Chapter 25America Moves to the City

1865-1900

Objective

By the end of this chapter, students will understand how the growth of

industry led to increased immigration which then created urbanization and

necessary reform

Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless,Tempest-tossed to me

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!

Emma Lazarus

Question

What are the contradictions in our words and in our deeds regarding immigrants coming to

our shores?

Question

Was the anti-immigration sentiment based on ignorance? Fear? Religious bigotry? Racism?

Class? Explain.

Causes of Immigration

Push

• Persecution (ill-treatment)• Poverty• Lack of Jobs• War

Pull

• Religious + Political Freedom• Cheap Land• Jobs• Family in the U.S.

Ellis Island

• First stop for ships carrying immigrants– Processing Station

• Healthy• Had $, skill, or sponsor

• Opened from 1892-1954

• 40% of all current U.S residents can trace at least one of their ancestors to Ellis Island

Positive or

Negative experience?

America Fever

• American business tried to attract Europeans– Industrialists wanted low-wage labor– Railroads wanted buyers for their land grants– States wanted more population– Steamship lines wanted more human cargo

Activity

Create a MANUAL about how to become an American Citizen

Create a TOP 10 list individually or in groups

WAVE #1

Irish and Germans

WAVE #2

Eastern + Southern Europe

WAVE #3

Latin America + Asia

New Immigrants

New and Old

0100000020000003000000400000050000006000000700000080000009000000

1821-1830

1841-1850

1861-1870

1881-1890

1901-1910

1921-1930

By decade

Era Of Immigration

Immigrants Change America

• Fueled industrial growth– Coal mines– Railroads– Steel Mills– Textile Mills– Factories

• Fueled resentment– Nativists

1. What groups of people are represented in this picture?

2. What point is the artist trying to make?

The Irish

• Discriminated– Catholicism– Large Family Size– Alcoholics– Accents– Competition for Jobs

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

• Discriminated– Look– Spoke– Worship– Competed for Jobs

Others barred• American Protective Association (APA)

– Antiforeign organization• Need for protection from foreign laborers

• Congress responds to what American workers want and banned the following:– Criminals– Chinese– Insane– Polygamists– Prostitutes– Alcoholics– Anarchists– Those with diseases

American Culture

Melting Pot• Cultures lose their unique

qualities and blend together• Assimilation

Salad Bowl• Cultures retain their unique

identities and mix together• Multiculturalism

Activity

Group Questions

See WORD DOC

Growth of Cities

• After Ellis Island, most immigrants took ferry’s to NYC

• Urbanization:– More people = Crowded Cities– Big Cities = more schools, housing,

businesses, sewers, transportation, etc.

Population Growth

Best of Times, Worst of Times

• “the best and worst combined, in a strangely composite community”

• Widening class divisions

Urban Problems

Family Feud Style

What Problems Does Urbanization Create?

•Crime•Overcrowding (slums)•Poverty•Poor Working Conditions•Fires (Chicago)•Lack of Space

Immigrant Life in the Cities

• Immigrant groups lived in the same neighborhoods– Stores– Religious gatherings– Tenements

• (apartment buildings)

Dumbbell Tenement

Reactions to New Immigrants

• American government system was ill-prepared– Federal: dealt with criminals and insane– State: didn’t care due to rural representatives– City Govt: overwhelmed by urban growth

• Welcome Urban Political Machines– Men like Boss Tweed

Great Quote

“It is said…that the quality of recent immigration is undesirable…The time is quite within recent memory when the same thing was said of immigrants who, with their descendants, are now numbered among our best citizens.

- President Grover Cleveland, 1897

1890 Census

• Article I of the Constitution– Went beyond counting population for

congressional apportionment• Occupation• Education• Citizenship

• First year to use punch cards and electronic tabulating machines– Expanded ranged of data

Settlement Houses

• provided services and activities designed to identify and reinforce the strengths of individuals, families and communities. – Hull House was best known settlement

• Founded by Jane Addams– Instruction in English– Counseling– Child-care service for working mothers– Cultural activities

Land Grant Colleges

• Morrill Act of 1862– Provided generous grant of public lands to the

states for support of education• Became state universities

Of the Gilded Age

• Central Park, NY (1873)• Baseball (1869)• Basketball (1891)• Football (1869)• Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)• Barnum and Bailey’s (1881)

Chapter 26Great West and Agricultural Revolution

1865-1896

Post Civil War

• By 1890, the west was being carved into states– Native Americans = 360,000 in 1860

• Stood in the path of the advancing pioneer– Inevitable clash between industrialization nation and Indian

• Indian Wars (1860-1890)– Native Americans stood no chance

• Railroads• Disease• Military Force

Great Quote

The White Man, who possesses this whole vast country from sea to sea, who roams over it at pleasure, and lives where he

likes, cannot know the cramp we feel in this little spot, with the undying remembrance of the fact, which you know as well as

we, that every foot of what you proudly call America, not very long ago belonged to the red man.

