He’s gone home.

(f) It’s been hot all week.

CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve pronoun + has =k’s

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NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle


(g) I have not gone home yet.

(h) Fatima has not gone home.

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NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION: have + not = haven’t

has + not = hasn’t


(g) I haven’t gone home yet.

(h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.

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(i) Have you read the report?

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(j) Has Marcy gone home?

(k) How long have you worked there?

QUESTION :

have/has + subject + past participle

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(l)

SHORT ANSWER: have/haven’t

Have you read all of this article?

No, I haven’t. I have only read a

few pages.

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(m)

SHORT ANSWER: has/hasn’t

Yes, she has. She did it after school.

Has Kyung finished her homework?

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___________________ a snake?


PRESENT PERFECT

Have you ever touched

youtouchever

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________________


PRESENT PERFECT

I’ve never touched

touchnever

No,

a snake.

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_________________ a shark?


PRESENT PERFECT

Has Justin ever seen

Justinseeever

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Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,


PRESENT PERFECT

hasSouth Africa.

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

Tyler has taken his first steps.

Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

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MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED

BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME

PRESENT PERFECT

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(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.

(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?

occurred before now orsometime in the past

MEANING #1

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(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?

now

time?

X

before now

X

MEANING #1

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(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

activity repeatedbefore now, unspecified past times

MEANING #1

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(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

now

X

before now

XXX

MEANING #1

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PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN

IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE

PRESENT.

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(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.

(g) I have played the violin for six years. I learned to play six years ago, and I still play it.

present perfect + sincefor

past present

MEANING #2

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MEANING #2:

xx

x

8:00

now

(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.

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MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time.

MEANING #2: A situation began in thepast and continues to the present.

Kyung has already taken the test.

OR ?

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MEANING #1: Something happenedbefore now at an unspecified time

MEANING #2: A situation began in thepast and continues to the present

I’ve been studying since 8 AM.

OR ?

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MEANING #1: Something happenedbefore now at an unspecified time

MEANING #2: A situation began in thepast and continues to the present

Rosa has been to Italy three times.

OR ?

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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

I had an angel fish when I was a child.

I have had many otherfish since then.

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SIMPLE PAST

(a) They completed the game at 4:00.

PRESENT PERFECT(b) They have already completed the game.

specific time

unspecified time

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SIMPLE PAST

(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.

PRESENT PERFECT(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.

specific time

unspecified time

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SIMPLE PAST

(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.

PRESENT PERFECT(f) Eli has been camping for 9 days.(f) Eli has been camping since last Monday.

for activity began & ended in past

for / since activity began & continues

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SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?We have been in Tokyo many times.

OR

UNSPECIFIED PRESENTPERFECT

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SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?Barry has never been to Tokyo.

OR

UNSPECIFIED PRESENTPERFECT

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SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?Gina went to Tokyo last month.

OR

SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

I have been here since 6:00 AM.

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(a) I have worked here

since noon.since Wednesday.since April.since 2006.since May 9, 2007.since yesterday.since last week.

Since Specific point in time

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(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.

present perfect + since

present progressive NOT used

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(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.


simple present NOT used

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(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.


simple past NOT used

INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.

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(f) I have known her since I was fifteen.

MAIN CLAUSE(present perfect)

SINCE-CLAUSE(simple past)

(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.

Since time clause

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(h) I have worked here

for fifty minutes.for five hours.for ten days.for about six weeks.for almost two months.for many years.for a long time.

For length of time

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(i) I have worked here for twelve years. I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.

(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.

present perfect + for + length of timepast present

simple pastpast present

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Mary has been playing the piano since ___________.

3 hours she was six

she was six

Mary has been playing the piano for ___________. three hours

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Alejandro has studied English since ________________.

he started school15 years

he started school

Alejandro has studied English for __________________. fifteen years

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I have driven a taxi _____ 2006.

forsince

since

My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.for

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Dee has been workingfor ten hours.

