chapter 16reconstruction: an unfinished revolution, 1865–1877
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 16
Reconstruction:Reconstruction:An Unfinished Revolution, An Unfinished Revolution,
1865–18771865–1877
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Reconstruction Rapid spread of terrorist organization,
KKK Planters organize KKK units. Their main
purpose was to: Weaken the Republican coalition so that a
Democratic majority could return to power Deathblow to Reconstruction in South:
attack Rep. leaders (white and black) harassment, beatings, rape, arson, murder
Biggest mistake of Republicans in DC and South = no land redistribution
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Retreat from Reconstruction
North lose interest (1870s) More interest in suppressing rebellion than
helping blacks Democrats:
“redeem” southern governments by KKK violence
grow stronger in North Congress pass KKK laws; not enforced Northerners reject:
US government protect civil rights
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Retreat from Reconstruction The Supreme Court is inactive after Dred
Scott case and during the war Reassert itself, post-1865 as a participant
in the northern retreat from Reconstruction Slaughter-House (1873) deny that 14th
makes USG protector of civil rights: narrow 14th by stress state power
Bradwell (1873) reject claim that 14th ban gender discrimination
Later uphold restrictions on suffrage
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Chapter 17
The Development of The Development of The West, 1877–1900The West, 1877–1900
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Ch. 17: Development of the West, 1877–1900
Rapid white settlement displace Indians Indians/whites use environment differently:
subsistence vs. exploitation/profit West’s resources vital for industrialization:
many human and environmental costs To whites, area “west” of MS River = land
of economic opportunity and material success: racism also shape actions
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Fig. 17-CO, p. 456
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p. 458
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I. Native American Subsistence Cultures
Shape environment long before 1800s Very different groups 4 main activities:
1) crops (corn) 2) livestock (sheep/horses) 3) fishing/hunting (bison) 4) trading/raiding
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I. Native American Subsistence Cultures (cont.)
Extensive interaction of goods/ideas: migrating bands and trade/raid fight over herds/land/water
Plains Indians (Pawnees): depend on buffalo alter environment to support horses
Southwest Indians (Navajos): focus on sheep herding
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p. 460
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I. Native American Subsistence Cultures (cont.)
Northwest Indians (Clatsops): fish salmon extensively with technology like others, engage in trade
Native economies undermined by: loss of land to whites salmon/buffalo decline
White-owned fisheries over-harvest salmon
Dams interfere with salmon reproduction
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II. Dramatic Buffalo Decline
Whites (with Army help) kill many for: railroads farming
Accelerate decline that start with: over-hunting by Indians for trade with whites diseases from white-owned livestock less grazing area
1820: 25 million bison 1880: less than 1,000
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III. Transformation of Native Cultures
Extensive white violence against Indians Young white men:
= majority of western whites view Indians with contempt
Both commit atrocities Native American population decline:
disease (including STDs) less mobile with women/ children adopt bad habits (alcohol, prostitution)
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p. 461
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IV. Lack of Native Unity; Territorial Treaties
Divisions: 200 spoken languages 100s of separate bands
No tribal centralization Chiefs weak Wars and raids between bands block unity US government hurt Indians by:
imposing treaties (loss of land) by force refusing to protect Indian land/rights in treaties from
whites
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V. Reservation Policy
US government: confine Indians to least desirable lands promise aid
Indians less independent economically Reservations weaken Indians politically Supreme Court define Native Americans
as non-citizen wards Constantly face white encroachment
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VI. Native Resistance; Indian Wars
Some resist trade Others fight White response:
Navajo “Long Walk” (1863–64) destroy Cheyenne band (1864)
Little Big Horn (1876): Lakotas/Cheyennes defeat Custer
White advantages: more supplies (often starve Indians) pursue Indians relentlessly
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p. 463
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VII. Reform of Indian Policy (1870s–80s)
Reformers try to “civilize” Indians: goal = assimilation
Few Indians in Indian Rights Association IRA assume Indian ways (gender) inferior Dawes Severalty Act (1887):
privatize communal lands reverse reservation policy Indians with private property become citizens whites buy unallocated land
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VII. Reform of Indian Policy (cont.)
