chapter 19, unnumbered figure, page 528 -...

Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 528


Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 529

ALASKA

PacificOcean

ArcticOcean

Alaska’s NorthSlope

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

Figure 19.1


Arcticfoothills

Arcticcoastal plain

Arctic Ocean

Oil development–

1972 estimate (blue)

Oildevelopment–actual (purple)

Alaska‘sNorth Slope

Trans-Alaskapipeline

Anchorage

Valdez

Canada

Canada

Prudhoe Bay 1002 Area

Northern borderof Brooks Range

ArcticNational WildlifeRefuge (ANWR)

Trans-Alaska pipeline

National Petroleum

Reserve - Alaska(NPRA)

Figure 19.2


4

3

2

Wor

ld f

ossi

l fue

l con

sum

ptio

n(b

illio

n to

ns o

f oi

l equ

ival

ent)

1

01950 1960 1970 1980

Year

1990

Oil

Coal

Natural gas

2000 2010


TABLE 19.1 Energy Sources We Use Today

Energy source Description Type of energy Chapter

Crude oil Fossil fuel extracted from ground (liquid) Nonrenewable 19

Natural gas Fossil fuel extracted from ground (gas) Nonrenewable 19

Coal Fossil fuel extracted from ground (solid) Nonrenewable 19

Nuclear energy Energy from atomic nuclei of uranium Nonrenewable 20

Biomass energy Energy stored in plant matter from photosynthesis Renewable 20

Hydropower Energy from running water Renewable 20

Solar energy Energy from sunlight directly Renewable 21

Wind energy Energy from wind Renewable 21

Geothermal energy Earth’s internal heat rising from core Renewable 21

Tidal and wave energy Energy from tidal forces and ocean waves Renewable 21

Fig

ure 19.3

Environm

ent: The S

cience behind the Stories, 4e —

Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Coal

Imports

Other inputs

Natural gas

Imports

Other inputs

Export

Export

Oil

Renewables

Prod

uctio

n an

d im

po

rts

Imports

Other inputs

Export

Nuclear

Imports

Export

Electric pow

er

Residential

Com

mercial

Co

nsu

mp

tion

Industrial

Other outputs

and losses

Transportation

Distribute

electricity

Lostenergy

Fig

ure 19.4

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Woody terrestrial

vegetation diesand falls intosw

amp

Organic m

atterfrom

woody land

plants partlydecom

posed by m

icrobesunderaccum

ulatingsedim

ents; kerogen form

s

Coal form

ed from

kerogen

Phytoplankton,

zooplankton, and other m

arine organism

s dieand sink tosea floor

Organic m

atterfrom

soft-bodiedsea life partlydecom

posed bym

icrobes underaccum

ulating sedim

ents; some

carbon bonds broken; kerogen form

s

Therm

ogenic naturalgas form

edfrom

kerogen

Crude oil form

edfrom

kerogen

Ancient sw

amp

Anaerobic conditions

Present day

Heat and pressure

deep undergroundalter kerogen

Ancient ocean

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

TAB

LE 19.2

Natio

ns with the Larg

est Pro

venR

eserves of Fo

ssil Fuels

Oil

(% w

orld reserves)N

atural gas (%

world reserves)

Coal

(% w

orld reserves)

Saudi Arabia, 19.8

Russia, 23.7U

nited States, 28.9

Venezuela, 12.9Iran, 15.8

Russia, 19.0

Iran, 10.3Q

atar, 13.5China, 13.9

Iraq, 8.6Turkm

enistan, 4.3Australia, 9.2

Kuwait, 7.6

Saudi Arabia, 4.2

India, 7.1

United A

rab Em

irates, 7.3U

nited States, 3.7U

kraine, 4.1

Russia, 5.6U

nited Arab

Emirates, 3.4

Kazakhstan, 3.8

Libya, 3.3Venezuela, 3.0

South Africa, 3.7

Kazakhstan, 3.0N

igeria, 2.8Poland, 0.9

Nigeria, 2.8

Algeria, 2.4

Brazil, 0.9

Data from

U.S. Energy Information Adm

inistration; and BP plc. 2010.Statistical review of world energy2010. Canada ranks second in

oil reserves if oil sands are included.

Figure 19.5


Energy consumptionper capita (metric tonsoil equivalent)

0.0–1.5

3.0–4.54.5–6.0over 6.0

1.5–3.0

The average U.S.citizen uses 7.55tons per year

The average person inthe world uses 1.68 tonsper year

Figure 19.6


Time

Decreasing moisture

Increasing heat and pressure

Peat Lignite Sub-bituminous

Bituminous Anthracite

Ancient forest


TABLE 19.3 Top Producers and Consumers of Coal

Production (% world production)

Consumption (% world consumption)

China, 39.2 China, 39.1United States, 16.1 United States, 15.5India, 7.8 India, 8.8Australia, 6.0 Germany, 3.7Russia, 4.9 Russia, 3.7

Data are for 2008, from U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Figure 19.7


