chapter 22, unnumbered figure, page 616 -...

Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 616

Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 617

AtlanticOcean

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

Fresh Kills Landfill

Staten Island

New York City

New York

Long Island

Ch

apter 22, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure 2, P

age 617

Environm

ent: The S

cience behind the Stories, 4e —

Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

THEN

: Fresh K

ills Land

fill in o

peratio

n.

NO

W: Fresh

Kills Lan

dfill site to

day.

Fig

ure 22.1

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Waste stream

with

steps to

redu

ce waste

Make industrial practices m

ore efficient

Waste stream

without steps to

reduce waste

Waste d

ispo

sal(lan

dfill, in

cinerato

r)

Minim

ize packaging for products

Purchase “green” consumer products

Com

post materials at hom

e

Recycle items

Reuse items

Municipal com

posting

Figure 22.2


Yardtrimmings

Metals

Rubber,leather,andtextiles

Rubber, leather,and textiles

Wood Wood

Glass

Glass (5.6%)

Other (3.3%)

Other (4.3%)

Paper31.0%

Paper20.7%

Yardtrimmings

13.2%7.0%

Foodscraps12.7%

Food scraps18.6%

Plastics12.0% Plastics

16.8%

Metals8.4% 8.2%

7.9% 10.1%

6.6%8.9%

4.9%

(a) Before recycling and composting (b) After recycling and composting

Fig

ure 22.2a

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Rubber,leather,andtextiles

Wood

Glass

Other (3.3%

)

Paper31.0%

Yardtrim

mings

13.2%Foodscraps12.7%

Plastics12.0%

Metals

8.4%

7.9%

6.6%

4.9%

(a) Befo

re recycling

and

com

po

sting

Figure 22.2b


Yardtrimmings

Metals

Rubber, leather,and textiles

Wood

Glass (5.6%)

Other (4.3%)

Paper20.7%

7.0%

Food scraps18.6%

Plastics16.8%

8.2%

10.1%

8.9%

(b) After recycling and composting

Fig

ure 22.3

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

02000

2008

Per capita MSW generation (kg/person/day)

1 2 3

19601970

19901980Year

0

100

150

200

250

Total U.S. generation (millions of tons/year)

Total waste

generationPer capitaw

aste generation

Figure 22.4


Figure 22.5


1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

Year

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

Recovery for composting

Recovery for recycling

Combustion

Landfill, other disposal

250

260

200

150

100

50

0

U.S

. mun

icip

al s

olid

was

te (m

illio

ns o

f to

ns)


Groundwatermonitoring well

Leachatetreatmentsystem

Methane gasrecovery well

Soil Solidwaste

Aquifer

Compactedimpermeableclay

Leachatecollectionpipes

Plasticliner

GravelGranulardrainagelayer

Figure 22.6

Fig

ure 22.7

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.


Figure 22.8

Figure 22.9


Waste storage pit

Crane

Furnace

Water

Ash

Boiler

Scrubber Baghouse

1

3

GeneratorTurbine

542

Stack

6

7

Wastewater and ashfor treatment or

disposal in landfill

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

TAB

LE 22.1

Som

e Everyd

ay Things Yo

u Can D

o

to R

educe and

Reuse

Donate used item

s to charityReuse boxes, paper, plastic w

rap, plastic containers, aluminum

foil,bags, w

rapping paper, fabric, packing material, etc.

Rent or borrow item

s instead of buying them, w

hen possible . . . and lend your item

s to friendsBuy groceries in bulkD

ecline bags at stores when you don’t need them

Bring reusable cloth bags shoppingM

ake double-sided photocopiesBring your ow

n co�ee cup to co�ee shopsPay a bit extra for durable, long-lasting, reusable goods rather thandisposable onesBuy rechargeable batteriesSelect goods w

ith less packagingC

ompost kitchen and yard w

astes in a compost bin or w

orm bin

(o�en available from your com

munity or w

aste hauler)Buy clothing and other item

s at resale stores and garage salesU

se cloth napkins and rags rather than paper napkins and tow

elsW

rite to companies to tell them

what you think about their

packaging and productsW

hen solid waste policy is being debated, let your governm

ent representatives know

your thoughtsSupport organizations that prom

ote waste reduction

Data from

U.S. Environmental Protection A

gency, 2005.


Figure 22.10

13 2Consumer

purchase of productsmade from recycled

materials

Use of recyclablesby industry to manufacturenew products

Collection and processingof recyclable materials

by municipalitiesand businesses

Fig

ure 22.11

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 85

Total amount recovered (millions of tons/year)

19601970

19901980Year

20002008 0 10 20 30 40 6050 70 80 90 100

110

Recovery rate (percent)

Totalam

ountrecovered

Recoveryrate


TABLE 22.2 Recovery Rates for Various Materialsin the United States

MaterialPercentage that is recycled or composted

Lead-acid batteries 99Newspapers 88Major appliances 67Yard trimmings 65Paper and paperboard 55Aluminum cans 48Glass containers 28Total plastics 7

Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Figure 22.12


0-10%10-20%20-30%

30-40%

40% or more

WA

OR

NVUT COCO

NM

TX

OK

KS

AZ

CA

HIAK

IDWY

MT NDMN

WI

IA

MO

AR

LA

MS AL GA

SC

NC

VAWV

OHPA

MDDC

DE

MANY

VTNH

ME

IN

KY

TN

IL

FL

MISD

NE NJ

RICT

Recycling rates

Ch

apter 22, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure, P

age 629

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Last seen at 786-798 Bellevue Turnpike, K

earny, N

J

Traveled 18.3 miles

Disposed at

457 Madison

Ave., N

ew

York, NY

Sep 8th

, 2009, 07:26 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 09:02 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 07:22 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 07:18 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 05:19 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 05:02 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 04:34 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 04:21 AM