WASHAKIE (SHOSHONE INDIAN), 1878

The Great West

• An area of mountains, plateaus, deserts, and plains– Inhabitants:

• Indian• Buffalo• Wild Horse• Prairie Dog• Coyote

Life on the Plains

• Federal Government made treaties with the Plains Indian “chiefs”– Marked the beginning of the reservation system

• this often led to fierce warfare– U.S. Army was made up of immigrants and African Americans

Cruelty begets Cruelty

• 1864- Colonel J.M. Chivington’s militia massacres 400 Indians at Sand Creek

• 1866- Fetterman Massacre

• 1876- Battle of Little Bighorn– Colonel Custer’s 250 vs. 2,500 Indians

• Completely wiped out by Crazy Horse and his men

End of the Trail

• Following the Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) American policy towards the Indians changed– Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

• Forced-assimilation– 160-acre farmstead

• A Century of Dishonor– Similar to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, this book by Helen

Hunt Jackson inspired sympathy

Federal Policy

1787 U.S. Constitution

Federal Govt given power to regulate trade with Native

Americans

1824 Bureau of Indian Affairs

Agency created to handle relations with Native Americans

1887 Dawes Act

Government divides reservations into individual

land holdings

1934 Indian Reorganization Act

Tribal governments gain more control over own affairs

1975 Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act

Indians win control over schools and other government services

Forced Assimilation

• Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Pa)– Boarding school for Native Americans

• Required to change their hairstyles, dress, and language– Disastrous results

Why is forced assimilation

destined to fail?

Children were rejected by both cultures

The Railroad

• Cut through Indian lands– Helped “tame” the Indians– Could bring out unlimited numbers of troops,

farmers, cattlemen, sheepherders, and settlers

• Almost eliminated the bison– Post Civil War: 15 million– By 1885: fewer than 1,000

Great Quote

“Once we were happy in our own country and we were seldom hungry, for then the two-leggeds and the four-leggeds lived

together like relatives, and there was plenty for them and for us. But then the Wasichus [white people] came, and they made

little islands for us … and always these islands are becoming smaller, for around them surges the gnawing flood of

Wasichus.”

Black Elk, an Oglala Sioux

Vanishing Lands

The Cowboys

• White, Black, and Mexican– Long horned cattle

• Beef was big business

• The railroad helped transport cattle to the markets.

Mining

• Fifty-Niners– More miners than minerals

• However, this created Boomtowns

• The mining industry attracted population, wealth, and opened up the Wild West– Silver and gold

Farmer’s Frontier

• Homestead Act of 1862– Gave setter 160 acres of land

• Had to live on it for five years• Improve it• Fee of $30

– Given away to encourage growth in empty spaces out West

• This was a great deal if you lived on the Eastern side of the 100th meridian

The Fading Fronteir

• By the turn of the 20th century, the government began to close the West– Set aside land for national parks

Primary Source

The Significance of the Frontier in American history

By Frederick Jackson Turner

Farm Becomes a Factory

• Farmers became both consumers and producers– High prices made them focus on single “cash” crops

• Use profits to buy foodstuffs and manufactured goods

• Tied to banking, railroading, and manufacturing

Deflation Dooms the Debtor

• One crop economy = danger– As long as prices were high, they were fine

• Determined though by world market

– Low prices and a deflated currency was the fear• Problem was a static money supply

– Not enough dollars to go around: prices forced down

Unhappy Farmers

• High protective tariffs– good for manufacturers – Not good for farmers

• Had to sell their low-priced products in a fiercely competitive, unprotected world market, while buying high-priced manufactured goods in a protected home market.

• The farmers were at the mercy of the trusts– harvester trust, barbed-wire trust, fertilizer trust

• They controlled prices

Farmer’s Take a Stand

• The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry– Organized by Oliver H. Kelley

• Originally began as an individual self-improvement and then grew to a collective improvement

– Eventually faded away following Wabash case

• Organization lived on through the Greenback Labor Party– Ran General James B. Weaver in Election of 1880

• 3% of popular vote

Prelude to Populism

• Farmers Alliance– Weakened by ignoring landless tenant farmers,

sharecroppers, and farmworkers– Excluded blacks

• ½ agricultural population of the South

• Grew into the People’s Party– Aka: Populists

• Free coinage of silver was the cure-all rallying cry

Coxey’s Army

• March on Washington (1894)– End the depression by employing the jobless to build public works and paying them with greenbacks– Arrested for walking on grass

Pullman Strike

• Panic of 1893 strengthened Populist argument– Victims of oppressive economic and political system

• Pullman Palace Car Company– Cut workers’ wages 1/3– 100,000 men quit work (unseen!)– Kept rent for company homes the same

• Led by Eugene V. Debs, strikers paralyzed railroad traffic

Famous Quote

“If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be

delivered.”

President Grover Cleveland

End of Strike

• To the delight of conservatives, federal troops, bayonets fixed, crushed the Pullman strike.– Debs was sentenced to six months' imprisonment

for contempt

Election of 1896

William McKinley

• Gold Standard

• Backed by Marcus Hanna– Some say he bought McKinley

the election– Govt should aid big business

William Jennings Bryan

• Silver– Cross of Gold Speech

• Backed by Populist Party– Dems took their 16:1 idea

Class Conflict• Republican businesspeople placed contracts with

manufacturers, contingent on the election of McKinley. – Feared overnight fifty-cent dollars

• Intimidation– paid off their workers and told them not to come to

work on Wednesday morning if Bryan won.– Employers were threatening to pay their employees

in fifty-cent pieces, instead of in dollars, if Bryan triumphed.

McKinley Takes Office

• New era of politics– Chance to change existing social order failed

• Farmers didn’t unite

• Politics lay not in the farm– Their population was dwindling

• Power was in the city– Pouring of immigrants

Depression Ends• Trusts were given free reign

• Dingley Tariff Bill of 1897– Tariffs at 46.5%

• Gold Standard Act of 1900– New gold deposits allowed for paper currency to be

backed by gold

• Depression of 1893 ends– All is good in the U.S.