chapter-3 sp caliper
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este nao estaTRANSCRIPT
Chapter-3SP Log – Self Potential
By
Dr. Jorge Salgado Gomes
1Chap-3 Duration of this chapter: 2 classes (90’)9/21/2011
sandstone
shale
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Cl--
-
-
+
+
+
Cl-
Educational Outcomes
• What is self potential
• Electrochemical potential
• SP interpretation
• SP applications (sand-shale sequences)
• Factors affecting SP amplitude
• Determination of Rw (water resistivity)
Chap-3 29/21/2011
Principle of SP (Self Potential)
9/21/2011 Chap-3 3
by Lecturer
The SP is measured mostly simultaneous
with the resistivity log.
The SP is the natural electrical potential –
in our case – in a borehole.
SP is useful particularly for
· sand - shale discrimination, shale content
· Rw calculation - we need it for saturation
calculation
Electrochemical Potential (Ec)
EC = EM + ELJ
Membrane Potential Liquid Junction Potential
Membrane potential is the migration of cations(Na+) through shale membrane.
Schematic SP Resistive Circuit
Schematic SP Current Loop
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION of
POTENTIAL & CURRENT
DISTRIBUTIONin and around a permeable bed
9/21/2011 Chap-3 8
mf
w
mf
wSPMD
C
C
C
CKEESSP log71log
mf
w
mf
wDD
w
mf
mf
wD
C
C
C
CKE
R
R
uv
uv
C
C
uv
uvE
log6.11log
lnF
RTln
F
RT
mf
w
mf
wMM
w
mf
mf
wM
C
C
C
CKE
R
R
C
CE
log1.59log
lnF
RTln
F
RT
Static SP
R - ideal gas constant
T - absolute Temperature
F - Faraday constant
Cw - formation water concentration
Cmf - mud filtrate concentration
Rw - formation water resistivity
Rmf - mud filtrate resistivity
u - mobility of Cl (67.6 10-5 cm/sV)
v - mobility of Na (45.6 10-5 cm/sV)
Liquid Junction (diffusion) and Membrane Potential
at 77°F (25°C):
at 77°F (25°C):
SP: Result of Electrochemical Interaction
9/21/2011 Chap-3 9
sandstone
shale
concentration
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Cl- -
-
-
+
+
+
- SP in mV +
Diffusion-
potential
Membrane-
potential
Cl-
-160 + 40
Example
9/21/2011 Chap-3 10
Step 2:
draw „sand base line“
Step 1:
draw „shale base line“
Step 3:
select reservoirs,
describe the profile
TWOEXAMPLES OF
SPBASE-LINE
SHIFT
SP (Main Observations)
• SP results from conductivity differences between formation water and mud salinity.
• SP-log can be used to:– detect permeable beds
– separate sand and shale
– determine formation water resistivity Rw
• In permeable beds, SP has the following response relative to the shale baseline:– negative deflection where Rmf > Rw
– positive deflection where Rmf < Rw
– no deflection where Rmf = Rw
• SP is suppressed at presence of oil/gas and by thin beds.
9/21/2011 Chap-3 12
Factors Affecting SP Amplitude
• OBM & AF boreholes
• Clay/shale in the formation
• Hydrocarbon zones
• Bed resistivity
• Formation thickness
• Invasion
EFFECT OF Rmf/Rw on SP development
Shape and Amplitude of SP Response
• The shape of the SP curve and the amplitude of the deflection opposite a permeable bed depend on several factors:– Ratio of Rmf/Rw
– Thickness (h) and true resistivity (Rt) of the bed
– Rxo and diameter of the invaded zone (di)
– Resistivity of the adjacent formation
– Resistivity of the mud (Rm) and borehole diameter
• The following slides show examples of these factors
9/21/2011 Chap-3 15
EFFECT OF SHALINESS ON SP
EFFECT OF PERMEABLE
BED THICKNESS ON RECORDED
SP
EFFECT OF VARYING SHALE THICKNESS ON
SP
EFFECT OF BED RESISTIVITY ON SP
EFFECT OF INVASION
ON SPwhenRi = Rt
SP IN RESISTIVE FORMATIONS
RESPONSE OF SP TO TIGHT ZONES
Quality Control SP
9/21/2011 Chap-3 23
Should be recorded noise-free as possible
Repeatability: curves should have the same shape and
character as those from previous runs or repeated sections – if
same conditions with respect to mud and no streaming potential.
Cross-check the curve character with other logs from the same
logging run.
Adapted after Krygowski, 2004
DETERMINATION OF Rw
FROM SP
SSP Equation & Conditions for RwDetermination
• Clean formation
• Thick formation
• Salinity contrast
we
mfe
SP
mf
wSP
R
RK
C
CKSSP loglog
Where : KSP = 61 + 0.133T (0F)
Determination of Rweq
INPUT:
SSP = 100 mV @ 250 F
Rmf = 0.7 Ω .m @ 100 F
From Chart Gen-9:
Rmf= 0.33 Ω .m @ 250 F
•If Rmf @ 75 F > 0.1 Ω, then Rmfeq = 0.85 Rmf
•If Rmf @ 75 F < 0.1 Ω , then use Chart SP-2
Output:
Rmfeq = 0.85 * Rmf
Rmfeq @ 250 F = 0.85 * 0.33 = 0.28 Ω . m
Rweq @ 250 F =0.025 Ω .m
9/21/2011 Chap-3 26
weq
mfeq
SPR
RKSSP log
9/21/2011 Chap-3 27
Compute Rw from Rweq
If Rweq = 0.025 Ohm.m
@ 250 F
Rw = 0.03 Ohm.m
9/21/2011 Chap-3 28
9/21/2011 Chap-3 29
CALIPER LOGS
9/21/2011 Chap-3 30
Caliper Logs
9/21/2011 Chap-3 31
by Lecturer
Caliper Measurements
2-Arm Calipers
3-Arm Calipers
4-Arm Calipers
6-Arm Calipers
borehole condition (breakouts --> mechanical behaviour)
formation properties (mud cake --> permeable zones,
fractured zones)
borehole volume --> cementation
corrections for quantitative log interpretation
Why ?
Caliper Log
9/21/2011 Chap-3 32
Source: Baker 2002
Caliper Measurements
9/21/2011 Chap-3 33
Single axis Three arm
Dual Axis (x,y) Four or six arm (individual radii)
Interpretation of Caliper Data(Borehole Breakout & Key Seat)
9/21/2011 Chap-3 34
Geomechanical Information(Relationship between stress fields and
borehole Shape)
9/21/2011 Chap-3 35
Fig 3a Fig 3b
Quality Control Caliper
9/21/2011 Chap-3 36
Check the caliper value in casing against the casing diameter
Shale values should be similar to those in nearby wells
Repeatability: curves should have the same shape and character as those
from previous runs or repeated sections
Cross-check the curve character with other logs from the same logging run.
Adapted after Krygowski, 2004
Additional Support Material
9/21/2011 Chap-3 37