Boiler

Turbine

Cooling loop

Filter

Furnace

Pulverizing mill

Coal bunker

Stack

Ashdisposal

Condenser

Generator

Cooling tower


TABLE 19.4 Top Producers and Consumers ofNatural Gas



Russia, 21.3 United States, 21.0

United States, 18.6 Russia, 15.2

Canada, 5.5 Iran, 3.8Iran, 3.7 Japan, 3.2Norway, 3.2 United Kingdom, 3.1


Figure 19.8


Figure 19.9



TABLE 19.5 Top Producers and Consumers of Oil



Russia, 11.8 United States, 22.3Saudi Arabia, 11.6 China, 9.8United States, 10.8 Japan, 5.2Iran, 5.0 India, 3.6China, 4.7 Russia, 3.4


Fig

ure 19.10

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Oil rig

Oil w

ell

Ocean floor

Ocean floor

Gas cap

Imperm

eablerock

Imperm

eablerock

Oil in pores

of rocks

Oil in pores

of rocks

(a) Primary extractio

n o

f oil

(b) Seco

nd

ary extraction

of o

il

Oil rig

Gas cap

Gas

injectionSeaw

aterinjection

PressurePressure

Oil w

ell

Fig

ure 19.10a

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Oil rig

Oil w

ell

Ocean floor

Gas cap

Imperm

eablerock

Oil in pores

of rocks

(a) Primary extractio

n o

f oil

Fig

ure 19.10b

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Ocean floor

Imperm

eablerock

Oil in pores

of rocks

(b) Seco

nd

ary extraction

of o

il Oil rig

Gas cap

Gas

injectionSeaw

aterinjection

PressurePressure

Oil w

ell

Figure 19.11


(b) Distillation process

(a) Distillation columns

(c) Typical composition of refined oil

Boiling temp.

Distillationcolumn

Product

Less than 5ºCButane

20-180ºCNaphtha

20-200ºCGasoline

180-260ºCKerosene

Crude oil

BoilerResidue

260-340ºCDiesel

300-370ºCLubricating oil

370-600ºCFuel oil

Gasoline (46.2%)

Diesel fuel andheating oil (20.3%)

Heavy fuel oil (3.2%)

Jet fuel (7.8%)

Liquefied petroleumgases (10.0%)

Other (12.5%)

Fig

ure 19.11a

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) Distillatio

n co

lum

ns

Fig

ure 19.11b

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(b) D

istillation

pro

cess

Bo

iling

temp

.

Distillationcolum

n

Prod

uct

Less than 5ºCButane

20-180ºCN

aphtha

20-200ºCG

asoline

180-260ºCK

eroseneC

rude oil

BoilerResidue

260-340ºCD

iesel

300-370ºCLubricating oil

370-600ºCFuel oil

Fig

ure 19.11c

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(c) Typical co

mp

ositio

n o

f refined

oil

Gasoline (46.2%

)

Diesel fuel and

heating oil (20.3%)

Heavy fuel oil (3.2%

)

Jet fuel (7.8%)

Liquefied petroleumgases (10.0%

)

Other (12.5%

)

Figure 19.12


Cosmetics,medicines,lotions,and soap

Plasticwastebasket

Detergents,cleaning supplies

Nylon andpolyesterclothing

Light switch Pesticidesandfertilizers

Asphalt

Toilet seat

Shoes withsynthetic soles

Plastic storagebox

Vinyl and plasticlaminate furniture

Polypropylenecoat

CDs and DVDs Linoleumflooring

Componentsin TV and stereo

Home heating oilto heat house

Blender and othersmall appliances

Components ofstove and otherlarge appliances

Toothbrush

Showercurtain

Plasticlampshade

ContainersTires, upholstery,and automobilecomponents

Showerhead

Plastic pictureframe

Bicyclecomponents Gasoline

Paraffin waxeson fruit, candy,and other food

Plastic cupsand dishware

Nonstick coatingon cookware

Fig

ure 19.13

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Billions of barrels/year

1850

432101900

Oil production

(red area) 52.4billion barrels

Know

n oilreserves (orangearea) 30 billionbarrels

Actual U

.S.oil production

Hubbert’s prediction

assuming a total of

150 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)

Hubbert’s prediction

assuming a total of

200 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)

1950

Year

20002050

(a) Hu

bb

ert’s pred

iction

of p

eak in U

.S. oil p

rod

uctio

n, w

ith actu

al data

(b) M

od

ern p

redictio

n o

f peak in

glo

bal o

il pro

du

ction

Billion barrels per year

19301940

19501960

19701980

19902000

20102020

20302040

20500 5 10 15 20 25 30

Year

Polar oilD

eep-water oil

Heavy oil

Middle East

Other

RussiaEuropeLow

er 48U

.S. states

Figure 19.13a


Billi

ons

of b

arre

ls/y

ear

1850

4

3

2

1

01900

Oil production(red area) 52.4billion barrels

Known oilreserves (orangearea) 30 billionbarrels

Actual U.S.oil production

Hubbert’s predictionassuming a total of150 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)

Hubbert’s predictionassuming a total of200 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)