Boarding schools (Carlisle in PA): teach children white culture
Zitkala-Sa use ed to advocate rights: translate Sioux stories to preserve traditions
US government still use force: massacre Lakotas (Wounded Knee, SD--
1890) crush Ghost Dance (revival of traditions)
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VIII. The Losing of the West
Under Dawes Act, Indian landholding dramatically decline: whites cheat Indians into selling land accelerate economic ruin
Schools demoralize children: not accepted by either Indians or whites
West won at Indian expense: still casualties of aggressive era
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IX. Mining and Lumbering
Unlike Indians, whites motivated by: quest for rapid wealth
1000s move (mid-1800s) to mine: gold/silver/metals (Map 17.1) search as individuals then sell to large companies
Lumber companies use fraud to grab millions of acres (Northwest)
Oil drilling start (Southwest)
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Map 17-1, p. 467
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X. Complex Communities
West = multiracial: whites, Indians Hispanics, Asians, African Americans
NM: Indians and Hispanics mix (mestizo) 200,000 Chinese immigrate, pre-1882 All-black towns (Nicodemus, KS) White women = minority:
travel west with husband little independence make money via domestic services
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p. 468
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XI. Significance of Race
For control: classify nonwhites as Indian, Mexican,
Mongolian, or black assume nonwhite “inferiority” permanent create 2-tier labor system nonwhites work unskilled/low-pay jobs whites often take nonwhite property ban marriage between nonwhite men/white
woman Race is a distinguishing social characteristic
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p. 469
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XII. Conservation (1870s); Admission of New States
Preserve resources by limiting exploitation Yellowstone, WY = first national park
(1872) Muir found Sierra Club (1892) Business and westerners oppose:
both seek quick profit Map 17.2:
admit many states, 1889-1912 USA = 48 states until 1959
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Map 17-2, p. 470
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XIII. Legends of West
To easterners, West = lawless hedonism: Tombstone, AZ
Some become folk heroes: Clantons vs. Earps, OK Corral, 1881
Novelists and self-promoters (Buffalo Bill): romanticize life in “Wild West”
Most westerners: not gunfighters or gamblers struggle to get by
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XIV. Irrigation
Public and private interests use: technology organization for commercial agriculture
Irrigation already exist: southwestern Indians, Spanish, Mormons
Whites in West reject English riparianism: users not diminish flow downstream
Adopt prior appropriation: water rights to whoever claims it first
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XIV. Irrigation (cont.)
because of conflicts, whites create public bodies to regulate usage: WY, 1890 CA organize irrigation districts
CA: leader in irrigation most profitable fruit/vegetable farms in USA
Newlands Reclamation Act (1902): promote irrigation not conservation
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p. 471
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XV. Railroad Construction
⅓ of world’s rail track (1900) Diverse labor crews:
Chinese build east from CA Irish build westward
Spur steel, coal, and other industries Create new cities:
link to national/global economy (goods/ people)
Huge subsidies spur construction: USG give 180 million acres
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XV. Railroad Construction (cont.)
Land for track + extra to sell: fund construction
States add 50 million acres Towns buy rail stock/bonds; offer loans As private companies:
railroads want aid fight regulation
Many towns boom from railroads Others lose (stock failures, loan defaults)
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XVI. Standard Gauge;Standard Time
Link railroads together (1880s) Alter concepts of time and space Measure distance in travel time, not miles Earlier, time vary from place to place Railroads need standardization:
create 4 time zones (1883) become national time
Spur engineering profession
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p. 474
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XVII. Farming the Plains(1870s–’80s)
Commercial agriculture: require adaptations to climate and terrain
100s of 1000s of whites migrate Railroads promise instant riches Global population growth create demand Farm life on Plains very difficult:
hard work essentials (water, fuel) scarce
Map 17.3: rainfall divide settlement
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Map 17-3, p. 476
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XVIII. Hardship on the Plains
Weather (heat, storms, blizzards, floods, prairie fires) and insects
Homestead Act (1862): disperse settlement = social isolation
Also lonely because many bachelors: many abandon farms for cities
Mail-order and RFD reduce isolation some
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p. 477
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XIX. Mechanization of Agriculture
Vital to agricultural revolution Increase production with less time and
labor: farms feed cities cities supply machines railroads = link
governments fund research: stronger, productive crops combat disease
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p. 478
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Table 17-1, p. 479
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XX. The Ranching Frontier
Cattle ranching mushroom, post-1860s Population growth create demand Railroads allow bulk transport:
drive cattle 1,000+ miles from TX to rail link inefficient raise herds near rail links
Open-range ranching on Plains with massive use of government lands
Table 17.1 on USG and West
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p. 480
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XXI. Barbed Wire
Ranching conflict with farms and sheep herds Little materials for traditional fences Barbed wire solve conflict:
reflect links between West/East and rural/urban accelerate farming on Plains
Ranching and meatpacking = big business same with mining and agriculture
Often negative on environment
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p. 481
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Summary: Discuss Links to the World and Legacy
US West and Australia as frontier societies?
Parallels: mining, male folk heroes Bias and violence to nonwhites:
Chinese Aborigines
National parks as legacy? Spread from West to East? Problems from success? Preservation vs. development debate?
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p. 465
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p. 465
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p. 473