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(a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock.

(b) She has been working for ten hours.

STATEMENT: have/has + been + -ing

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(c) How long has she been working?

QUESTION FORM: have/has + subject + been + -ing

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(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

in progress right nowduration of time not mentioned

Mary has been playing the piano right now.

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(e) Mary has been playing since noon.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVEbegan in pastin progress right nowtime expressed

Mary is playing the piano since noon.

(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.

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(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.

(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.

(i) CORRECT: She has owned it for one month.

(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning it for one month.

non-action verbs progressive tenses

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My sister _________ the phone.

use

is using

has been using

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

She _____________ it for threehours. I need to make a call.

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Her parents __________.

They ________________ together for over thirty years.

dance

are dancing

have been dancing

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Where are you _______for the summer holiday?

I am ______ to the beach.

I ______________ to the beach

go

going

going

have been goingevery summer since I was a child.

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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

These guys are hiking.They have been hiking for several days.

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(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. They have been hiking for several days.

repeated activitiesunspecified times in the past

PRESENT PERFECT

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.

duration of present activities,action verbs

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(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking many mountains.

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.

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(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing each other for ten years.

(d) The guys have known each other for ten years.

duration of present activities,non-action verbs

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(f) I have been studying medicine for one year.

OR

(g) I have studied medicine for one year.


same meaning

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(h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child.

OR Rolf has run every day since he was a child.


usual, habitual activities either tense okay

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(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.

OR

I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.


usual, habitual activities either tense okay

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PRESENT PERFECT

How long ___ your family ______ here?

We __________ here for ten years.

live

lived

have lived

has

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How long ___ your family _________ here?

We _____________ here for ten years.

live

been living

have been living

has

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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

I already fed the dog.

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ALREADY

(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. I already fed the dog.

happened before nowPosition: midsentence

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YET

(b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t fed him yet.

did not happen before nowPosition: end of sentence

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(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat.

(d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them.

(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t raining.


STILL

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(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat.(d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them. (e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t raining.


STILL

situation continues to existPosition: midsentence

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ANYMORE

(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired. I don’t work anymore.

does not continue Position: end of sentence

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ALREADY(a) I already fed the dog.

affirmativesentences

YET(b) I haven’t fed him yet. negative

sentencesANYMORE(f) I don’t work anymore.

(c) He is still hungry. (e) It still isn’t raining.

STILL affirmativeor negativesentences

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alreadyyetstill

anymore

She doesn’t have any money.

She _______ spent it all.already

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alreadyyetstill

anymore

I did some homework, but I

______ have more to do.still

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alreadyyetstill

anymore

We used to be friends, but we had an argument. We don’t like each other ________.anymore

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

(a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.

two events in the past1st event - Past Perfect

2nd event – Simple Past

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

(b) The store had already closed when they arrived.

FORM: had + past participle

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

(c) It’d closed. She’d gone home. He’d gone home. They’d gone home. We’d gone home. You’d gone home.

CONTRACTION: I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

XX XX

befo

reno

w

now

(d) I’m not cooking now. I’ve already ordered pizza.

befo

reno

on

noon

(e) I was not cooking at noon. I had already ordered pizza.

occurred before now,at an unspecified time

occurred before another time in the past

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT

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(f) I was waiting when the pizza arrived.

pizz

a ar

rived

(g) The pizza had arrived when he came home.

in progress at a particular time in the past

completed before a particular time in the past

he c

ame

hom

e

pizz

aar

rived

bega

nw

aitin

g

XX

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

1st2nd

I had already gone to bed when it started snowing.a. it started snowing ____

b. I went to bed ____1st

2nd

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

1st2nd

I tried to go shopping, but thestore had closed.a. store closed ____

b. tried to go shopping ____

1st

2nd

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

1st2nd

A friend called to suggest a good movie.She had seen it last Friday.a. the friend saw the movie ____

b. the friend called ____

1st

2nd

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