1950

Year

2000 2050

(a) Hubbert’s prediction of peak in U.S. oil production, with actual data

Figure 19.13b


(b) Modern prediction of peak in global oil production

Billi

on b

arre

ls p

er y

ear

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500

5

10

15

20

25

30

Year

Polar oilDeep-water oilHeavy oilMiddle EastOtherRussiaEuropeLower 48U.S. states

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Ch

apter 19, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure, P

age 542


Vibrationsource

Receivers

Refraction paths(blue)

Less denselayer (sound travels more slowly)

More denselayer (sound travels more quickly)

Reflection paths(red)


Ch

apter 19, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure 2, P

age 543

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Billion barrels of oil,estim

ated

50

1015

2025

3035

Total oil

Technicallyrecoverable oil

Economically

recoverable oil(at $40/barrel)

Fig

ure 19.14

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Figure 19.15


Total

CoalOil

Natural gas

Billi

on m

etric

ton

s of

car

bon/

year

Year1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Figure 19.16


CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Deep salineaquifer

Power plant(emitting CO2)

Refinery

Oil or gasreservoir

Abandonedcoal seam

Figure 19.17


Ch

apter 19, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure, P

age 548

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Clean

ing

o

iledb

eaches

Oiled

bro

wn

pelican

Oil slicks

on

surface

... where it fo

uled b

eaches, killed

countless anim

als, and d

evastated

fisheries and to

urism.

Thousand

s of p

eop

le threw them

selves into the

cleanup effo

rt, but the sp

ill’s imp

acts will last fo

r years.

YO

U C

AN

MA

KE

A D

IFFER

EN

CE

Urg

e po

licymakers to

strengthen reg

ulations o

no

ffshore d

rilling.

Vo

lunteer for cleanup

s of

oil sp

ills in your reg

ion.

Limit yo

ur ow

n oil

consum

ptio

n by d

rivingless, d

riving a fuel-efficient

car, eating lo

cal foo

ds,

reusing and

recyclingp

rod

ucts, and sup

po

rtingrenew

able energ

y.

The

Deep

water

Horizon sp

ill

disg

org

ed

over 200

millio

n of

gallo

ns of o

il

into the G

ulf

of M

exico ...

Figure 19.18



Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 550



0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6

Distance from road (km)

Cha

nge

in t

ime

spen

t in

are

a

-80%

80%

-40%

40%0%

-120%

120%160%200%240%

CalvesAll caribou

Ch

apter 19, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure 2, P

age 551

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Alaska

Yukon

YukonA

laska

N.W

.T.

Prudhoe Bay

Area w

ithm

ost oil1002 A

rea

Arctic

National W

ildlifeRefuge (A

NW

R)M

ain calvin

g g

rou

nd

s of

Porcu

pin

e Carib

ou

Herd

Ran

ge o

f the Po

rcup

ine

Carib

ou

Herd

Cen

tral Arctic

Herd

calving

gro

un

ds

Figure 19.19


ProductionConsumption

5

0

10

15

20M

illio

n ba

rrel

s of

oil

per

day

Japan

German

yUnite

d

States

Iran

Saudi

Arabia

Figure 19.20


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

130

140

120

110

0

Year1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Cru

de o

il pr

ices

(U.S

. dol

lars

per

bar

rel)

OPEC oil embargo

Iranianrevolution

Gulf War

U.S. invades Iraq

Recession

HurricanesKatrina

&Rita

Dollar value in 2006Dollar value of the day

Figure 19.21


AsiaPacific

42

103

27

28

179

48

110

23027

48MiddleEast

Africa

Australia

South andCentralAmerica

United States

Mexico

Canada Eurasia

122

61

28

116

79

28

21

36

20

49106

87

28

348

81

3422

Figure 19.22


Solutions

As you progress through this chapter, try to identify as many solutions to our reliance on and depletion of fossil fuels as you can. What could you personally do to help address this issue? Consider how each action or solution might affect items in the concept map above.

Causes Consequences

Low prices

Social disruption

Health impacts

Economic loss

Pollution of air,water, soil

Economicdepression

Attempt to shiftquickly to renewable

energy sources

End to globalization; societies become

localized

Reliance onfossil fuels

Depletion offossil fuels

Degradation ofecosystems

Governmentsubsidies

Human populationgrowth Limited non-

renewable supplies

Poor fuel efficiencyin autos

More uses(plastics, etc.)

Failure todevelop otherenergy sources

Growthin per capitaconsumption

More powerfulextraction

technologies

Economic andpolitical vulnerability

Extraction impacts

if this fails,then...

Global climatechange

Greenhouse gasemissions

Figure 19.23


30

25Cars

Ave

rage

fue

l eff

icie

ncy

(mile

s pe

r ga

llon)

Trucks

Both cars and trucks20

15

101970 1975 1980 1985

Model year

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Figure 19.24


Projected U.S.consumption

Arctic Refuge:7.7 billion barrels

over 50 years

20000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2010 2020Year

2030 2040 2050

Bill

ion

barr

els

per

year

Figure 19.25


Gasoline-powered engine

1

Generator2

Electric motor3Power splitdevice

4 5 Batteries Fuel tank6


Chapter 19, Unnumbered Table, Page 560

Hectares of land forfuel production H

You 1,811

Your classYour stateUnited States

chapter 19, unnumbered figure, page 528 -...

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