Sep 5th

, 2009, 04:13 AM

Green

Poin

t

New

York

Un

ion

City

Secaucu

s

Ho

bo

ken

No

rth A

rling

ton

Lynd

hu

rst

Ru

therfo

rd

Kearn

y

senseable city lab

EastR

uth

erford

Rid

gefield Palisad

es Park

Fort Lee

Leon

ia

Rid

gefield

Park

LittleFerry

Teterbo

ro

No

rthB

ergen

Edg

ewater

PlasticC

on

tainer o

f Liq

uid

Soap

Figure 22.13


U.S. states with . . .

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

20

10

0

No deposit

States withoutbottle bills

IowaOregon Hawaii

New YorkCaliforniaVermont

Massachusetts

Michigan

5¢ deposit 5+¢ deposit 10¢ deposit

Recy

clin

g ra

te (%

) for

bev

erag

e co

ntai

ners

Fig

ure 22.14

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) Co

mp

ostin

g facility, Ed

mo

nto

n, A

lberta

(b) A

eration

bu

ildin

g, Ed

mo

nto

n co

mp

ostin

g facility

Figure 22.14a


(a) Composting facility, Edmonton, Alberta


Figure 22.14b

(b) Aeration building, Edmonton composting facility

Fig

ure 22.15

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Source

Extraction

Raw m

aterial

Extractionw

aste

Industrialw

aste

Fabrication

Refinement

Finished products

Long-livedcapital goods

Consum

ergoods andcom

mercial

packagingD

emolition

Dem

olishedgoods

(autos, buildings)

Consum

er waste

Crude m

aterial

Recycling


Figure 22.16

(a) Traditional brewery process

(b) ZERI brewery process

Grain Water

Bread

Spentsubstrate

Shallowalgae ponds

Fish pond

Beer

Substrate formushrooms

Pigs

Waste

Bio-gas

Digester

Spentgrain

Wastewater

Grain Water

Spentgrain

Wastewater

Animalfeed

Beer

Fig

ure 22.16a

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) Traditio

nal b

rewery p

rocess

Grain

Water

Spentgrain

Waste

water

Anim

alfeed Beer

Fig

ure 22.16b

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(b) ZER

I brew

ery pro

cess

Grain

Water

Bread

Spentsubstrate

Shallowalgae ponds

Fish pond

Beer

Substrate form

ushrooms

Pigs

Waste

Bio-gas

Digester

Spentgrain

Waste

water

Ch

apter 22, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure, P

age 634

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

YO

U C

AN

MA

KE

A D

IFFER

EN

CE

Do

nate your p

hone to

a perso

n or a charity that can

reuse it.

Recycle yo

ur old

pho

ne with an ap

pro

ved e-w

asterecycling

service.

Think twice b

efore b

uying yet ano

ther new electro

nicg

adg

et that you d

on’t really need

.

Every five m

inutes,

Am

ericans throw

away the

numb

er of cell p

hones

show

n on this p

age.

... or they can b

e

recycled fo

r reuse

and fo

r the recovery

of valuab

le metals.

The 426,000 cell

pho

nes entering

the U.S. w

aste

stream d

aily can

leach toxic heavy

metals into

the

environm

ent ...

Fig

ure 22.17

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

20032004

20052006

20071999

20002002

2001Year

0 25 50 75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

Millions of units discarded per year

Units

recycled

Units

disposed

Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 636


Ch

apter 22, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure 1, P

age 637

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.



20

0

40

60

80

50

40

30

20

10

0

100

Perc

ent

of it

ems

leac

hing

lead

abo

ve t

hres

hold

Ave

rage

lead

leac

hate

(mg/

L)

Percent of items leachinglead above threshold

Ferrous metal content LowerHigher

Average lead leachate (mg/L)C

ompu

ter C

PUs

(64)

VCRs

(10)

Prin

ters

(9)

Smok

e de

tect

ors

(9)

Keyb

oard

s (4

)

Flat

pan

el m

onito

rs (8

)

Col

or te

levi

sions

(6)

Cel

lula

r pho

nes

(63)

Lapt

op c

ompu

ters

(21)

Com

pute

r mic

e (1

5)

Com

pute

r mon

itors

(9)

Rem

ote

cont

rols

(10)


Figure 22.20

Fig

ure 22.21

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Liquid hazardousw

aste

Evaporation

Residue of solid hazardousw

aste

Impervious

clay layerPlasticlining

Fig

ure 22.22

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Injectionw

ell

Injected hazardousw

aste

Unconfined

aquifer

Impervious

soil

Impervious

soil

Porousrock

Confined

aquifer


Groups generating municipal solid waste

Per capita MSW generation ratesU.S. average (7.56 lb/day)

Idaho (4.66 lb/day)

Indiana (11.78 lb/day)

Day Year Day Year Day YearYou 7.25 2,647

Your classYour stateUnited StatesWorld

Data from Arsova, L., et al., 2008. �e state of garbage in America. BioCycle 49 (12): 22.

Chapter 22, Unnumbered Table, Page 641

chapter 22, unnumbered figure, page 616 -...

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